中国西南地区防火树种的选择研究(英文)

筛选中国西南地区的防火树种用于营造防火林带或混交林 ,可以有效地预防大面积森林火灾的发生 .通过实验 ,比较分析了西南山区 12个树种的树叶、树枝和树皮的燃烧性 ,结果表明∶(1)各树种均以叶的抗火性能最差 ,阔叶树种比针叶树种的抗火性能强 ;(2 )热值、含水量、燃点和灰分含量是影响叶的抗火能力的主要指标 .木质素含量和苯 乙醇抽取物与总发热量有线性相关关系 ;(3)由多目标决策方法对 12种树的抗火性能综合排序 ,木荷、红椎、杨梅的抗火性强 ,刨花楠、水老排、火力楠、油茶和木莲的抗火性中等 ,稠木、观光木的抗火能力较弱 ,杉木、马尾松的抗火能力弱     

灰色关联分析在树种抗火性能评价中的应用

应用灰色系统理论中的灰色关联分析法,选择与抗火性能有关的含水率、粗脂肪含量、燃烧热值、燃烧速度、粗灰分含量、SiO2含量、点着温度、叶挥发油含量为评价因素,对毛栲、竹柏、苦楮、格氏栲、杨梅、闽粤栲、青冈栎、木荷、樟树、马尾松、杉木等11个树种的抗火性能进行定量评价。结果表明:抗火性能最强的是木荷,其次是毛栲,最差的是马尾松和樟树。     

37种针阔树种抗火性能及其综合评价的研究

对福建３７个针阔树种鲜叶含水率、粗脂肪、粗灰分、ＳｉＯ２、挥发油含量和燃烧热、燃点、燃烧速度等１０个因子进行测试，并应用Ａ．Ｉ．Ｄ．方法将３７个树种依因子的不同取值范围划分为６个抗火性能等级。其中棕榈、火力楠等４个树种为一级，抗火性能最强；毛栲、木荷等９个树种为二级，抗火性较强；格氏栲、丝栗栲等１５个树种为三级；抗火性能最差的六级是马尾松、侧柏等３个树种。研究结果揭示了南方主要针阔树种抗火性规律，     

坂头林场三个树种生物防火林带的生长调查

指出了生物防火林带是森林防火工作的一项基础设施,选择了木荷、火力楠、海南蒲桃3个树种进行防火林带造林试验,结果表明：木荷、火力楠、海南蒲桃3个树种的造林成活率都较高,均达到90％以上,造林保存率也达到75％以上,海南蒲桃生长从幼苗开始就一直表现很好,生长迅速。火力楠树干圆满通直,树冠宽大,侧根发达;木荷在干旱、贫瘠的环境下表现仍然很好,适应性强,能较快形成隔离带。说明在防火林带建设中木荷、火力楠、海南蒲桃3个树种均有应用前景。     

3种南方防火树种理化性质的试验研究

以火力楠、木荷、油茶3种防火树种为研究对象,对各季节3种防火树种树枝、树皮、树叶的含水率、燃点、热值、灰分含量、粗脂肪含量、木质素含量、粗纤维含量等理化性质进行测定分析,以评估不同树种在不同季节的燃烧性。结果表明:各季节3种防火树种树枝、树皮、树叶的含水率、燃点、灰分含量和木质素含量总体为木荷>油茶>火力楠;热值春季为油茶>木荷>火力楠,秋冬两季为火力楠>油茶>木荷;粗脂肪含量各季节均为火力楠>油茶>木荷;粗纤维含量各季节均为油茶>火力楠>木荷。研究结果为3种防火树种的防火效能分析提供数据支持。     

喀斯特山区9种常见树木叶片在防火期的阻火性分析

【目的】贵州是世界上喀斯特地貌发育最为典型的地区之一,生态环境脆弱,林火干扰严重。研究该区域树种阻火性,可为完善树种阻火性评价方法、筛选适宜的生物防火树种提供依据,并为喀斯特山区植被恢复提供参考。【方法】以贵州省毕节市喀斯特山区的云南杨梅、珍珠荚蒾、小叶女贞、粉叶栒子、椭圆叶越桔、茅栗、杜鹃、火棘、杉木等9种常见树木为研究对象,于2012年11月底(该区防火期为10月至次年5月)采集植株阳面的健康叶片(按树冠上、中、下3个部位进行采集),测定叶片的苯-醇抽提物含量、灰分含量、着火时间和燃烧热值4个理化性质指标,利用主成分分析结合加权逼近理想解排序分析法研究叶片在防火期的阻火性。【结果】珍珠荚蒾和茅栗的抽提物含量分别为云南杨梅的2．12和1．97倍;云南杨梅和珍珠荚蒾的灰分含量最高,而茅栗、椭圆叶越桔和小叶女贞最低;小叶女贞、茅栗和粉叶栒子的着火时间最长,而火棘、杉木和杜鹃最短;燃烧热值最高的是茅栗、椭圆叶越桔和小叶女贞,其次是杉木、粉叶栒子和火棘,最低的是云南杨梅。着火时间对阻火性影响最大,抽提物含量次之,再次是灰分含量,而燃烧热值的权重最小。9种树木叶片的阻火性大小依次为：云南杨梅＞椭圆叶越桔＞小叶女贞＞粉叶栒子＞茅栗＞珍珠荚蒾＞杜鹃＞火棘＞杉木。【结论】云南杨梅、椭圆叶越桔和小叶女贞的阻火性比较强,适合作为毕节喀斯特区的防火植物。主成分分析定权结合加权TOPSIS法适合对植物的阻火性进行合理评判。     

杉木马尾松森荷人工纯林与混交林炎灾隐患的对比分析

为比较人工纯林与混交林的潜在火灾危险,本文通过对1982年营造的杉木、马尾松、木荷纯林以及这3个树种组成的4种混交林的可燃物负荷量分布格局进行了调查测定,并对这7种林分的潜在能量进行了计算分析,得出7种林分的火灾潜在危险由大到小依次为马尾松纯林、杉木马尾松混交林、杉木马尾松木荷混交林、杉木纯林、马尾松木荷混交林、杉木木荷混交林、木荷纯林.针叶树种构成的混交林并不能降低火灾的潜在危险,针阔混交林的火灾潜在危险小于针叶纯林.同时还看到,防火林带的防火效应毕竟有限,只有通过营造针阔混交林,提高整个林分的抗火性,才能真正减轻火灾隐患.     

杉木马尾松木荷人工纯林与混交林火灾隐患的对比分析

为比较人工纯林与混交林的潜在火灾危险，本文通过对１９８２年营造的杉木、马尾松、木荷纯林以及这３个树种组成的４种混交林的可燃物负荷量分布格局进行了调查测定，并对这７种林分的潜在能量进行了计算分析，得出７种林分的火灾潜在危险由大到小依次为：马尾松纯林、杉木马尾松混交林、杉木马尾松木荷混交林、杉木纯林、马尾松木荷混交林、杉木木荷混交林、木荷纯林。针叶树种构成的混交林并不能降低火灾的潜在危险，针阀混交林的火灾潜在危险小于针叶纯林。同时还看到，防火林带的防火效应毕竟有限，只有通过营造针阔混交林，提高整个林分的抗火性，才能真正减轻火灾隐患。     

防火林带树种筛选研究

防火林带树种筛选的研究是生物防火工作的重点内容之一。该文对浙江省绍兴地区木荷等18个常绿阔叶树种树叶的7个抗火性能相关指标(包括含水率、发热量、粗脂肪含量、苯-乙醇抽提物含量、燃点、粗灰分含量、叶燃烧速度)进行了测定和模糊聚类分析,认为木荷、杜英、红楠、金叶含笑和女贞等5个树种的抗火能力较强,可在浙江省绍兴地区适宜作为生物防火林带的首选树种加以推广。     

树种枝叶微观结构对树种燃烧性的影响研究

选择具有不同抗火能力的亚热带树种来研究树叶和树枝的微观组织结构与燃烧性的关系，分别测定木荷、茶树、油茶、苦槠、女贞、石楠、日本珊瑚树、枇杷、杉木和马尾松等10个树种叶片、叶脉和树枝的组织比，并利用锥形量热仪测定样品的阻火性。结果发现，树叶构造对燃烧性有影响，阔叶树种的树叶结构有利于水分的传输与蒸散，叶脉中木质部比重越大，越有利于水分的传输；海绵组织，栅栏组织与火发生指数之间存在显著的回归关系，茶树、木荷的海绵组织，栅栏组织比值高，抗火能力强。树枝的燃烧性与其结构密切相关。特别是树枝的抗火性与其导管所占比例正相关，木荷、日本珊瑚树的导管比重大，传输水分的能力强，抗火烧能力强。     

Studies on Selection of Fire Resistant Tree Species for Subtropical Area of China

Fire disaster is the primary one of the facts of deforestation. Although in recent years the level of forest management and technique for fire suppression have been improving and fire fighting force has been strengthened, the area of fire has not been decreased obviously. Using biological fire resistant technique can effectively prevent the campaign fire. In this paper, fire resistant ability and component about 12 tree species, in mountain area of Daguishan, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, have been analyzed in laboratory. The results from this study indicated as the followings: (1) For all the tree species, fire resistant ability of leaf is more susceptible than that of branches and bark, and the broadleaf tree species are stronger than coniferous tree species in fire-resistance. (2) Calorific vdlue, water content, combustion temperature and ash content are main indexes affectingfire resistance. Heat value relates to lignin content and benzene-ethanol extractive content linearly. (3) By means of the     

INFLUENCE OF FIRE ON KOREAN PINE AND SCOTS PINE TREES IN PLANTATION

The plantations of korean pine(Pinus koraensis)and scots pine(Pinus sylvesrisvar.mongolica)are mainly pure stands.Fires are gradually causing problems in theseplantations and being paid much more attention recently.Study on the influence of fire ontrees and the adaptation to fire,therefore,is of great important to probe the fire ecologicalproperties and the protection ways of these two species.The results are as follows:Bothof the species are easily damaged by fire,but korean pine is more susceptible.In the samefire,korean pine is damaged more seriously than scots pine although they have the samesize.Young individuals have low fire resistant capacity and can be damaged seriously,andolder ones have strong fire resistance and can be damaged lightly.Up-hill fire makes aserious damage to the trees distributed in up-slopes with the reason of higher fireintensity.Down-hill fire makes a serious damage to the trees distributed in down-slopcswith the reason of higher fire severity.The larger deocambium area in t     

FIRE IN NORTHEAST CHINA FORESTS

Fire plays an important role in Northeast China forests,The occurrence of fires isclosely related to the environmental characteristics.High temperature,drought,and strong wind inspring(March to July)and autumn(September to November)are common fire climatic character-istics in Northeast China.Based on the chemical and physical characters of fuels,fuel quantity dis-tribution,sites as well as fire potential behaviour,fourteen fuel types have been classified inNortheast China Forest area.The fire adaptation of several main tree species has been also analysedin this paper.These species are widely distributed and of great economic significance in NortheastChina.Fire use is paid much more attention recently.Fire have been employed in many silviculturepractice such as fireline creation,fuels reduction and seed bed preparation in Northeast China     

几个抗林火树种含水量和抗燃性的研究

实践证明，树干的抗燃性及大于枝条，枝条的抗燃性大于枝叶，枝叶的抗燃性是抗林火树种优劣的重要标志，也是该树种所含物质的综合反映；同一树种含水量高低对抗燃性有一些影响，但树种间不同含水量不能衡量其树种的抗燃性。采用静风篝火法测定树种的抗燃时间，籍此来研究抗林火树种，利用树种最佳组合配置，使生态防火阻隔效能达到更高的水平。     

FIRE CYCLE AND FIRE ADAPTATION OF MAIN TREE SPECIES IN DAXING''''ANLING FOREST REGION, CHINA

FIREENVIRONMENT,FUELSANDFlRECAUSESFireEnvir0nmcntDaxing'anlingf0restareabelongstothefrigid-temPeratemonsoonclimate.Ithasalongwinterandashortsununer.Thereare9monthsofdailytemPeratUreunderlOCandlessthan3OdaysofdailytemPerabeabove22C.ThemeantemperatUreinthecoldestmonth(January)is-25V~-30C,withtheextrCmeof-52.3C,andinthewarmestmonth(July)isl5~2OC,withtheextremeof39C.Thegrowingsea-soninthisareaisonly9O~ll0days.Theaverageannualprecipitationisabout35O~500nun,and80Percentofwhich…     

Fire cycle and fire adaptation of main tree species in Daxing’anling forest region,China

Based on the fire statistics, the Daxing’anling forest area were classified into three fire cycle regions: northern coniferous virgin forest region with a fire cycle ofl 10–120 years, middle conifer-broad-leaved mixed forest region with a fire cycle of 30–40 years, and southern broad-leaved secondary forest region with a fire cycle of 15–20. The percentage of conifers and broad-leaved trees, forest age and natural mature period of main tree species in different fire cycle regions were discussed in concern with fire occurrence. The characteristics of fire adaptation and fire resistance of main tree species, such as sexual and asexual reproduction, were discussed and evaluation of the synthetical fire adaptation was made.     

层次分析法在防火林带树种选择上的应用

应用多目标决策的层次分析法对防火林带树种选择问题进行了分析探讨,建立了最优抗火性能层次分析结构模型,确定木荷为最优树种,同时也可利用竹柏、格氏栲、青冈栎等树种优化防火林带结构。     

永安市森林火险等级区划研究

针对永安市森林火灾发生特点与规律 ,参照YL10 6 3 - 92《全国森林火险区划等级》 ,按照农业人口密度、路网密度、气温、风速、降水量、树种 (组 )燃烧类型的指标值与立木蓄积量和有林地、未成林面积等火险因子 ,求算两项综合得分值 ,确定火险等级。