米瓦罐栽培种与野生种特征特性研究

通过米瓦罐栽培种与野生种种子特性与植株特征研究,得出如下结论:米瓦罐种子在较高温度下有3～4个月休眠期,在低温下可打破休眠;栽培种种子休眠浅且短,野生种种子休眠深且长.植株生长特性表现野生种叶片长、薄,根短;栽培驯化种叶宽、厚,根长.经驯化的米瓦罐向有利于人工栽培的方面发展,产品品质有所改良.     

棉属两个种间杂种一代雌配子体发育的比较研究

用常规石蜡切片法，对草棉×异常棉（Ａ１×Ｂ１）、草棉×长须棉（Ａ１×Ｂ３）两个杂种一代与各自双亲之一的异常棉和长须棉的雌配子体发育进行了比较研究。结果表明，两个杂种一代大孢子母细胞减数分裂的起始时间比亲本推迟１～２ｄ，减数分裂过程持续时间多２ｄ，雌性败育主要发生在四分孢子到大孢子期间，Ａ１×Ｂ１Ｆ１和Ａ１×Ｂ３Ｆ１败育胚囊分别占观察总数的６６．７％和７１．０％，且在单核至成熟胚囊期间也有较多的异常胚囊类型。败育的主要原因是产生胚囊的大孢子染色体组成不完整。两个杂种在开花前一天的花蕾中，正常成熟的胚囊分别占１５．４％和１０．４％，表明这两个野生种与栽培种草棉亲缘关系较近     

秋水仙素诱导马铃薯野生种S.acaule多倍体的初步研究

马铃薯野生种需通过人工诱导染色体加倍后才能与栽培种进行杂交。本试验以马铃薯野生种S.acaule无菌苗带腋芽茎段为材料,采用浸泡法和混合培养法研究了秋水仙素诱导马铃薯野生种S.acaule产生多倍体的诱导效果。结果表明:在继代增殖培养基中添加浓度为0.3%的秋水仙素,共同培养时间为14d时获得诱导变异率最大,为31.6%;获得的87株变异株有2株为多倍体植株。     

棉属种间杂交的研究

适宜的温度(25～30℃)、营养生长与生殖生长协调(盆栽)、柱头上涂蔗糖溶液(35%)、苞叶内外点滴赤霉素(50ppm)四者配套,是克服棉花种间杂交不可交配性的关键,其中温度是关键的关健。采用3个栽培种、1个海陆杂种、20个野生种,进行野生种与栽培种或野生种与野生种杂交,得到28个组合。四倍体陆地棉(2n=4x=52)与二倍体野生棉(2n=2x     

克服甘薯种间五倍体杂种生殖障碍的研究

甘薯与源于甘薯近缘野生种三浅裂野牵牛（I.trifida,4x）的种间五倍体杂种杂交，结实率通常很低，严重影响种间五倍体杂种在甘薯育种中的应用。为获得上述杂交的大量后代而进行的研究表明，在甘薯种间五倍体杂种的正交组合（甘薯为母本）中，采用蒙导授粉可以克服受精前障碍而显著提高结实率；植物生长调节剂对促进花粉管生长及克服胚败育的作用较小，故改善结实性的效果不理想，但可以延长子房寿命，与蒙导授粉结合使用，能进一步提高蒙导授粉的结实率；蒙导授粉后15d的胚珠离体培养，     

克服甘薯组(Section Batatas)种间杂交不亲和性研究初报

本试验以甘薯组A群二倍体野生种和B群四倍本野生种及六倍体栽培种为材料,通过植物激素处理,克服A群与B群种间的杂交不亲和性,经激素处理的种间杂种进行胚胎培养,克服杂种胚胎发育的不协调,以探索利用A群基因资源的有效途径。主要结果为:1)甘薯组A群野生种I.triloba、I.lacunosa和B群野生种I.littoralis,栽培种I.batatas之间所配组合的杂交结实率为零,说明A群与B群之间种间杂交不亲和性是完全存在的。2)用植物激素2,4-D和BA处理种间杂交组合母本的花器,可以延长花器寿命,克服种间杂交的不亲和性,提高结实率。3)选用A群野生种I.triloba为母本,对克服A群与B群种间杂交不亲和性有积极意义。4)研究确定授粉后经激素处理11天以后的种间杂种进行胚胎培养,成苗率高。BA在杂种胚胎培养中起重要作用。5)在不亲和种间杂交组合I.triloba(2n=2x=30)×I.littoralis2n=2x=60)中获得体细胞染色体数2n=45的种间杂种,实现了甘薯组A群与B群有关种间的基因交流。     

利用微卫星变异分析香瓜的遗传变异性

香瓜(Cucumis melon 2n=24)是葫萝科重要的栽培植物。Pitrat等(2000)描述了不同地理起源的香瓜栽培种和野生种，这些种内的叶片、植株和果实性状有极大的形态变异性。Kirkbride(1993)研究了这种变异，并试图只根据其果实特征对香瓜亚种的变异性进行分类。     

马铃薯种间体细胞杂种的育性和遗传改良

对马铃薯双单倍体品系81-15和南美二倍体栽培种Solanum phureja及二倍体野生种Solanum chacoense原生质体融合获得的25个株系的花粉育性和雌配子育性进行了测定. 结果显示, 马铃薯种间体细胞杂种花粉育性与其双亲相比明显降低. 81-15+S.phureja和81-15+S.chacoense的种间体细胞杂种的花粉育性范围分别为7.0%～42.8%和8.0%～20     

小麦×天兰冰草杂种的体细胞无性系变异

对当年抽穗的62株小冰麦杂种 F_1再生植株的形态特征及染色体变异观察表明,杂种无性系变异十分明显:有倾向冰草、倾向小麦及产生特殊形态三种变异类型,其中倾向冰草的变异植株较多。杂种无性系的染色体变异率也较高:愈伤组织细胞染色体变异率为56.2%;41株再生植株中有19株发生染色体数目变异。杂种无性系还出现较多的表型嵌合     

棉花种间杂交抗棉铃虫资源选育

棉属野生种共有４６ 个,这为棉花遗传育种提供了丰富的资源宝库。有些野生种具有天然的抗虫性。利用棉花远缘杂交的方法,把野生种的抗虫性转移到栽培种上,充分利用棉属内存的天然资源,是当前提高棉花抗虫性行之有效的方法。从１９７３ 年开始,我组通过棉花远缘杂交研究创造了一套克服棉花远缘杂交不亲和性技术,即采用种间杂交铃喷施植物生长素,杂种胚离体培养并在试管内利用秋水仙碱溶液进行染色体加倍的方法,有效地解决了种间杂交铃、杂种胚的发育和Ｆ１ 结实率的难题,并先后获得１４ 个野生种与栽培种的杂种高代材料,从中已筛选出一批抗棉铃虫的种质资源,并选出了９２－ ４８－ ２、９２－ ２６－ ２、６－ １ 和科１８１×完紫等高产、优质,抗棉铃虫的优良品系。     

Production of an interspecific hybrid between Brassica fruticulosa and B. rapa

An interspecific hybrid between a wild species, Brassica fruticulosa (2n = 16, FF) and a crop Brassica species, B. rapa (2n = 20, AA) was synthesized using sequential ovary‐ovule culture on MS medium supplemented with casein hydrolysate. Morphological, molecular and cytogenetic analysis confirmed the true hybrid nature of the offspring. The F1 plants (2n = 18) were intermediate in morphology, highly pollen‐sterile as well as self‐sterile. A maximum of three bivalents per PMC was recorded, but 14 I + 2 II was the most common meiotic configuration. Normal pollen fertility and regular bivalent (18 II) formation was observed in the amphiploid sectors of the hybrid plants. The F₁ hybrid harboured significantly lower aphid populations than the crop Brassica parent.     

人工合成具有白菜或甘蓝细胞质的甘蓝型油菜

为比较甘蓝型油菜不同细胞质基因组的遗传效应及其与核基因的相互作用,对12个白菜(2n=20)与1个芥蓝(2n=18)的正反交种间杂种分别进行子房和胚培养,人工合成白菜和甘蓝细胞质甘蓝型油菜。结果表明,白菜×芥蓝的正交子房培养杂种苗平均诱导率2.32%,甘蓝×白菜的反交胚培养杂种苗平均诱导率为1.16%。不同杂交组合之间,杂种苗诱导率差异大,但相同亲本正反交杂种获得的难易趋势相似。将单倍体杂种小苗在含0.01%秋水仙碱的MS培养基中预培养处理10d的染色体加倍效果最好,加倍率达59.32%。人工合成的甘蓝型油菜农艺性状类似于栽培甘蓝型油菜,无论正交或反交合成的甘蓝型油菜,其农艺性状介于父母本之间,但更接近于母本。合成油菜花粉育性在40.53%～88.95%之间。     

普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)和毛穗赖草(Leymus paboanus)的杂交,杂种细胞无性系的建立及植株再生

以3个普通小麦品种富可(Fuhuko)、中国春(Chinese Spring)及小偃759和毛穗赖草杂交,发现三个品种都可与毛穗赖草杂交,其中Fuhuko×L.paboanus平均结实率高达17.6％,杂种只有发育不全的幼胚而无胚乳。对杂种幼胚在N_6+1—2mg/11BA+0.5mgGA_3或MS(其中NH_4NO_3含量降低一半)附加1mg/1IBA的培养基上进行保姆培养,部分幼胚发育成     

野生花生遗传物质渗入到栽培种的分子证据

花生属野生种具有高抗严重影响花生产量的主要病虫害的优良基因,花生区组二倍体野生种A.correntina对锈病、斑驳病毒病、PStV、蓟马、蚜虫、叶蝉、螨虫、玉米螟等多种病虫害也具有抗性.19份由珍珠豆型农家品种贺粤1号与A.correntina经可育性杂交获得三倍体F1代,F1代再经过人工染色体加倍、回交和多代自交选择,形成的能稳定遗传且性状优良的四倍体新品系,4份栽培品种和野生亲本A.correntina共24份材料用于SSR分析,40对SSR引物中有3对引物PM36、PM50、PM305,能在部分杂种后代（PM36：T60;PM50：J17、J20、J22;PM350：J7、S11、T62）中稳定地扩增出野生亲本的特异谱带,表明这些材料整合了野生亲本的遗传物质.SSR特异谱带可以作为这几份材料中野生亲本A.correntina的特异遗传标记.此外,有两对引物PM36、PM106能在一些杂种后代中扩增出父母本没有的DNA条带,使SSR分子标记表现出非共显性.     

中国水仙花药培养及植株再生体系建立

本研究以中国水仙花药为外植体,通过器官发生途径建立其植株再生体系,并通过染色体计数鉴定筛选变异个体。结果显示:在4℃下预处理3d有利于花药愈伤组织的形成;愈伤组织诱导培养基最适配比为:MS+2,4-D1.0mg/L+BA0.5mg/L+CH500mg/L+AC500mg/L;愈伤组织分化小鳞茎的最适培养基为:MS+BA0.5mg/L+NAA0.1mg/L+CH500mg/L+AC1000mg/L。通过染色体计数对38个再生植株进行倍性鉴定,结果显示其中30个为三倍体(2n=30),8个为非整倍体(2n=10,11,12,14,17,26)。以这些再生苗为外植体,经器官发生途径,建立了不同倍性的再生体系。     

Production of 27-, 28-, and 56-chromosome apomictic hybrid derivatives between pearl millet (2n=14) and Pennisetum squamulatum (2n=54)

Summary An interspecific hybridization program designed to transfer gene(s) controlling apomixis from Pennisetum squamulatum Fresen. (2n=6x=54) to induced tetraploid (2n=4x=28) cultivated pearl millet, Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke resulted in four offtype plants, two with 27 chromosomes and two with 28 chromosomes. These plants were found among 217 spaced plants established from open-pollinated seed of an apomictic 21-chromosome polyhaploid (2n=21) plant derived from an apomictic interspecific hybrid (2n=41) between tetraploid pearl millet and Pennisetum squamulatum. It appeared that a 21- (or 20-) chromosome unreduced egg from the apomictic polyhaploid united with a 7-chromosome pearl millet (2n=2x=14) gamete to produce a 28- (or 27-) chromosome offspring. Meiotic chromosome behavior was irregular averaging from 3.60 to 4.05 bivalents per microsporocyte in the 27- and 28-chromosome hybrids. The 27- or 28-chromosome hybrids, like the 21-chromosome female parent, shed no pollen, but set from 1.8 to 28 seed per panicle when allowed to outcross with pearl millet. Progeny of the 28-chromosome hybrids were uniform and identical to their respective female parents, indicating that apomixis had been effectively transferred through the egg. In addition, a 56-chromosome plant resulting from chromosome doubling of a 28-chromosome hybrid was identified. Pollen was 68 per cent stainable and the plant averaged 2.3 selfed seeds per panicle. Chromosomes of the 56-chromosome plant paired as bivalents (x=10.67) or associated in multivalents. Three to nine chromosomes remained unpaired at metaphase I. Multiple four-nucleate embryo sacs indicated the 56-chromosome hybrid was an obligate apomict. The production of 27-, 28-, and 56-chromosome hybrid derivatives were the results of interspecific hybridization, haploidization, fertilization of unreduced apomictic eggs, and spontaneous chromosome doubling. These mechanisms resulted in new unique genome combinations between x=7 and x=9 Pennisetum species.     

Production of interspecific F1 hybrids, BC1, BC2 and BC3 populations between Lycopersicon esculentum and two accessions of Lycopersicon peruvianum carrying new root-knot nematode resistance genes

Two accessions of Lycopersicon peruvianum Mill. (PI270435, PI126443) carrying Mi-2 and Mi-3, respectively, new root-knot nematode resistance genes, were selected as the male parents for crosses with L. esculentum Mill. in order to produce interspecific hybrids. Crossability barriers between these two distantly related species were circumvented by ovule culture. A total of ten interspecific F₁ hybrid plants were produced. The hybrid nature of the putative F₁ plants was confirmed by a comparison of several morphological characteristics and a PCR-based assay. Eight of ten hybrid plants were backcrossed with L. esculentum to generate a total of 98 BC₁ progeny. Two lines were advanced to the BC₂ and BC₃ levels. Based on these results, ovule culture was found to be an effective method for the production of novel interspecific F₁ and BC₁ plants. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘薯（Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.）及其近缘野生种原生质体的植株再生

对甘薯品种高系14号及其近缘野生种I.triloba L、和I.lacunosa L,进行原生质体植株再生研究。从离体培养植株的叶柄分离出原生质体,将其培养在含有0.05mg/L 2,4-D和0.5mg/L激动素(KT)的MS培养基中,从原生质体获得了高频率的愈伤组织。培养8-12周后,将直径达2—3mm的小愈伤组织转移到添加0.05mg/L 2,4-D的MS培养基上。转移3-6周后,将愈伤组织进一步转移到添加吲哚乙酸(IAA)和6-苄基嘌呤(BAP)的MS培养基上,一些愈伤组织再生出植株。未再生植株的愈伤组织进一步在MS基本培养基上培养,它们也再生出植株。本研究从I.triloba原生质体获得高频率的植株再生;首次从I.lacunosa原生质体再生出植株;从高系14号原生质体也再生出完整植株。     

Interspecific hybridisation betweenLimonium perigrinum Bergius andLimonium purpuratum L.

Summary Interspecific hybrids betweenLimonium perigrinum andL. purpuratum were obtained usingL. perigrinum as the female parent. No hybrids were produced by the reciprocal cross. Twelve- to 15-day-old embryos were rescued and cultured within their embryo sacs on modified B5 or KM medium. After two to three days the embryos were excised from their embryo sacs and re-plated on to fresh medium. When the embryo-derived plantlets had attained a length of 1 cm they were transferred to a modified MS medium containing BA and NAA for shoot proliferation. Plantlets were transferred to modified MS medium supplemented with IBA for 24 hours for root initiation then to a modified growth-regulator-free MS medium for root growth. After a further 28 days the plantlets were transferred to soil-less medium for acclimatisation. The hybrid characteristics of one of the 15 embryo-derived plants were determined by flow cytometry and by examination of morphological features. The mean DNA contents of 2C nuclei fromL. perigrinum, the hybrid andL. purpuratum were 13.98 pg, 16.81 pg and 19.37 pg, respectively. Mitotic and meiotic chromosome counts fromL. perigrinum andL. purpuratum showed that both parents and their hybrids had identical chromosome numbers (2n=24), and that the species were closely related. Morphological analyses of leaves and flowers showed that the hybrids displayed a number of features intermediate between both parents.Abbreviations B5 Gamborg et al. (1968) B5 medium - BA benzyl adenine - IBA indole-3-butyric acid - KM Kao and Michayluk (1975) medium - MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium - NAA napthalene-1-acetic acid - PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone     

芥菜型油菜与白菜种间杂种的获得与鉴定

以芸薹属植物芥菜型油菜和白菜为研究对象，对其进行常规正反杂交后子房的离体培养，通过离体子房培养获得的杂种种子经MS培养基诱导成苗，获得了芥菜型油菜与白菜的杂种F1代植株，表现出杂种优势；通过细胞学的方法，鉴定了杂种F1幼蕾体的细胞染色体数为2n=28，为母本芥菜型油菜（2n=36）和父本白菜（2n=20）的单倍体染色体数之和；芥菜型油菜与白菜常规杂交后，经离体子房培养获得了“胚性芽”，确立了植物胚挽救的另一种形式。