基于邻域因子的土地利用空间格局分析--以北京市海淀区为例

土地利用空间格局及其变化分析是土地资源可持续利用的重要指标,本文建立了一种基于邻域因子的土地利用空间格局分析方法,用于定量分析土地利用类型在不同距离邻域内的空间聚集、排斥作用及其变化趋势。并以北京市海淀区为例进行了土地利用空间格局分析,结果表明该方法可以准确描述不同土地利用类型的空间分布规律及其变化趋势。该方法可以作为常规景观指数的有益补充,还可以为土地利用变化模拟模型提供重要信息。     

基于IPAT-S脚本语言的土地利用情景分析及其应用

建立一种土地利用情景分析方法,该方法以土地利用转换系统最小变动为原则,对不同土地利用的情景设置,利用线性目标优化的Markov链方法生成逐年土地利用面积转换矩阵和各土地利用类型面积。IPAT-S脚本语言实现了上述方法,并提供了上述方法与土地利用空间格局模拟进行耦合的接口。应用上述方法对海淀区2002～2015年土地利用变化进行了多情景分析,结果表明不同的土地利用情景设置对土地利用结构具有明显影响,城镇和工矿用地的集约度对耕地和园地面积的缩减速度具有决定性的作用。     

基于土地利用与其功能动态耦合性的县域国土空间分类体系构建

国土空间分类是建立国土空间规划体系并监督实施的基础。该研究综合应用地理探测器q统计和地理时空分析法,基于土地利用及其功能的时空异质性和动态耦合性,建立了一种国土空间分类体系构建方法,并以四川省邛崃市为例,开展了县域国土空间分类体系构建及其与土地利用分类体系的衔接关系研究。结果表明：1）2010-2020年,邛崃市土地利用优势国土空间功能存在时空异质性,土地利用与其优势国土空间功能在空间分布上存在耦合性,二者耦合度以及与地类耦合的国土空间功能结构均存在时间异质性,这证实在国土空间分类体系构建中考虑土地利用及其功能的时空异质性和动态耦合性的必要性;2）邛崃市国土空间分类体系由3个一级空间类型、7个二级空间类型和14个三级空间类型组成,不同于国土空间分类理论框架体系,进一步证实土地利用及其功能的时空异质性和动态耦合性会影响国土空间分类结果,基于土地利用及其功能的时空异质性和动态耦合性构建的国土空间分类体系更符合实际,可以避免定性分析理论构建产生的偏差;3）建立了国土空间类型与土地利用类型的对应关系,实现"虚"的国土空间功能通过"实"的土地利用得以表达,为利用历史数据和成果资料提供了有效途径。研究可以为当前国土空间规划与管理提供参考。     

土地利用变化研究方法的探讨 ——以西吉县80年代土地利用变化为例

土地利用是全球变化研究的核心领域与热点问题,本文以西吉县80年代土地利用变化为例,探讨了土地利用变化的研究方法.结果表明,应用不同比例尺、不同土地利用分类系统的土地利用现状图进行土地利用变化研究是可行的.其主要步骤包括土地利用分类系统的转化;空间叠加分析;确定土地利用类型转移概率矩阵;表格分析等.     

基于空间LDA模型的高分辨率遥感影像地物覆盖分类

高空间分辨率遥感影像可以更为精确地分析地物覆盖类型,但空间分辨率的提高也对现有分类方法带来了新的挑战,隐狄利克雷分配(latent dirichlet allocation,LDA)模型能够建立遥感影像底层特征和高层语义之间的联系,但是当前LDA模型在遥感影像分析领域的应用以场景分类和图像检索为主,已有的一些关于土地覆盖分类研究缺少对高分辨率遥感数据的空间关系进行挖掘。该文在标准LDA模型的基础上,利用词包模型构建方法生成的影像文档和单词对象来展开试验,利用多尺度分割挖掘影像中对象的空间关系,设计"主题流行度"和"主题内容"2种形式的影像文档区域属性,以协变量的形式作为LDA模型的先验知识,提出一种空间LDA模型(Space-LDA)。利用无锡宜兴市Quick Bird影像验证该模型在高分辨率遥感影像分类中的有效性,结果表明空间LDA模型分类结果不仅明显优于标准LDA,而且对区域尺度的变化具有一定的鲁棒性,空间区域信息同时从主题流行度和主题内容2个层面提供了推理信息,使模型具有更灵活的结构。     

土地利用变化研究方法的探讨——以西吉县80年代土地利用变化为例

土地利用是全球变化研究的核心领域与热点问题 ,本文以西吉县 80年代土地利用变化为例 ,探讨了土地利用变化的研究方法。结果表明 ,应用不同比例尺、不同土地利用分类系统的土地利用现状图进行土地利用变化研究是可行的。其主要步骤包括 :土地利用分类系统的转化 ;空间叠加分析 ;确定土地利用类型转移概率矩阵 ;表格分析等。     

多元信息支持的岩溶区土地利用信息提取方法构建

土地利用信息是重要的基础数据,其准确程度将对其后续应用工作的结果产生重要影响。岩溶区地形复杂、地表覆盖类型多样,使用目视解译和传统监督分类的方法都存在一定的局限。通过结合遥感影像和植被指数、湿度指数、地形等多元信息,结合主成分分析方法,利用决策树实现上述多元信息建模,进而以实地调查样点为目标函数获取决策树的分类决策参数阈值,从而构建了多元信息支持的岩溶区土地利用信息提取方法。经试验区的模型应用和样点验证表明,该方法获取的土地利用信息基本符合典型岩溶区土地利用比例和分布特征,总体分类精度达到82%。该方法能够加深对多维遥感信息的认识,充分挖掘出其中隐含的信息,并根据这些信息提高岩溶区土地利用信息提取的精度,尤其能体现出岩溶区地貌特征对土地利用空间分布的影响。     

基于决策树的龙口市土地利用/覆盖分类研究

LUCC是全球变化研究的重要内容,土地利用/覆盖信息的获取是其前提和基础。决策树分类法是每次利用一定的规则,对遥感影像进行逐级细化的分类模型,具有直观、高效等特点。在综合分析每一种土地利用/覆盖类型各种特征的基础上,探讨将不同土地利用/覆盖类型的光谱特征、空间特征、波段比值特征等信息融入决策树分类模型,对龙口市土地利用/覆盖信息进行自动分类的方法,取得了较高的分类精度。     

不同尺度下的土地利用变化驱动力研究——以常州市新北区为例

以常州市新北区为研究区域,探寻不同研究尺度下土地利用驱动力变化。分别从全局尺度和局部空间尺度,应用典型相关分析和空间网格化Logistic回归分析方法进行土地利用变化驱动力的定量化分析。结果表明:在全局尺度上,GDP变化量、社会固定资产投资额变化量、工业总产值变化量、农业总产值变化量、农村居民人均纯收入变化量、人均GDP变化量、总人口变化量和城镇化率变化量,是影响常州市新北区土地利用变化的主要因素。在局部空间尺度上,对常州市新北区土地利用变化造成显著影响的因子,主要包括距水系最近距离、距城镇最近距离、距省级以上公路最近距离和距城乡主干道最近距离。经济的快速发展和人口增长是常州市新北区土地利用变化的主要社会经济驱动力;交通可达性和中心城镇影响下的空间区位条件是影响土地利用变化的重要空间差异化因素。我国快速城镇化进程中区域土地利用变化受人口增长、经济发展、交通体系和政策等影响较大。     

基于决策树的龙口市土地利用/覆盖分类研究

LUCC是全球变化研究的重要内容,土地利用/覆盖信息的获取是其前提和基础。决策树分类法是每次利用一定的规则,对遥感影像进行逐级细化的分类模型,具有直观、高效等特点。在综合分析每一种土地利用/覆盖类型各种特征的基础上,探讨了将不同土地利用/覆盖类型的光谱特征、空间特征、波段比值特征等信息融入决策树分类模型,对龙口市土地利用/覆盖信息进行自动分类的方法,取得了较高的分类精度。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.