Estimation of LAI in the forested watershed using ASTER data based on Price’s model in summer and winter

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important parameter to identify the water balance in forested watershed as a biological factor influencing directly on the evapotranspiration in the forest area. The purpose of this study was to estimate the LAI in a small forested watershed in summer and winter by applying the Terra/Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data to the LAI estimation method. In this study, the estimation was based on the absorption and scattering processes of the solar radiation in the vegetation canopy and the spectral reflectance characteristics of soil vegetation. First, we estimated LAI based on Price’s model by application of ASTER data on the forested watershed located in the Tenzan Mountains of Saga, Japan. To validate the results of LAI estimation, secondly, we compared them to the measured LAI obtained by a plant canopy analyzer (LAI-2000) on the observation area inside the target region. This study showed that the LAI estimation method was a feasible and accurate method as indicated by the high relationship (r = 0.97) between LAI derived from ASTER data and LAI measured by LAI-2000. This paper is the first report on LAI estimation using Terra/ASTER data based on Price’s model and field investigation. This LAI estimation method is a reliable and applicable method.     

Estimating leaf area index of mature temperate forests using regressions on site and vegetation data

Canopy gap fraction and leaf area index (LAI) were measured using hemispherical photography in 91 mature forests across Switzerland, including coniferous, broadleaved and mixed stands. The gap fraction and LAI derived from five photographs per site could be reproduced with a high coefficient of determination (R² > 0.7) by regression against simple stand parameters obtained from vegetation surveys: coverages of the tree, shrub and herb layers, and tree height. The method appeared to be robust across the different types of forests. Applied to 981 sites across Switzerland, the regression model produced LAI values ranging from 1.4 to 6.7. These predictions were compared with site variables not included in the regression. LAI appeared limited by the altitude, with maximal values decreasing by one third from 400 to 2000 m above see level. Water availability was also clearly a limitation at sites with a negative water balance, i.e. where the yearly potential evapotranspiration exceeded the precipitation. High or low values of a humidity index based on the ground vegetation also corresponded to a limitation of the LAI, with shorter trees at dry sites and more open canopies at wet sites. Compared to optical measurements (including hemispherical photography), our regression method is fast and inexpensive. Such an approach appears very promising for obtaining reliable estimates of LAI for many sites with low costs. These estimates can then be fed into process models at the stand level.     

果粮复合系统中单株苹果蒸腾需水量的计算

利用单株苹果 (树 )蒸腾计算的修正模式 ,计算了果粮系统中的单株苹果 (树 )日蒸腾需水量 ,同时利用 L I- 160 0稳态气孔仪进行实测 ,结果表明 :计算值与实测值吻合效果较好 ( R2 =0 .9664 ) ,平均相对误差为 7.93 % ;蒸腾需水量与饱和水汽压差和叶面积指数的乘积、水面蒸发和叶面积指数的乘积均具有很好的相关关系 ;建立了以日水面蒸发和叶面积指数为自变量的蒸腾需水量经验模式 ,并利用该经验模式逐日计算了 1998年 4月 1日至 6月 4日单株苹果的蒸腾需水量 ,日平均值为 4 .62 mm· d-1。     

不同灌溉量下3种地被植物耗水特性的研究

采用电子天平和Li-6400光合仪等仪器,于2010年8～9月间对园林绿化常用的3种地被植物,在不同灌溉量下的蒸散量、蒸腾速率变化、水分利用率及土壤含水量进行了研究.结果表明:蒸散量随灌水量增加而增加,但增长幅度不同;日均蒸腾速率大小依次为马蔺>委陵菜>八宝景天,处理Ⅲ>处理Ⅱ>处理Ⅰ;水分利用效率大小依次为八宝景天>...     

Evapotranspiration estimation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platycladus orientalis</Emphasis> in Northern China based on various models

Platycladus orientalis is one of the most popular afforestation species and greening species for water management in arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. We applied various models to estimate and validate artificial P. orientalis forest evapotranspiration features with the goal of accurately estimating the water use of a P.orientalis plantation. The American Society of Civil Engineers Evapotranspiration–Penman–Monteith model(APM) and FAO56–Penman–Monteith model(FPM) are extensively applied for vegetation evapotranspiration estimation because their reliability has been validated by many scholars. The Priestley–Taylor model(PT) and Hargreaves model(HS) require only the daily maximum temperature,daily minimum temperature and solar radiation to estimate evapotranspiration and are thus widely applied to grasslands but not to forests. We used the Energy Balance Bowen Ratio(EBBR) system to validate the accuracy of the four models. The results indicated that:(1) Compared to the EBBR measurement annual value, APM was the most accurate, followed by FPM, and PT;(2) During the year, the accuracies of the four models varied. APM and FPM underestimated evapotranspiration during June, July and August, whereas PT and HS overestimated evapotranspiration during this period. In the rest of the year, the estimation accuracies were reversed;(3) An analysis of the possible reasons indicated that wind speed, air temperature and precipitation were the most important contributors.High temperatures were measured in June, July and August, which led to an overestimation by PT and HS because these two models only calculated the temperature and radiation without vegetation information. Underestimation also occurred when a low temperature was recorded. Though APM and FPM addressed both meteorological and vegetation factors, slight deviations still existed; and(4) The two models were modified based on EBBR-measured data. Relative humidity was introduced into PT, and parameter ‘‘A’’ in the HS estimation model was amended to1.41. The accuracy of the modified models significantly increased. The study highlighted the application, comparison and improvement of four models in estimating evapotranspiration and offers more approaches to assess forest hydrological functions.     

Transpiration and forest structure in relation to soil waterlogging in a Hawaiian montane cloud forest

Transpiration, leaf characteristics and forest structure in Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. stands growing in East Maui, Hawaii were investigated to assess physiological limitations associated with flooding as a mechanism of reduced canopy leaf area in waterlogged sites. Whole-tree sap flow, stomatal conductance, microclimate, soil oxidation-reduction potential, stand basal area and leaf area index (LAI) were measured on moderately sloped, drained sites with closed canopies (90%) and on level, waterlogged sites with open canopies (50-60%). The LAI was measured with a new technique based on enlarged photographs of individual tree crowns and allometric relationships. Sap flow was scaled to the stand level by multiplying basal area-normalized sap flow by stand basal area. Level sites had lower soil redox potentials, lower mean stand basal area, lower LAI, and a higher degree of soil avoidance by roots than sloped sites. Foliar nutrients and leaf mass per area (LMA) in M. polymorpha were similar between level and sloped sites. Stomatal conductance was similar for M. polymorpha saplings on both sites, but decreased with increasing tree height (r(2) = 0.72; P < 0.001). Stand transpiration estimates ranged from 79 to 89% of potential evapotranspiration (PET) for sloped sites and from 28 to 51% of PET for level sites. Stand transpiration estimates were strongly correlated with LAI (r(2) = 0.96; P < 0.001). Whole-tree transpiration was lower at level sites with waterlogged soils, but was similar or higher for trees on level sites when normalized by leaf area. Trees on level sites had a smaller leaf area per stem diameter than trees on sloped sites, suggesting that soil oxygen deficiency may reduce leaf area. However, transpiration per unit leaf area did not vary substantially, so leaf-level physiological behavior was conserved, regardless of differences in tree leaf area.     

Relationship between stomatal behavior and characteristics of photosynthesis and transpiration of Adenophora Iobophylla and A. potaninii at different altitudes

The photosynthesis and transpiration characteristics ofAdenophora Iobophylla and A. potaninii, as well as stomatal behavior such as stomatal size, stomatal density, stomatal open and stomatal conductivity were measured at different altitudes. The relationship between the photosynthesis and transpiration characteristics and the stomatal behavior was analysed by correlation coefficient and path coefficient analysis with altitude changes.The results showed that the influences of stomatal behavior were not evident on the photosynthesis and transpiration characteristics of A. Lobophylla, but evident on that of A. potaninii.     

Relationship between stomatal behavior and characteristics of photosynthesis and transpiration ofAdenophora lobophylla andA. potaninii at different altitudes

The photosynthesis and transpiration characteristics ofAdenophora lobophylla andA. potaninii, as well as stomatal behavior such as stomatal size, stomatal density, stomatal open and stomatal conductivity were measured at different altitudes. The relationship between the photosynthesis and transpiration characteristics and the stomatal behavior was analysed by correlation coefficient and path coefficient analysis with altitude changes. The results showed that the influences of stomatal behavior were not evident on the photosynthesis and transpiration characteristics ofA. Lobophylla, but evident on that ofA. potaninii. This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39391500). Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Relationship between stomatal behavior and characteristics of photosynthesis and transpiration of Adenophora lobophylla and A. potaninii at different altitudes

IntroductionAdenOPhoraIObOPhytheandAdOnoPhorapot8niniiareperennialherbunderthejurisdictionofAd8no-phoraofCampanuIaceae.A.IObOPhyIfapopulationdistributesinthenorthwestareaofJinchuanCounty,innorthwestSichuanProvince,ataItitudesfrom2ooomto34oom,andthedistributionareaises-timatedIess5ookm2.A.pot8niniipopuIationisanextensivespecieswhichdistributesnotonIyinthenorthwestareaofSichuanProvincebutalsoinQinghai,Gansu,Shanxi,NingxiaandShanxi.Inre-centyears,thestudiesonendangeredmechanismforA.…     

A Linking Test that establishes if groundwater recharge can be determined by optimising vegetation parameters against soil moisture

? The impact of afforestation/deforestation on groundwater recharge can be predicted by using one-dimensional soil-vegetation water flow models based on Richards’ equation. However simulations depend upon parameters that are not easily measurable.

? Pollacco et al. (2008) showed that the hydraulic parameters can be determined, if the vegetation parameters are known, by fitting simulated time series of soil moisture profiles to those measured in situ. This paper presents a case study to determine if the interception and crop factor parameters can tentatively be calibrated by fitting soil moisture profiles. Synthetic data were used and the other vegetation parameters and the soil hydraulic parameters were assumed to be known.

? We applied and improved the Linking Test developed by Pollacco et al. (2008) to look for links between the parameters that need to be calibrated, and thus to investigate whether inverse modelling is feasible, which depends on the accuracy of the calibration data.

? The Linking Test established that interception and evapotranspiration parameters are linked and, therefore, uncertainty on interception compensates for uncertainty on evapotranspiration. Thus in spite of a good match between observed and simulated soil moisture data, inverse modelling is unfeasible. This is true even if the interception or the crop factor parameters are known, because an error on interception or evapotranspiration will be compensated by an error on groundwater recharge without affecting soil moisture.

? This paper recommends that vegetation parameters should not be calibrated by optimisation against soil moisture data.

     

刺槐蒸腾耗水的动态研究(英文)

推算林分的年总耗水量 ,首先要确定林分的年总蒸腾量 .该文以LI 16 0 0稳态气孔仪在 1998～2 0 0 0年生长季各月典型天气的实测数据和常规气象数据为基础 ,应用Penman Monteith方程模拟了刺槐林的日蒸腾过程 ,并以此计算了生长季的连续日蒸腾 .刺槐林林冠层截留净辐射由实测数据 (Rn)与叶面积指数 (LAI)建立的消光系数 (k)数学关系确定 ,冠层整体气孔阻力由实测数据拟合经验式计算 .经与实测结果对比 ,模拟的相对误差平均在 12 %以内 .由全年连续日蒸腾模拟计算 ,1998年至2 0 0 0年 5月～ 10月生长季不同密度刺槐林的平均总蒸腾量分别为 192 4 6 ,187 0 7和 195 5 9mm .     

Determination of actual evapotranspiration and transpiration in desert sand dunes (Negev Desert) using different approaches

In an arid environment, especially in sandy areas where surface runoff is of no practical importance in the hydrological budget, it is rainfall, dewfall and evapotranspiration that become the most important variables. To assess actual evapotranspiration, several methods (flux-gradient, BREB, eddy correlation) were applied to data from the Nizzana experimental site in the northwestern Negev Desert. Additionally, a model specifically designed for arid environments is introduced in this paper. This zero plane model shows the most reasonable results compared with the other methods, which overestimate evapotranspiration to a large degree. It is shown that plant transpiration is the dominant process in total evapotranspiration while advective processes do not play a major role in the near-ground boundary layer, although the study area is influenced by a sea breeze. Actual transpiration of Artemisia monosperma was measured in a field experiment to validate the calculated evapotranspiration. The vegetation contributed 41% of the calculated total evapotranspiration in a single month.     

帽儿山地区叶面积指数遥感反演

以黑龙江省尚志市帽儿山林场(东北林业大学试验林场)为研究区,利用现代卫星遥感技术,结合实地调查采样数据和GPS测量技术,建立了从Landsat TM影像数据提取的植被指数(Vegetation Index,VI)与地面实测的叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)的统计回归模型。然后再从众多统计模型中按照各自的相关系数(R)和确定系数(R2),选出反演LAI的最佳模型。     

植被遥感研究的新思路--走出传统光谱理论应用的误区

对遥感中沿用几十年的植被光谱理论提出质疑,阐述了传统植被遥感中存在的误区,提出新的观点及研究思路。第一次提出干旱植被指数(LDVI)和综合植被指数(IVI)的概念,探讨了干旱地区草原植被的信息提取及定量分析方法。     

地被植物在广州城市公园中的应用

该文在对广州城市公园中地被植物的应用情况进行实地调查的基础上,总结出城市公园中常用地被植物的种类有87种,对地被植物在城市公园中与乔木、灌木和草坪植物等不同生活型的植物相配置的方式,以及与山石、水体和园林建筑等造园要素相结合的应用方式进行了分析,并对地被植物在城市公园中应用出现的问题提出自己的看法。     

Validation of an efficient visual method for estimating leaf area index in clonal Eucalyptus plantations

Leaf area index (LAI) is a key ecophysiological parameter in forest stands because it characterises the interface between atmospheric processes and plant physiology. Several indirect methods for estimating LAI have been developed. However, these methods have limitations that can affect the estimates. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of a visual method for estimating LAI in clonal Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla plantations and to compare it with hemispherical photography, ceptometer and LAI-2000^® estimates. Destructive sampling for direct determination of the actual LAI was performed in 22 plots at two geographical locations in Brazil. Actual LAI values were then used to develop a field guide with photographic images representing an LAI range of 1.0–5.0 m² m^?2 (leaf area/ground area). The visual LAI estimation guide was evaluated with 17 observers in the field. The average difference between actual LAI and visual LAI estimation was 12% and the absolute difference between the two methods was less than or equal to 0.5 m² m^?2 in 77% of plots. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were high between actual LAI and hemispherical photographs (0.8), visual estimation (0.93) and LAI-2000^® (0.99) and low for the ceptometer (0.18). However, absolute values differed among methods, with the average difference between the actual and estimated LAI of [12]% for visual estimation, 28% for the LAI-2000^®, 37% for the ceptometer and ?43% for hemispherical photographs. The LAI-2000^® and ceptometer overestimated LAI in all plots, whereas hemispherical photographs underestimated the values in all measurements, showing that these methods need calibration to be used. No differences were observed between actual LAI and visual estimates across stand ages of 2–8 years and LAI of 1.5–5.3 m² m^?2 (P > 0.05). The results show that visual estimation of LAI in Eucalyptus stands is a practical method that is unaffected by atmospheric characteristics and can be used on an operational scale.     

稳定性同位素技术在森林生态系统碳水通量组分区分中的应用

生态系统碳水循环过程中的同位素分馏效应,为区分生态系统净碳交换过程中光合和呼吸通量,蒸散通量中植物蒸腾和土壤蒸发提供了理论依据.本文综述了稳定性同位素技术在这一领域的应用进展.研究结果显示,此方法切实可行,为进一步解释森林生态系统过程提供了广阔的前景.但由于森林生态系统结构复杂,不确定性因素多,国内外研究还处于尝试阶段.该方法在森林生态系统应用中还存在诸如Keeling图技术和涡度相关技术的假设条件难以满足等问题,期待今后在技术和理论上的突破.     

Edge effects and forest water use: A field study in a mixed deciduous woodland

A field study was carried out in a mixed deciduous forest in order to measure the spatial variability of evapotranspiration in relation to distance from the nearest forest edge. Throughfall was collected in storage gauges in a transect across the edge. Transpiration was measured at the tree scale by means of the sap flux technique. Thermal dissipation probes were inserted into the hydro-active sapwood of 12–16 sample trees at a time covering four species. The sample trees were located close to a north- and a south-facing forest edge and between 3 and 69 m away from the nearest edge. The probes were moved to new trees about once a month and in total 71 trees were sampled. Sap flux densities were compared with potential evaporation and scaled up to the stand through multiplication with sapwood area per unit ground area. No significant edge effect on interception evaporation could be detected but there was a large influence on stand transpiration which increased towards the edge. In ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), this increase resulted mainly from enhanced sap flux density (by 33–82%, depending on the size class) in trees located at the edge, whereas in oak (Quercus robur L.) the sap flux density was similar in edge and inner trees and an effect was only found at the stand scale in the way that the total basal area, per unit ground area, was larger near the forest edge than in the forest interior. Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna L.) and field maple (Acer campestre L.), which occurred mainly in the understorey, were only weakly affected by the proximity to an edge. At the stand scale the total seasonal transpiration varied between 354 mm in the forest interior (>45 m away from the edge) and 565 mm at the forest edge (<15 m away from the edge), whilst the potential evaporation over the same period was 571 mm. This corresponds to Priestley–Taylor coefficients of 0.78 in the interior and 1.25 at the edge, whilst intermediate numbers were found for the area between the edge and inner zones. Using these results to calculate the average water loss per unit ground area of hypothetical woodlands of various sizes, it is shown that the edge effect dominates the water use of small forests and becomes negligible only for woodlands larger than 100 ha.     

The tree-crop interface: representation by coupling of forest and crop process-models

Three process-based approaches to agroforestry modelling are described. These are (a) coupling a continuous-canopy forest model (Hybrid) and tropical crop model (PARCH); (b) coupling an individual-tree model (MAESTRO) with a crop model (PARCH); and (c) incorporating a combined model of evaporation and radiation interception by neighbouring species (ERIN).The coupled Hybrid/PARCH was parameterised for maize and eucalyptus, and run in five contrasting weather-types. As expected, shade is the most important factor limiting yield in wet sites; water in dry sites. Year-to-year variability in crop yield is increased by light and water competition. MAESTRO/PARCH was run with similar assumptions, and gave comparable yield predictions, except at the driest site where it allows small areas distant from the tree sufficient water to produce a modest yield. Hybrid/PARCH predicted total crop failure in the same climate. Yields on drier sites were higher in the shade, but water competition was severe close to the tree.ERIN is simpler than the above models, but is unique in including the transfer of heat and water vapour between the two canopies. Transpiration from a moist understorey can humidify air in the overstorey, and reduce its transpiration; whilst a dry understorey will give off sensible heat, which increases the vapour pressure deficit in the overstorey and causes its transpiration to increase. Changes in overstorey transpiration due to fluxes from the understorey may approach 15–20%.     

Measuring and modeling the variation in species-specific transpiration in temperate deciduous hardwoods

We investigated which parameters required by the MAESTRA model were most important in predicting leaf-area-based transpiration in 5-year-old trees of five deciduous hardwood species-yoshino cherry (Prunus x yedoensis Matsum.), red maple (Acer rubrum L. 'Autumn Flame'), trident maple (Acer buergeranum Miq.), Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus serrulata Lindl. 'Kwanzan') and London plane-tree (Platanus x acerifolia (Ait.) Willd.). Transpiration estimated from sap flow measured by the heat balance method in branches and trunks was compared with estimates predicted by the three-dimensional transpiration, photosynthesis and absorbed radiation model, MAESTRA. MAESTRA predicted species-specific transpiration from the interactions of leaf-level physiology and spatially explicit micro-scale weather patterns in a mixed deciduous hardwood plantation on a 15-min time step. The monthly differences between modeled mean daily transpiration estimates and measured mean daily sap flow ranged from a 35% underestimation for Acer buergeranum in June to a 25% overestimation for A. rubrum in July. The sensitivity of the modeled transpiration estimates was examined across a 30% error range for seven physiological input parameters. The minimum value of stomatal conductance as incident solar radiation tends to zero was determined to be eight times more influential than all other physiological model input parameters. This work quantified the major factors that influence modeled species-specific transpiration and confirmed the ability to scale leaf-level physiological attributes to whole-crown transpiration on a species-specific basis.