棘球蚴病疫苗研究进展

棘球蚴病是一种重要的人兽共患病,严重阻碍着畜牧业经济的发展和人民的身体健康,已成为我国西部地区重要的公共卫生问题。长期以来科研工作者在棘球蚴病疫苗研究方面做了大量的工作,已有商品化的疫苗应用于畜牧业生产中。本文对棘球蚴病的基因工程疫苗、核酸疫苗、多肽疫苗的研究现状和进展进行了综述。     

动物寄生虫基因工程疫苗的研究进展

囊尾蚴病和棘球蚴病是发展中国家主要的人畜共患病，危害非常严重。可喜的是囊尾蚴及棘球蚴重组疫苗的研究均相当成功。棘球蚴苗EG95可诱导牛产生96％～100％的保护率，这已在澳大利亚、新西兰、阿根廷及中国等地的试验中获得证实。在绦虫方面，羊带绦虫45W—GST融合蛋白是第一例成功的抗寄生虫重组虫苗(Johnosonetal)，45W—GST可以诱导较高水平的IgG1，     

包虫病基因工程疫苗免疫效果试验研究

包虫病基因工程疫苗完全可抗我国细粒棘球绦虫犬——绵羊株对中间宿主(绵羊)的侵袭．保护(减囊)率达90％以上．与国外同类试验的免疫保护结果相符。     

绵羊细粒棘球蚴全血金标渗滤检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速、高效的诊断家畜细粒棘球蚴病方法,提取绵羊细粒棘球蚴包囊新鲜囊液,盐析囊液抗原,点样于硝酸纤维膜,以胶体金-驴抗羊IgG和胶体金-兔抗鼠IgG为检测标记物,采用垂直流渗滤装置检测绵羊与人工感染细粒棘球蚴小鼠血清和全血特异性抗体。患病绵羊阳性血清及全血检出率在90.91%~94.4%,细粒棘球蚴感染小鼠血清及全血检出率均为100%;细粒棘球蚴阴性羊血清和全血假阳性率为4.00%~4.59%;与脑多头蚴病血清交叉反应率为28.57%(2/7)。研究结果表明细粒棘球蚴全血金标渗滤法(DIGFA)可应用于绵羊棘球蚴病的诊断与检疫。     

棘球蚴的SDS－PAGE银染分析

棘球蚴的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ银染分析徐雪平，李兴江，薄新文陈志蓉，郑经鸿（新疆农垦科学院）棘球蚴病是一危害严重的人兽共患寄生虫病，在该病的免疫诊断中绵羊棘球蚴囊液是最常用的诊断抗原。但棘球蚴囊液成分复杂，在免疫诊断中有时与其它绦虫蚴发生免疫交叉反应。为此...     

棘球蚴病的检疫与处理

棘球蚴病（又称包虫病）。是寄生于人和猪、牛、羊等哺乳动物内脏及肌肉内所引起的一类寄生虫病。在我国引起动物和人棘球蚴病的病原为棘球蚴。它不仅压迫组织器官造成其严重变形．而且由于囊泡破裂．囊液可导致再感染或过敏性疾患。对人畜造成危害。     

丙硫咪唑治疗藏羊原发性细粒棘球蚴的病理形态学观察

应用常规病理学和组织学技术,检查丙硫咪唑治疗后自然感染细粒棘球蚴的藏系绵羊体内棘球蚴囊的大小,所含囊液的量及原头蚴的存活力。大体观察显示棘球蚴囊大部分萎缩、钙化。光镜下观察到角质层变性、断裂,嗜酸性增强;生发层核浓缩或消失,甚至全部脱落坏死;原头蚴崩解为碎片。并见大量炎性细胞浸润。     

藏羊包虫病的危害及防控

正包虫病是一种人兽共患病,不仅感染藏羊,还会感染人类,具有较强的危害性。由于病原为细粒棘球蚴的幼虫,又称羊棘球蚴病。寄生虫以藏羊为宿主,大量繁殖并发育。棘球蚴是一种囊泡,囊泡中为透明液体,棘球蚴的内膜会长出很多生发囊,内部也会相应长出头节与发囊,其中便有百万只幼虫。藏羊感染后,棘球蚴会在其体内大量繁殖,以蚕食藏羊体内器官为营养条件,引发藏羊多种并发症直至死亡,该病是影响藏羊养殖效率的重大疾病。     

X射线照射后对细粒棘球绦虫原头蚴体外培养成囊率的观察

观察X线照射后细粒棘球绦虫原头蚴体外培养下成囊率的变化,初步探索X线照射对原头蚴成囊过程的影响。新鲜采集自然感染细粒棘球蚴的绵羊肝脏,无菌分离原头蚴体外培养,将X线照射分为0,10,20,30,40,50,60 Gy共7个剂量,于单次大剂量照射后观察各组形态变化,计算成囊率。结果显示,单次大剂量照射原头蚴后体外培养14 d,对照组光镜下可见原头蚴成囊发展,大部分原头蚴已成囊,顶突消失,囊外周已有角质层出现;而照射组出现不同程度的钩突崩解,正常结构消失。不同剂量X线照射后14 d统计原头节的成囊率各不同剂量照射组与对照组比较差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。结果表明,X放射线可抑制细粒棘球绦虫原头蚴向成囊方向发展,这将为X线对原头蚴及包囊的杀灭作用机制研究奠定一定的理论基础。     

羊包虫病防控

<正>1流行特点包虫病是因羊大脑和脏器组织中存在棘球蚴而引起的。包虫病作为体内寄生虫病，对羊、牛、马等牲畜及其他野生动物均会造成侵害。棘球蚴会寄生在犬科动物的肠道中，犬科动物是棘球蚴的终末宿主。病原会顺着羊的饮食渠道进入体内，并不断生长发育，逐渐转移到肝肾和大脑等器官中引起病变。棘球蚴呈包囊状，内有黄色液体，包囊内部附着棘球蚴的原头蚴，少部分情况下，棘球蚴会脱落在囊液中。     

东方田鼠血清筛选噬菌体展示抗原对小鼠日本血吸虫病免疫效果观察

本研究利用前期研究中东方田鼠血清筛选日本血吸虫成虫噬茵体展示cDNA文库获得的10个阳性克隆中的8个噬茵体克隆单独或联合免疫BALB/c小鼠,观察对日本血吸虫病的免疫预防效果,以筛选其中具有发展成疫苗的候选抗原编码基因.研究发现与空白对照组相比,展示血吸虫锌指蛋白的1号噬茵体克隆免疫组在两次实验中分别获得了32.10%和31.25%的减虫率、61.14%和47.31%的肝脏减卵率,虫体合抱率分别由92.59%、57.39%下降到69.09%、41.03%;其它噬茵体克隆单独免疫组或联合免疫组在第一次实验中均获得了8.02%～32.72%的减虫率和40.19%～69.53%的减卵率,但在第二次实验中未能得到验证.研究结果提示,日本血吸虫环状锌指蛋白(1号克隆)编码基因在疫苗方面具有重要研究价值.     

Gross and microscopic pulmonary lesions of camels from Eastern Ethiopia

Camels are important animals for pastoralists in the northeastern, eastern, southeastern and southern parts of Ethiopia. This paper reports on abattoir study of respiratory lesions in 104 adult camels at the Dire Dawa abattoir (88 male and 16 female). The study showed 98% of the examined lungs had one or more lesions. The most common lesions were pulmonary fibrosis (50.00%), pneumoconiosis (34.62%), hydatid cyst (30.80%), pulmonary abscess (3.85%) and parasitic bronchopneumonia (0.96%). The distribution of pneumoconiosis and hydatid cyst varied significantly (p < 0.05) among different lobes, the highest being seen in the caudal lobe. For the different lesions there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in distribution among male and female camels. Possible explanations for the occurrence of the lesions are discussed. And recommendations forecasted are made.     

牛结核病新型疫苗的研究现状

在过去的20年里,人们应用分子生物学技术来研制更为有效的结核病疫苗,新型候选疫苗大量涌现。这些新型疫苗主要包括减毒活疫苗、重组活疫苗、亚单位疫苗和核酸疫苗。对防制牛结核病的各种新型疫苗也进行了相应的研究,并取得了令人振奋的进展。各种新型疫苗各有优缺点。目前看来,重组卡介苗和DNA疫苗被认为是最有前途的候选疫苗。但是,所有候选疫苗共同的也是致命的缺点是免疫保护力低。因此,牛结核病疫苗研制的主要努力方向还是在研究分支杆菌免疫机制和免疫失败原因的基础上,进一步增强现有候选疫苗的免疫效力或研制更为有效的新型疫苗。     

多房棘球绦虫-泡球蚴的体外培养研究

按照多房棘球绦虫幼虫-泡球蚴培养的培养基（RPMI-1640、M199和MEM）分为3组：Ⅰ组为含10％胎牛血清的RPMI-1640;Ⅱ组为含10％胎牛血清的MEM;HI组为含10％胎牛血清的M199。将泡球蚴在3种细胞培养液中进行培养,观察其存活、生长以及发育情况。结果显示,培养9d的泡球蚴的成活率分别为：Ⅰ组90．10％、Ⅱ组50．25％、Ⅲ组22．03％;成囊率分别为：Ⅰ组57．12％、Ⅱ组63．15％、Ⅲ组48．17％;头节外翻率分别为：Ⅰ组98．28％、Ⅱ组88．65％、Ⅲ组75．50％。可见,大多数虫体在早期向囊发育,一部分虫体头节外翻,并伴有规律的伸缩运动,但随时间的延长虫体运动减缓,又向囊蚴发育。通过对多房棘球绦虫泡球蚴的体外培养,初步表明合有10％小牛血清的细胞培养基RPMI-1640较适合泡球蚴的生长发育,为研究寄生虫发育提供了最基本的数据资料。     

Parasite vaccines--a reality?

Over the last decade, the anti-parasitics market has been the fastest growing sector of the overall $18 billion animal health market. While drugs for the treatment of parasites of livestock still dominate this sector and will continue to be developed or re-formulated, because of consumer demands for chemical-free food and of concerns regarding the environment and animal welfare there is a growing interest in the development of safe and effective vaccines. There is also a call for vaccines in the lucrative $3 billion-plus companion animal market. These demands for vaccines will add a greater impetus to an area that has seen tremendous success in the last 15 years. A number of anti-parasite vaccines have been developed, e.g. the recombinant 45w and EG95 oncosphere proteins against Taenia ovis and Echinococcus granulosis, respectively, and the Bm86 vaccine against Boophilus microplus. In addition, the cathepsin L vaccines against the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, and the H11 vaccine against Haemonchus contortus are progressing well. There are also many additional vaccine candidates for H. contortus and for other nematodes such as Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp. that may ultimately lead to broad-spectrum gastrointestinal worm vaccines. Live or attenuated-live vaccines are available for the control of avian coccidiosis, toxplasmosis in sheep and anaplasmosis in cattle, although molecular vaccines against protozoans are still proving elusive. The wealth of information in genomics, proteomics and immunology that has been forthcoming together will new methods of vaccine production and delivery should see many new vaccines reach the marketplace in the near future.     

Immunization with a multisubunit vaccine considerably reduces establishment of infective larvae in a rodent model of Brugia malayi

Although recombinant vaccines have several advantages over conventional vaccines, protection induced by single antigen vaccines is often inadequate for a multicellular helminth parasite. Therefore, immunoprophylactic efficacy of cocktail antigen vaccines comprised of several combinations of three Brugia malayi recombinant proteins BmAF-Myo, Bm-iPGM and Bm-TPP were evaluated. Myosin + TPP and iPGM + TPP provided the best protection upon B. malayi infective larval challenge with ∼70% reduction in adult worm establishment over non-vaccinated animals that was significantly higher than the protection achieved by any single antigen vaccine. Myosin + iPGM, in contrast did not provide any enhance protection over the single recombinant protein vaccines. Specific IgG, IgM level, IgG antibody subclasses levels (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3), lymphocyte proliferation, reactive oxygen species level and cytokines level were also determined to elucidate the characteristics of the protective immune responses. Thus the study undertaken provided more insight into the cocktail vaccination approach to combat LF.     

Different manifestation of Echinococcus granulosus immunogenic antigens in the liver and lungs of intermediate host

Hydatidosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases with a worldwide distribution and it seems that the survival of Echinococcus granulosus in nature for many years, is due to having different mechanisms to escape from the host immune systems. One of these efficient mechanisms is the production of various antigens and proteins by the larva of the parasite and the main purpose of this study is evaluation of manifestation of various antigens in different parts of intermediate host. The hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts were gathered from sheep and the antigens of different parts of the cysts (laminated layer, protoscolices and cyst fluid) were separated and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and then transferred to nitrocellulose paper and finally, Western blot analysis was evaluated the immunogenicity of proteins. The antigens of laminated layer, protoscolices and hydatid cyst fluid, in different tissues of the liver and lungs, manifest various proteins and also these antigens are immunogenically different. Also, it is found more immunogenic proteins in the laminated layer than the other parts of the cysts. The various proteins are generated by Echinococcus granulosus larva depending on the type of tissues attacked by the parasite. Increasing the chance of survival may be the main cause of manifestation various antigens in different parts of cysts and host tissues. These antigenic variations might have made diagnostic serologic test unreliable.     

Effect of recombinant canine distemper vaccine on antibody titers in previously vaccinated dogs

Two canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine types are currently commercially available: modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines and a canarypox recombinant CDV (rCDV) vaccine (Recombitek, Merial). This study compared the ability of the rCDV vaccine and MLV vaccines to significantly enhance (boost) the antibody response of previously immunized adult and juvenile dogs. A significant (fourfold or greater) increase in titer occurred in significantly more dogs revaccinated with Recombitek C-4 or Recombitek C-6 than with the MLV-CDV vaccines. This study demonstrates that Recombitek, the only vaccine for dogs containing rCDV, is more likely to significantly boost the CDV antibody response in previously vaccinated dogs than are the MLV-CDV vaccines. Because rCDV vaccine can boost the antibody titer of dogs previously vaccinated with an MLV vaccine, it can and should be used when core vaccines are readministered.     

A型产气荚膜梭菌类毒素疫苗与全菌灭活疫苗的安全性和免疫效力的比较研究

制备了六批兔A型产气荚膜梭菌类毒素疫苗和其全菌灭活疫苗,并且对其安全性和免疫效力进行了比较研究。结果表明,类毒素灭活疫苗无毒副作用,局部刺激小,安全性好于全菌灭活疫苗。免疫效力结果二者无明显差异,两种疫苗的攻毒保护率均不低于4/5,免疫期均在6个月以上。     

Fertility and viability rates of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in the Mazandaran Province,Northern Iran

The aim of this study was to determine the fertility and viability of hydatid cysts in slaughtered sheep and cattle. Cysts were collected from the liver and lungs of 169 sheep and 171 cattle infected with Echinococcus granulosus when slaughtered in industrial abattoir in Sari, Iran, 2007–2008. Fertility was determined by the examination of cyst fluid for the presence of protoscoleces. The viability of the protoscoleces was assessed by staining with 0.1% aqueous eosin solution. The fertility rates of hepatic cyst of sheep and cattle were 47.1% and 1.4%, respectively and the fertility rates of pulmonary cyst of sheep and cattle were 39.4% and 8.1%. In the sheep, the fertility of cysts in the liver was higher than that in lungs, but in the cattle the fertility of cysts in lungs was higher than liver. The viability of protoscoleces of fertile cysts for sheep and cattle were about 76.9% and 82.5%, respectively. Based on the finding in the present study, effort should be made to control transmission of cystic echinococcosis by safe disposal of Echinococcus cysts such that dogs cannot have access to the cysts.