Isolation, Characterization, and Distribution of a Biocontrol Fungus from Cysts of Heterodera glycines

ABSTRACT Seventy-six populations of Heterodera glycines were collected from 33 counties in 10 states of the United States along the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers in 1992 and 1993. A sterile hyphomycete fungus of an unnamed taxon, designated ARF18 and shown to be a parasite of eggs of H. glycines, was isolated from eggs and cysts of 10 of the populations from Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Ten isolates of ARF18 obtained in this study and seven isolates obtained in earlier studies were characterized for cultural morphology on several growth media, the ability to produce sclerotium-like structures (SLS) on cornmeal agar, growth rates, pathogenicity to eggs of H. glycines in vitro, and mitochondrial (mt) DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). All 17 isolates of ARF18 readily grew on potato dextrose agar, cornmeal agar, and nutrient agar. Based on colony morphology and SLS appearance on cornmeal agar, the isolates could be grouped into two morphological phenotypes. Isolates that produced SLS that were composed of a compact mass of hyphae were designated ARF18-C, whereas isolates that produced SLS composed of a mass of loosely clumped hyphae were designated ARF18-L. Only minor differences in growth rates were detected among the ARF18-C and ARF18-L isolates. All 10 ARF18-C isolates, which were from Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee, belonged to a single mtDNA RFLP haplotype. The seven ARF18-L isolates shared many comigrating mtDNA restriction fragments with one another, but belonged to three distinct mtDNA RFLP haplotypes. Ability to infect eggs of H. glycines in vitro varied considerably among the various isolates of ARF18. In particular, several of the ARF18-C isolates were consistently able to infect over 50% (mean = 70.0%, standard deviation = 16%) of the eggs of H. glycines, whereas ARF18-L infected eggs to a lesser degree (mean = 25%, standard deviation = 27%). ARF18-C was isolated only from H. glycines populations from below 37 degrees N latitude. The presence of ARF18 was associated with soils with Mg levels <314 kg/ha, cyst numbers >4.5 per 100 cm(3), and iron levels >203.5 kg/ha; or with Mg levels >314 kg/ha and Na levels <121 kg/ha. The widespread distribution of ARF18 and the ability of some isolates to aggressively colonize eggs of H. glycines are indications that it has potential as a biological control agent for H. glycines.     

Characterization of virulence reactions for Heterodera avenae populations from two localities in Algeria

Heterodera avenae is widely distributed in areas where most cereal crops are produced in Algeria. However, the virulence of the Algerian populations of this nematode on individual cereal species and cultivars has not been well documented. The virulence of H. avenae populations from Tiaret and from Oued Smar were tested under natural outdoor conditions and in an in vitro test to determine reactions of nine barley, oat and wheat cultivars selected from the International differential assortment for identifying pathotypes of H. avenae. All nine cereal differentials expressed the same reactions to both populations. The nematodes reproduced well on the barley cultivar ‘Emir’ and the wheat cultivar ‘Capa’. Resistant entries included the barley cultivars ‘Siri’, ‘Ortolan’ and ‘Morocco’, the oat cultivars ‘Nidar II’ and ‘A. sterilis I.376’, and the wheat cultivars ‘Loros’ and ‘AUS10894’. This matrix of reactions indicated that H. avenae populations from both locations were characterized as H. avenae Group 1 pathotypes but did not conclusively distinguish among pathotypes Ha21, Ha31 or Ha81. The Cre1 gene was identified as a potentially valuable source of resistance when developing wheat cultivars intended for release into these localities.     

Effect of benomyl on the potato cyst nematode,Heterodera rostochiensis

Benomyl is a strong fungistat against certain groups of fungi and it does not have much effect on most plant-parasitic nematodes.Heterodera spp., however, are affected, and the literature indicated a strong effect onHeterodera rostochiensis in the field. Laboratory tests demonstrated that hatching of larvae fromH. rostochiensis cysts is strongly inhibited by benomyl in vitro. In a pot trial, benomyl effectively suppressed formation of new cysts on the roots of potatoes grown in sand, clay soil or lightsandy loam. There was no such effect in soil rich in organic matter probably because of strong adsorption of benomyl. Control ofH. rostochiensis by benomyl in soil could be due to suppressed hatch or to other mechanisms, such as inhibition of larval penetration of roots. In view of its long persistence in the soil and of its various side-effects, benomyl does not seem very promising for practical control ofHeterodera rostochiensis.Samenvatting Benomyl is bekend als een middel met sterk fungistatische eigenschappen ten aanzien van bepaalde groepen schimmels. Het heeft in het algemeen weinig effect op planteparasitaire aaltjes. Cystevormende aaltjes echter, en in het bijzonderHeterodera rostochiensis, zijn, volgens aanwijzingen uit de literatuur gevoeliger voor benomyl.Onder laboratoriumomstandigheden bleek het uitkomen van de larven vanH. rostochiensis uit de cysten sterk door benomyl te worden geremd (Tabel 1 en 2). In een potproef werd door een grondbehandeling met benomyl de vorming van nieuwe cysten op aardappelwortels onderdrukt, afhankelik van de grondsoort (Tabel 3). Naarmate de grond meer organische stof of klei bevat, is het effect minder groot. Bijgebruik van rivierzand trad reeds bij een dosering van ongeveer 1 ppm benomyl een volledige on derdrukking van cystevorming op. Maar bij potgrond (59% organische stof) was er, ook bij een tien maal hogere dosering, geen effect. Verder onderzoek zal moeten uitwijzen of het effect in grond, berust op de remming van het uitkomen van larven uit de cysten, of (ook) op de beïnvloeding van andere aspecten van het parasitair gedrag van dit aaltje, zoals de penetratie in de wortels.Gezien de grote persistentie van benomyl in de grond, en de nevenwerkingen, lijkt het middel minder geschikt voor toepassing in de praktijk.Guest worker of TNO, Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research.     

河北省小麦主产区禾谷孢囊线虫群体致病型研究

为了明确河北省小麦主产区禾谷孢囊线虫的致病类型,采用27个国际鉴别寄主品种和2个感病小麦品种‘石新733’和‘温麦4’对河北省邯郸、保定、任丘和唐山的4个禾谷孢囊线虫群体致病型进行了鉴定。依据Andersen等鉴别标准,4个群体的致病型不同于国际上已命名的16个禾谷孢囊线虫致病型。唐山群体为一个致病型,它的致病型和山西太谷、安徽固镇群体的致病型相似;邯郸群体、保定群体和任丘群体的致病型属于同一致病型,这3个群体的致病型和定州群体的致病型很接近。对照小麦品种‘石新733’和‘温麦4’对4个禾谷孢囊线虫群体均表现感病。     

Host-plants of Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. and the Breeding for Resistance1)

The two most important aspects of the host-parasite relation of the potato and the tomato versus Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. are discussed. Many transitory forms between very poor and good hosts have been found in wild and primitive forms of these crops. The nature and the mode of inheritance of forms are described and their consequences for breeding work discussed. Several patho-types are found and it is argued that many more exist. Much variation has also been found in the amount of damage in good hosts when heavily attacked. Some varieties, both in potato and in tomato, have been found with a high degree of tolerance to damage.     

内蒙古中西部地区小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生分布

2005—2008年调查了内蒙古中西部地区7个盟市的20个春小麦种植区,共采集分离并鉴定了255份根际土壤和根系。调查结果表明,禾谷孢囊线虫（Heterodera avenae Woll.）在呼和浩特市、乌兰察布市、包头市、巴彦淖尔市、鄂尔多斯市、锡林郭勒盟等地区都有分布。其中,在乌兰察布市的察哈尔中旗、呼和浩特市的内蒙古农科院和内蒙古农业大学农场禾谷孢囊线虫虫口密度最大,每250 g土壤的孢囊平均含量分别达到了38.4、29.4个和16.4个。     

Characterization of Heterodera carotae from the Tarlton area,South Africa,and determination of its life cycle under field conditions: a baseline study

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Identification of Heterodera carotae (carrot cyst nematode), first reported from the Tarlton area in South Africa in 2008, was based on morphometrical and...     

潜在外来入侵甜菜孢囊线虫在中国的适生性风险分析

本文应用MAXENT与GARP两种生态位模型对甜菜孢囊线虫在中国的适生性进行了风险分析和预测。结果表明甜菜孢囊线虫可在中国17个省市生存,适生范围为26°N～48°N,77.6°E～136°E。甜菜孢囊线虫入侵的高风险区:内蒙古南部、新疆西部、河北中南部、山西东北部、宁夏、甘肃北部;中风险区:北京、天津、陕西、山西大部、内蒙古西部和东南部、吉林西部、新疆北部;低风险区:河南、陕西南部、山东、内蒙古中东部、新疆中部、辽宁、吉林大部、黑龙江南部、江苏、安徽、湖北、湖南、江西、浙江北部;而青海、新疆南部、西藏、四川、重庆、云南、贵州、广西、广东、福建、海南、内蒙古少数地区和黑龙江部分地区属于基本不发生区。我国内蒙古、新疆、辽宁等省市甜菜种植区均适合甜菜孢囊线虫发生,对上述地区的进出口岸应加强甜菜孢囊线虫的检疫工作。     

Suggestions for Determination and Terminology of Pathotypes and Genes for Resistance in Cyst-forming Nematodes, especially Heterodera avenae1

A short review of differentiation into pathotypes is given. Use of the word ≪ pathotype ≫ is recommended when a very clear difference is established between virulence of nematode populations. Our present knowledge makes it possible to differentiate between 10 pathotypes of Heterodera avenae. It is suggested that the pathotypes are given numbers, and corresponding terms should be used for genes for resistance in plants, e.g. a gene Hal on the barley chromosome gives resistance to nematode pathotypes 11,21,31,41 etc. Some proposals for improvement of pathotype identification are given.     

禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)的分子鉴定及抗性基因研究进展

禾谷孢囊线虫是温带禾谷类作物上的世界性重要病原线虫。本文回顾关于禾谷孢囊线虫的分子鉴定和亲缘分析等方面的研究,以及对国内外小麦品种抗性基因的筛选和应用等结果。根据上述方面的结果拟定更为合理的防治策略。     

Genomic Structure of a Geminivirus in the Genus Begomovirus from Yellow Vein-affected Eupatorium makinor

A virus from yellow vein-affected Eupatorium makinoi was tentatively designated as Eupatorium-infecting geminivirus (EuGV) on the basis of whitefly transmissibility, electron microscopic observation of geminate particles in sap and symptomatology. EuGV-speciflc DNA fragments were obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Based on the restriction analysis of the PCR products, EuGV was suggested to have a monopartite genome. We determined the putative, complete nucleotide sequence of the EuGV genome which is comprised of 2766 nucleotides. The EuGV sequence had two virus sense open reading frames (ORF)(V1, V2), four complementary sense ORFs (C1–C4) and a non-coding region termed the intergenic region. This genome structure is quite similar to other monopartite begomoviruses already reported. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences were compared with other begomoviruses. The results supported the conclusion that EuGV is distinct and divergent from other begomoviruses, whereas potential sequence motifs reported in other geminiviruses are well conserved. Received 17 March 1999/ Accepted in revised form 12 November 1999     

国外甜菜孢囊线虫发生危害、生物学和控制技术研究进展

甜菜孢囊线虫(Heterodera schachtii Schmidt)是全世界重要检疫性有害生物,对甜菜具有毁灭性危害,该线虫已在全世界50多个国家或地区有分布,22个国家将其列为检疫对象。甜菜孢囊线虫寄主多达23科95属218种植物,可导致甜菜产量损失达25%~70%,甚至绝产,在欧洲每年造成的经济损失已超过9 000万欧元,严重威胁当地甜菜生产和制糖业。甜菜孢囊线虫是我国重要进境检疫性有害生物,因其对甜菜具有毁灭性危害,我国各级农业行政主管部门对甜菜孢囊线虫都高度重视,严防该线虫的暴发和危害,本文介绍国外甜菜孢囊线虫研究进展。     

Melon yellow spot virus: A Distinct Species of the Genus Tospovirus Isolated from Melon

ABSTRACT A tospovirus-like virus recovered from netted melon was transmitted by Thrips palmi in a persistent manner but had different cytopathological features from tospoviruses previously reported. Viral nucleocapsid (N) was purified with two protective reagents, 2-mercaptoethanol and L-ascorbic acid, and RNA extracted from the viral nucleocapsid was used for genomic analysis. The virus had a genome consisting of three single-stranded RNA molecules. The open reading frame on the viral complementary strand, located at the 3' end of the viral S RNA, encoded the N protein. The 3' terminus of this RNA also contained an eight-nucleotide sequence similar to the conserved sequence at the 3' end of genomic RNA molecules of tospoviruses. These features of the viral genome are identical to those of tospoviruses; therefore, this virus is considered to belong to the genus Tospovirus. Its N protein comprised 279 amino acids and had a molecular mass of 31.0 kDa. Comparisons of its amino acid sequence with those of known tospoviruses revealed less than 60% identity. This melon virus is concluded to be a distinct species in the genus Tospovirus, and the name Melon yellow spot virus is proposed.     

Composition of the stubble weed flora and its role for Heterodera schachtii in the year preceding sugar beet production

In Germany, sugar beet is often rotated with 2 years of cereal. Extensive fallow periods between cereal harvest and autumn primary tillage allow for a weed flora to develop. Broad‐leaved weeds could potentially be alternate hosts for the common nematode Heterodera schachtii, one of the most important pests of sugar beet. Between 2009 and 2012, annual weeds developing in cereal stubble fields during July to mid‐October in the season prior to sugar beet were surveyed, including known hosts of H. schachtii. Yearly weather patterns and agronomic practices possibly impacted weed species composition and weed population densities. During September, Chenopodium album, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Mercurialis annua, Polygonum spp., Solanum nigrum and Sonchus spp. occurred at the highest frequencies. Weed hosts of H. schachtii were present, but densities, frequencies and uniformity were limited. In 2010 and 2011, staining for nematodes in roots revealed juvenile penetration of some weeds but few adult stages. No indication of nematode reproduction of H. schachtii was found on these weed hosts. A fairly stable weed flora was detected on stubble fields that could provide some carry over for weed species. An elevated risk for nematode population density build‐up on these weeds was not found and management of these weeds at the observed densities during the stubble period for nematological reasons appeared unnecessary.     

不同茬口条件下的作物根渗出物对大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines)卵孵化影响

 取北方5种作物轮作茬口和休闲土壤种植火豆、玉米、小麦、亚麻和甜菜,出苗后22 d制备作物的根渗出物,观察其对大豆胞囊线虫卯孵化的影响。试验表明,麦豆麦迎茬的甜菜根渗出物在后期大豆胞囊线虫(SCN)的卵孵化率最高,豆麦米轮作茬的大豆根渗出物9 d后SCN的卵孵化率明显高于其它作物,米豆米茬口的玉米根渗出物SCN的卵孵化率较高,豆麦豆迎茬甜菜根渗出物SCN的卵孵化率明显高于所有供试作物,12年大豆连作茬甜菜从一开始卵孵化率就高于对照和其它4种作物,休闲区的5种作物根渗出物也有对SCN卵孵化的刺激作用。     

Influence of temperature and storage conditions on the hatching behavior of cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera avenae Wollenweber) from Egypt

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae has been reported in wheat fields in Egypt; however no information is available on the hatch of second-stage...