金华猪仔猪猪瘟母源抗体衰减规律初探

仔猪吸吮经猪瘟疫苗免疫的母猪的初乳后,对10头母猪和各所产仔猪中的任意2头在14、21、28、35日龄分别采血,采用正向间接血凝试验检测猪瘟抗体水平,监测母源抗体在仔猪体内的消长规律,以探索金华猪仔猪猪瘟疫苗最佳首免时间;检测母猪抗体水平以探索对仔猪母源抗体的影响。结果发现,仔猪母源抗体水平随着日龄增大而逐级降低,半衰期为17d左右;仔猪母源抗体水平与母猪抗体水平成正比,随着日龄的增加母猪对仔猪母源抗体影响越来越低。     

母猪猪瘟病毒抗体与仔猪母源抗体衰减规律的研究

为了研究仔猪猪瘟病毒(CSFV)母源抗体的衰减规律,本研究随机选择36头待产母猪,产后采血,选择每头母猪对应的仔猪连续采血至8周龄,分离血清,通过ELISA方法检测CSFV抗体阻断率,所测结果利用EXCEL拟合指数曲线,计算分析母猪CSFV抗体水平与仔猪母源抗体衰减规律。结果显示,36头母猪中母猪抗体阻断率80%以上6头,母猪抗体阻断率70%~79%的11头,母猪抗体阻断率60%~69%的8头,母猪抗体阻断率50%~59%的5头,母猪抗体阻断率49%以下的6头。3周龄仔猪抗体阻断率整体与母猪抗体阻断率相近且高度相关,相关系数为99%。母猪抗体阻断率在80%以上时,母源抗体对所产仔猪8周龄时仍然具有保护力;母猪抗体阻断率在70%~79%时,母源抗体对所产仔猪7周龄时不再具有保护力;母猪抗体阻断率在60%~69%时,母源抗体对所产仔猪5周龄时不再具有保护力;母猪抗体阻断率在50%~59%时,母源抗体对所产仔猪4周龄时不再具有保护力;母猪抗体阻断率49%以下时,母源抗体对所产仔猪3周龄时不再具有保护力。以上结果表明仔猪母源CSFV抗体随着仔猪周龄的增加逐渐衰减,由试验得出仔猪猪瘟疫苗首免日龄的计算公式:y=1.19x-46.55(x为母猪CSFV抗体阻断率,y为首免日龄)。因此,母猪抗体阻断率在80%以上时,仔猪母源抗体在60日龄不再具有保护力,仔猪猪瘟疫苗首免为56日龄;母猪抗体阻断率在70%~79%时,母源抗体对仔猪的保护持续到50日龄,仔猪猪瘟疫苗首免为42日龄;母猪抗体阻断率在60%~69%时和50%~59%时,母源抗体对仔猪的保护持续至36日龄和29日龄,仔猪猪瘟疫苗首免分别为28日龄和21日龄。本研究中所得母猪CSFV抗体水平计算母源抗体衰减变化,为选择母猪首免日龄,提高仔猪猪瘟疫苗免疫效果提供了科学依据。     

仔猪口蹄疫母源抗体衰减规律研究

为了明确仔猪体内A型口蹄疫母源抗体衰减规律,为仔猪口蹄疫疫苗首免时间的确定提供理论依据,选取预产期相同、口蹄疫抗体水平(A型)有差异的5头母猪,每头母猪随机选取5头仔猪并分16个时间点采集外周血,利用液相阻断ELISA对仔猪体内A型口蹄疫抗体进行检测,评估其消减规律。结果显示:脐带血不传播母源抗体,仔猪获得母源抗体保护的唯一途径是吃母乳;仔猪采食初乳后体内A型口蹄疫母源抗体可在吃初乳后当天达到峰值,而后随时间增加而降低;当母猪分娩时抗体水平为1∶1024时,仔猪63日龄左右体内抗体水平降低至1∶45;当母猪分娩时抗体水平为1∶720时,仔猪56日龄左右体内抗体水平降低至1∶45;当母猪分娩时抗体水平为1∶360时,仔猪28日龄左右体内抗体水平降低至1∶45。仔猪体内A型口蹄疫抗体衰减时间和分娩时母猪抗体水平呈正相关性。本文研究结果为制定科学合理的仔猪口蹄疫疫苗免疫程序提供数据支撑。     

猪瘟灭活疫苗抗体消长规律动态研究

本试验采用IHA试验方法,对经猪瘟灭活疫苗免疫的猪抗体产生的水平进行了监测,并对仔猪母源抗体的消长规律进行了研究.结果表明仔猪母源抗体水平与母猪抗体水平呈正相关,其首次免疫抗体增长幅度与母源抗体呈负相关,但其抗体水平与免疫次数呈正相关.主要免疫的抗体效价与免疫剂量呈正相关,而与首免日龄无关.攻毒结果表明:当IHA＜6log2时,仅能抗死亡;当IHA≥7log2时,可抗感染.     

猪瘟母源抗体在仔猪体内持续时间的研究

仔猪吮吸免疫猪瘟疫苗母猪的初乳后,监测母源抗体在仔猪体内的消长规律,以探索仔猪猪瘟疫苗最佳首免日龄.试验选择3个场共12头母猪,产前136～140天进行猪瘟兔化弱毒(细胞苗)疫苗接种,4毫升/头.通过猪瘟抗体酶联免疫吸附试验(竞争性ELISA)检测其所产仔猪7、14、21、28、35和42日龄时血清中抗体水平.结果发现,3个猪场试验仔猪母源抗体下降幅度不一,甲场第28天降到最低,丙场第21天降到最低,之后其抗体水平均出现升高现象.但3个猪场之间不同日龄仔猪抗体水平差异较大.     

仔猪猪瘟母源抗体的消长规律及免疫程序制定

选择广东梅州地区3个规模化猪场A、B、C场,通过采用ELISA抗体检测法对产后母猪进行0、7、14、21 d猪瘟抗体检测,对新生仔猪进行0、1、7、14、21、28、35、42、49日龄猪瘟母源抗体检测,研究其消长规律,据此确定仔猪的首免日龄,通过二免后免疫效果的观察,制定有针对性的免疫程序。结果表明:未吃初乳的0日龄仔猪无母源抗体,7日龄仔猪母源抗体较高,之后逐渐降低,A猪场猪瘟母源抗体对21日龄仔猪仍有保护,随后母源抗体水平骤减;B猪场和C猪场猪瘟母源抗体对35日龄仔猪仍有保护,随后母源抗体水平骤减;而且母源抗体对仔猪保护持续时间和母猪自身的抗体呈正相关。确定3个猪场不同的首免时间,首免后30 d进行二免,其较高的免疫抗体水平可以维持到二免后4个月,因此生产中建议应根据科学的监测跟踪依据,制定合理的首免日期,以有效保护仔猪免受猪瘟的威胁。     

猪乳中猪瘟IgG、IgM抗体与猪瘟母源抗体变化规律

选取母猪20头,分为2组,10头／组。免疫组母猪分别于配种前25d、10d进行2次猪瘟疫苗的免疫接种,4头份／次,肌肉注射。对照组接种疫苗稀释液,1mL／头。待母猪分娩后3h采集乳样,并分别于产后2d、3d、4d、5d、6d、7d、8d、9d、10d、15d、20d、25d、30d采集乳样。用间接ELISA方法,测定猪瘟IgG、IgM抗体OD值,并绘制动态变化曲线,观察抗体动态变化规律。待上述免疫组母猪产仔后,各组随机选取10头仔猪,仔猪分别于产后0（未吃初乳）、5、10、15、25、35、40、50、60、70、80、90日龄前腔静脉采血,分离血清,用间接ELISA法检测其母源猪瘟抗体动态变化规律。结果表明：免疫组母猪乳清中IgG、IgM抗体效价的最高值均出现在分娩后1d,随后抗体效价迅速降低,一般泌乳7d以后,免疫组母猪乳中各种抗体效价与常乳基本一致。初生仔猪的母源抗体在5～10日龄达到高峰,10日龄后开始下降,至25日龄保护率已达不到100％,抗体水平接近保护线。     

畜禽免疫应注意的要点

1畜禽动物机体因素 母源抗体水平。新生动物可以从母体、初乳、或卵黄（禽类）中获得一定量的母源抗体，这些母源抗体对于防止疫病早期感染具有重要的意义。但是，如果当母源抗体水平较高时进行过早疫苗免疫接种，进入体内的疫苗就可被高水平的母源抗体中和，可造成免疫失败。因此，在免疫接种时一定要注意母源抗体对免疫效果的影响，有条件的，通过抗体监测手段获得畜禽群中总体母源抗体的水平，确定最佳首免日龄，当母源抗体水平下降到接近临界值时再进行免疫接种，就可以获得良好的免疫效果。如一些无条件检测的猪场，猪瘟免疫可采用20-25日龄（4头份）和60-65日龄（3-4头份）两次免疫的方法。母猪的免疫应选在哺乳后期或断奶时，不要在配种期或怀孕期注苗，以免引起胎盘感染或仔猪免疫时发生过敏性休克（可能由于母源抗体过高）。后备公、母猪应配种前半个月至一个月免疫一次，种公猪每年春秋两次免疫，经产母猪可于断奶时免疫一次，剂量均为4~6头份猪瘟细胞苗。     

猪伪狂犬病母源抗体衰减规律及适时首免试验

试验采用伪狂犬病gB抗体ELISA试剂盒,分别检测3日龄和1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10周龄未免疫猪伪狂犬病母源抗体和相应日龄免疫后3周的伪狂犬病gB抗体,以gB抗体阳性率和S/N值分析猪伪狂犬病母源抗体衰减规律和最佳首免时间。结果表明,母猪分娩前1个月免疫伪狂犬病gE基因缺失弱毒苗,所产仔猪能获得高水平的母源抗体;随着仔猪日龄增加,抗体水平逐渐降低,能维持到10周龄。仔猪在5周龄前免疫伪狂犬病疫苗,母源抗体干扰主动免疫,5周龄后免疫抗体水平均有上升;该场仔猪伪狂犬病最佳首免时间为35~42日龄。     

禽脑脊髓炎弱毒疫苗不同免疫期的种鸡及其后裔雏鸡母源抗体的衰减规律

艾维菌父母代肉种鸡经禽脑脊髓炎病毒(AEV)弱毒疫苗免疫后，用琼脂扩散试验对不同免疫期种鸡的后裔雏鸡的母源抗体进行动态监测。结果发现，26周龄种鸡禽脑脊髓炎(AE)抗体阳性率为86．79／6～1009／6．其后裔雏鸡在1～7日龄时母源抗体阳性率为83．3％～100％；14日龄时降至30．0％～70．09／6；多数在21日龄时转阴。36周龄种鸡AE抗体阳性率为56．7％～76．79／6，其后裔雏鸡在1日龄时母源抗体阳性率只有50．0％～76．7％；7日龄时降至10．0％～50．0％；14日龄时全部转阴。表明，雏鸡AE母源抗体水平及其衰减规律受种鸡抗体水平的影响。攻毒保护试验发现，低母源抗体雏鸡(1日龄母源抗体阳性率为50．0％)，不但7～28日龄脑内攻毒后6～11d全部发病，而且14日龄颈部皮下攻毒后11～13d也有6／10雏鸡发病；而高母源抗体雏鸡(1日龄的母源抗体为1009／6)，虽然14～28日龄对脑内攻毒易感，但是颈部皮下攻毒后观察45d均未发病。证实，雏鸡1日龄的AE母源抗体为50．0％时，很难保护其免受AEV的侵袭。     

Long-term studies on maternal immunity for Aujeszky's disease and classical swine fever in wild boar piglets

The aim of the studies was to fathom the duration and the role of maternal immunity for Aujeszky's disease (AD) and classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar offspring. In one experiment, two wild boar sows were infected with a low pathogenic pseudorabies virus (PRV) in 1999. A total of 51 offspring was born between 1999 and 2002 and was monitored for PRV maternal antibodies. In a second experiment, the maternal immunity for CSF was analysed. Therefore, a sow was orally vaccinated against CSF using vaccine baits containing the live-attenuated C-strain vaccine. The vaccination took place in January 1999. The sow gave birth to four piglets in 2001 and to two piglets in 2002. With respect to maternal immunity for AD, some piglets reacted positive in the ELISA up to 27-week post-partum while in the neutralization test antibodies were detected up to 15-week post-partum. The calculated half-life of neutralizing antibodies was 21 days. Regarding CSF, the neutralization titres of maternal antibodies dropped continuously reaching values of < or =10 ND50 20-week post-partum. After the 12th week post-partum, most of the sera reacted negative in the ELISA. However, after the third month, low levels of neutralization titres were still detectable. The results are discussed with respect to the epidemiology and control of both diseases in wild boar populations.     

Long‐Term Studies on Maternal Immunity for Aujeszky's Disease and Classical Swine Fever in Wild Boar Piglets

The aim of the studies was to fathom the duration and the role of maternal immunity for Aujeszky's disease (AD) and classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar offspring. In one experiment, two wild boar sows were infected with a low pathogenic pseudorabies virus (PRV) in 1999. A total of 51 offspring was born between 1999 and 2002 and was monitored for PRV maternal antibodies. In a second experiment, the maternal immunity for CSF was analysed. Therefore, a sow was orally vaccinated against CSF using vaccine baits containing the live‐attenuated C‐strain vaccine. The vaccination took place in January 1999. The sow gave birth to four piglets in 2001 and to two piglets in 2002. With respect to maternal immunity for AD, some piglets reacted positive in the ELISA up to 27‐week post‐partum while in the neutralization test antibodies were detected up to 15‐week post‐partum. The calculated half‐life of neutralizing antibodies was 21 days. Regarding CSF, the neutralization titres of maternal antibodies dropped continuously reaching values of ≤10 ND₅₀ 20‐week post‐partum. After the 12th week post‐partum, most of the sera reacted negative in the ELISA. However, after the third month, low levels of neutralization titres were still detectable. The results are discussed with respect to the epidemiology and control of both diseases in wild boar populations.     

Evaluation of vaccine-induced maternal immunity against classical swine fever

The vaccine-induced maternal immunity against classical swine fever (CSF) was investigated in this study. Eight sows were vaccinated with the Chinese strain of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The length of time between vaccination and farrowing was 167-217 days. Milk samples from the front, middle and back udder sections and blood samples were taken from the sows on days 3 and 14 after farrowing. Blood samples were obtained from the piglets at the age of 3, 6 and 10 weeks. The antibody level of the milk was examined by ELISA, and that of blood samples by the virus neutralization (VN) test as well. In all 3-week-old piglets and in 80% of the 6-week-old animals the neutralizing antibody level reached the titre of 1:40. In none of the 10-week-old piglets did the titre exceed the value of 1:20, but in about 25% of the piglets it reached 1:20; the half of these piglets came from two litters. In none of the piglets did the antibody level reach the negative threshold in the ELISA test during the study. No significant differences were found between the udder sections in milk antibody level by ELISA.     

Studies of transplacental and perinatal infection with two clones of a single Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) virus isolate

The effect of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) infection in the last third of gestation was studied using two clones from an ADV isolate. Twelve sows were infected with one or other clone at 85 +/- 1 days of gestation. The dose of infection was 5 X 10(6) TCID50 per sow. The clinical and serological responses to the infection were different. One clone, Ls-1, produces a severe and acute illness. The course of the disease went from 9 to 14 days while the other clone, Ls-2, caused a mild or silent infection and for a shorter time. Transplacental infection occurred in only one sow which had been infected with Ls-2. The litter consisted of 8 mummified fetuses. Sows infected with Ls-1 produced piglets or mummified fetuses that were virus-negative. Perinatal infection was found in litters from both groups. Colostrum-deprived piglets that did not have postpartum contact with the sow, produced specific antibodies, 2 out of 6 born to sows infected with Ls-1 and 1 out of 4 born to sows infected with Ls-2. The antibody titers in colostrum-fed piglets were related to the extent of clinical response of the sows to the infection. Litters born to sows infected with Ls-1 had mean SNT titers from 1/12 to 1/112 while litters born to sows infected with Ls-2 showed titers of 1/2 or less than 2.     

Factors affecting the transfer of porcine parvovirus antibodies from sow to piglets

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a number of environmental, behavioural and biological factors on passive immunization of piglets as assessed by transfer of porcine parvovirus (PPV) antibodies (ab) from the colostrum of PPV vaccinated mothers to the serum of the piglets. Twenty primiparous sows were housed in pens with peat, straw and branches for nest building. Half the sows were prevented from achieving feedback from a completed farrowing nest by repeated removal of the nest from 10 to 12 h after nest building had begun, whereas the other half kept their nests. Sow serum PPV-ab titres were positively related to colostrum PPV-ab titres at birth of the first piglet (BFP) (P < 0.001). Litter average piglet PPV-ab titre was positively related to both sow serum and colostrum PPV-ab titres (both P < 0.001). In addition, in the individual piglets. PPV-ab titres were reduced as time from BFP to birth and time from birth to first sucking increased and time spent sucking decreased (all P < 0.01). There were no effects of treatment, time spent in lateral recumbency by the sow, number of times the sow stood or piglet weight on day 1 on piglet serum PPV-ab titres. Preventing prolonged farrowing, while at the same time ensuring the piglets' access to the udder, is important for transfer of maternal immunity. Measurements of specific antibodies in sow serum during the periparturient period and in piglet serum at 28 days of age may provide a practical tool for evaluating transfer of maternal immunity from sow to piglets.     

规模化猪场仔猪口蹄疫免疫程序的制定

本试验通过研究免疫状况良好的母猪群所产仔猪母源抗体的获得方式,仔猪体内母源抗体的持续时间,仔猪不同免疫程序的免疫效果,发现初生仔猪遵守被动免疫传递规律,仔猪体内的口蹄疫抗体水平也有自己的消长规律:哺乳后3～7d抗体水平达到最高,35日龄后开始下降,63日龄左右抗体保护率已经低于60%。所以,仔猪口蹄疫疫苗首次免疫的时间应定在35日龄,49日龄还需加强一次;疫苗的剂量:首免为1头份(2mL),加强时为2头份(3mL)。     

Sow porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) status effect on litter mortality in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)

Previous studies have described a "litter effect" associated with mortality in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) affected farms. The main objective of this study was to evaluate litter mortality in different PMWS affected farms and to characterize it in relation to three variables of the sow: parity, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infectious status and PCV2 antibody titres. The study was performed in seven farms that experienced PMWS in nurseries and/or fattening areas. Fifteen sows from each farm were randomly selected from the same farrowing batch. Serum samples were analyzed for antibodies to PCV2 and for genomic detection of PCV2. Four piglets from each sow (60 piglets per farm) were selected and ear-tagged at birth. Out of 420 initial piglets, 104 (25%) died. Sixty three of them (60%) were necropsied, and 40 (63%) diagnosed as PMWS based on case definition criteria. Our results show that sow PCV2 viremia was significantly related to piglet mortality since more piglets per litter died from viremic than from non-viremic sows. Additionally, a significantly greater proportion of animals died from sows that had low antibody titres against PCV2 (39% vs. 18% from sows with medium to high antibody titres). The present study, of exploratory nature, confirms previous results and further characterizes the so called "litter effect" by establishing that the sow PCV2 status had a significant effect on litter mortality in PMWS affected farms.     

Aspects of the transmission of protection against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from sow to offspring

The aims of this study were to describe the variation in concentration of antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in the serum and colostrum of sows, and to compare the amount of antibodies in colostrum with that obtained in the serum of the smallest piglets in a litter. In addition, the efficacy of the passive immunity in natural conditions was studied. The study was performed in a sow pool herd (600 sows) that was endemically infected with M. hyopneumoniae. Blood samples were collected from sows 19 days (n = 25) before and 3 days (n = 15) after farrowing, and a colostrum sample (n = 25) was collected on the day of farrowing. All samples were analysed for antibodies to M. hyopneumoniae with a monoclonal blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Twelve sows (48%) were high-responders with respect to antibody concentration in colostrum. The amount of blocking decreased in serum during the last weeks of pregnancy and 3 days post-farrowing it was only 53% of the level found in colostrum. At the age of 14 days, 30 of the smallest piglets were weaned. They were divided into three experimental groups, being the offspring of high-responding sows, low-responding sows, or a mix of high- and low-responding sows. The groups were transported to three separated isolation units and were followed until slaughter. At slaughter, lung lesions were not found. Nor could M. hyopneumoniae be demonstrated either by cultivation or by polymerase chain reaction. However, a significant increase in absorbance values, assessed by an indirect-ELISA, was demonstrated in groups established from low-responding sows. It was concluded that a high antibody level in colostrum appeared to protect piglets from M. hyopneumoniae.     

Investigation on the Production Performance of gE Antibody Positive Sows in Pig Farms Infected with Wild Type Pseudorabies Virus

Pseudorabies (PR) is caused by the Pseudorabies virus (PRV). It is an acute and hot highly contagious disease infecting livestock and a wide range of wild animals. In order to investigate the relationship between latent infection of Pseudorabies virus and sow production performance,this study collected production parameters of first-parity sows with wild virus gE positive and negtive in a Pseudorabies positive stable intensive farm, including total litter size, healthy litter size, weak litter size, stillbirths, mummified fetus, litter weight, number of weaning live, number of weaning qualified and weaning weight. And compared the production performance of PRV gE antibody negative and positive sows in the same intensive pig farm. The study showed that each PRV gE antibody negative sow could produce 11.96 live piglets per parity. Additionally, PRV gE antibody negative sow could provide more alive, weaning and weaning qualified piglets per parity than infection sows, which were 0.63, 0.18 and 0.28, respectively. Although the average birth weight and average weaning weight of piglets produced by PRV gE antibody positive sows were higher than those produced by negative sows, the weaning qualified rate of antibody negative sows was higher than that of antibody positive sows, indicating that the weaning live piglets produced by antibody negative sows had higher uniformity. In summary, the production performance of PRV gE antibody positive sows was lower than that of the negative sows. Eradication of PR can bring higher profit to the pig farm. Pig farm should actively eradicate the PR.