贵阳市高尔夫俱乐部草坪基地建植与管理

通过贵阳市高尔夫球场草皮基地的建植和养护管理 ,从中总结了过渡气候带建植草坪应注意的一些问题。根据所建草坪的功能 ,选择相适应的草种应用于高尔夫球场。并对其适应性进行了研究     

贵阳市高尔夫俱乐部草坪基地建植与管理

通过贵阳市高尔夫球场草皮基地的建植和养护管理,从中总结了过渡气侯带建植草坪应注意的一些问题.根据所建草坪的功能,选择相适应的草种应用于高尔夫球场.并对其适应性进行了研究.     

过渡带暖季型足球场草坪建植技术

在承接建植过渡地带一些大型足球场草坪工程的基础上,总结和研究适宜该区建植足球场草坪的草种选择、植草方案、养护管理等方面的关键技术。     

过渡地带建植常绿草坪的探讨

过渡地带草坪建植面临两难的选择,可选用冷季型草,也可选用暖季型草,但均不理想.综合分析认为,暖季型草坪草中的结缕草和冷季型草坪草中的高羊茅为过渡地带建坪的首选草种.解决过渡地带结缕草冬季枯黄问题采取2种途径:一种是在每年秋季盖播黑麦草、粗茎早熟禾或匍匐紫羊茅等冷季型草形成过渡性的季节草坪;另一种是与高羊茅混植建立稳定的持久性草坪.后一种途径其技术目前尚未成熟,仍处于研究探索阶段.     

华北地区高尔夫球场草坪建植与管理

高尔夫球运动是当今颇受欢迎的运动。但是高尔夫球场对草坪的建植、管理要求非常严格。本文对华北地区高尔夫球场草坪草种的选择、播种技术草坪养护管理及病虫害防治作了详细分析和系统的介绍。     

冷暖季型草坪混播技术研究Ⅰ建植技术与养护管理

冷、暖季型草坪混播为过渡地区草坪建植的一种新尝试.在成功建植实践的基础上,提出了冷暖混播的技术要点及管理日志,并总结了一套相应的建植技术和养护管理方法,以期为过渡地区草坪建植提供理论依据和实践经验,达到延长草坪绿期、保持四季平衡、改善草坪品质、提高坪用质量的目的.     

冷暖季型草坪混播技术研究——I建植技术与养护管理

冷、暖季型草坪混播为过渡地区草坪建植的一种新尝试。在成功建植实践的基础上，提出了冷暖混播的技术要点及管理日志，并总结了一套相应的建植技术和养护管理方法，以期为过渡地区草坪建植提供理论依据和实践经验，达到延长草坪绿期、保持四季平衡、改善草坪品质、提高坪用质量的目的。     

过渡地区休眠暖地型草坪草交播技术与展望

本文对我国过渡地区暖地型草坪草冬季交播技术,如交播概念、原理、草坪类型、草种选择、草种播种量及交播草坪建植与管理进行了详细介绍,以期为过渡地区建植四季长绿草坪提供技术上的支持.     

过渡地区休眠暖地型草坪草交播技术与展望

本文对我国过渡地区暖地型草坪草冬季交播技术,如交播概念、原理、草坪类型、草种选择、草种播种量及交播草坪建植与管理进行了详细介绍,以期为过渡地区建植四季长绿草坪提供技术上的支持。     

“悍马”高羊茅——生长低矮缓慢的高品质高羊茅新品种

“悍马”高羊茅是最新引进的矮生型新品种，生长缓慢、坪质佳。具有出色的耐热性、抗旱性和耐磨性，使其有了更好的坪质表现和更强的适应性，应用范围更广泛。可广泛应用于庭院、公园、商业地带和高尔夫球场高草区及其他运动场草坪的建植以及公路、堤岸边坡的绿化。特别是用在频繁践踏的开放绿地和运动场草坪，使用效果更好，易建植、易管理。     

我国四川、山东、河北省蛋鸡配合饲料中镉、铬、铅污染程度评估

本试验旨在测定我国四川、山东、河北省(包括京津冀地区)蛋鸡养殖场产蛋高峰期配合饲料中镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)含量,评估蛋鸡养殖大省3种重金属污染程度。采集四川、山东、河北省67个养殖场268份蛋鸡配合饲料,采用高分辨率连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱法(HRCS FAAS)测定其Cd、Cr、Pb含量。结果表明:1)四川省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd、Cr、Pb含量最大检出值所在城市分别为成都、乐山、乐山,最大检出值分别为0.48、15.94、14.12 mg/kg;Cr、Pb含量最高超标率所在城市分别为乐山、崇州,超标率分别为30%、50%。2)山东省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd、Cr、Pb含量最大检出值所在城市分别为青岛和日照、菏泽、日照,最大检出值分别为0.45、5.88、4.11 mg/kg。3)河北省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd、Cr、Pb含量最大检出值所在城市分别为张家口、张家口、保定,最大检出值分别为0.45、15.38、8.38 mg/kg;Cr、Pb含量最高超标率所在城市分别为张家口和保定,超标率均为20%。4)3省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd、Cr、Pb平均含量分别为,四川:0.24、5.01、3.67 mg/kg;山东:0.26、4.19、2.61 mg/kg;河北:0.25、5.66、3.25 mg/kg。参照我国《饲料卫生标准》,3省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd含量及山东省Cd、Cr、Pb含量均未超标;四川、河北省Cr、Pb含量超标率分别为9.38%、17.19%和6.73%、14.42%。5)河北省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cr、Pb平均含量显著高于山东省(P0.05);大规模养殖场配合饲料中Cd、Cr、Pb平均含量显著低于小规模养殖场(P0.05)。综上所述,山东省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd、Cr、Pb含量均未超标。四川、河北省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd含量未超标,但有超标风险,Cr、Pb含量均有不同程度超标,Pb含量超标最为严重,应引起重视。     

Assessment of changes in blood volume in response to resuscitative fluid administration in dogs

Objective: To determine the continuous changes in blood volume in response to fluid administration using an in‐line hematocrit monitor. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Research laboratory. Animals: Four healthy dogs. Interventions: Each dog received intravenous boluses of 80 mL/kg of 0.9% saline (S), 4 mL/kg of 7.5% saline (HS), 20 mL/kg of dextran 70 (D), 20 mL/kg of hetastarch (HES), or no fluids (control, C) on separate occasions. Fluids were administered at 150 mL/min in the S, D, and HES groups, and at 1 mL/kg/min in the HS group. Measurements and main results: Blood volume changes were measured every 20 seconds for 240 minutes using an in‐line hematocrit monitor. There was a rapid rise in blood volume during all infusions. Immediately after the administration of crystalloid fluids, the rapid rise in blood volume ceased. Subsequently, there was a steep decline in blood volume for 10 minutes, and a slower decline thereafter. In contrast, the rise in blood volume continued for at least 10 minutes after the infusion of the colloids was complete, and a plateau was observed for the remainder of the experiment. The blood volume effect, as measured by area under the curve, was significantly greater in the saline group than the other groups during the infusion time and for the 0–240 minutes time period. The areas under the curve for the two colloid solutions were not significantly different from each other during any time periods. The percent increase in blood volume immediately following the infusions was 76.4±10.0 in the S group, 17.1±3.2 in the HS group, 23.0±10.5 in the D group, and 27.2±6.4 in the HES group. At 30 minutes from the start of the infusion, the mean percent increases in blood volumes were 35.2±9.3 in the S group, 12.3±0.9 in the HS group, 35.9±7.3 in the D group, and 36.8±6.5 in the HES group. At 240 h post‐infusion, the mean percent increases in blood volume were 18.0±9.7 in the S group, 2.9±6.1 in the HS group, 25.6±16.1 in the D group, and 26.6±8.6 in the HES group. The C group had a mean percent change in blood volume of ?3.7±3.4 at the end of the experiment. Conclusions: This study indicates that the rapid administration of saline at clinically relevant doses leads to the largest immediate increase in blood volume, although this change is transient because of rapid redistribution of the fluid. Despite a brief increase in blood volume that was almost 3 times the volume administered, hypertonic saline led to the smallest increase in blood volume post‐infusion. The synthetic colloid solutions increased the blood volume by an amount greater than that infused and the effect was sustained for a longer period of time than seen following crystalloid administration, but the maximum increase in blood volume was significantly less than saline. The measurement of continuous changes in blood volume, using an in‐line hematocrit monitor, was a useful means of assessing the dynamic effects of fluid administration in dogs in a research setting.     

An epidemiological survey on pigs showing symptoms of infectious enteric diseases and dyspepsia in Japan

Diarrhea in pigs has the potential to have a serious economic impact on the swine industry. Previously, we suggested that the likely cause of the presence of non-infectious diarrhea in pigs characterized by lactate accumulation was dyspepsia. In this experiment, the prevalence of enteropathogens and hyper-lactate accumulation in feces of piglets in 4 distinct growth stages was examined. The feces were collected when veterinarian experts recognized abnormalities in sporadic outbreaks. Prevalence of enteropathogens in diarrheal feces was 100% in fattening pigs (FP), 75% in weaning pigs (WP), 50% in suckling pigs (SP), and 42% in growing pigs (GP). Prevalence of enteropathogens in loose feces was 53% in WP, 50% in SP, 40% in FP, and 28% in GP. Prevalence of hyper-lactate accumulation in diarrheal feces was 33% in GP, 33% in SP, 25% in WP, and 25% in FP. Prevalence of hyper-lactate accumulation in loose feces was 40% in GP, 0% in SP, 7% in WP, and 5% in FP. Accordingly, non-infectious dyspepsia is frequent in growing pigs. In this period, pigs are potentially exposed to needless antimicrobial therapeutic treatments in sporadic cases.     

规模化奶牛场产奶牛和育成牛粪中污染因子的四季动态监测研究

本研究对规模化奶牛场产奶牛和育成牛粪中污染因子进行了四季监测,结果表明,鲜粪中含水率两类牛群夏季最高、春季最低;风干粪样中,除产奶牛夏季全氮和全磷外,产奶牛和育成牛5项检测指标及其年均值的季节变化规律均保持一致,即有机质＞全氮＞全磷＞锌＞铜;两类牛群全磷含量夏季最高、秋季最低,有机质含量春季最高、夏季最低,铜和锌含量夏季均最低;产奶牛全氮含量夏季最低、春季最高,铜含量春季最高,锌含量冬季最高;育成牛全氮含量夏季最高、秋季最低,铜含量秋季最高,锌含量春季最高.     

吸附剂和营养元素对肉牛体内铅、镉排泄的影响

为了探讨吸附剂蒙脱石及营养元素铜、锌、铁、硒对肉牛体内铅、镉是否具有促排作用,试验选择40头杂交牛随机分为富硒组、微量元素组、蒙脱石组、对照组,每组10头,试验期为150 d,在试验期内每隔1个月收集1次肉牛尿液、粪便测定铅、镉含量;饲养试验结束后屠宰,采集各组织样品测定铅、镉含量。结果表明:肉牛尿液铅、镉排泄量没有明显增加;在8月份,各组粪镉含量均高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);在9—11月份,与对照组相比,各组粪镉含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);在8,11月份,各组粪铅含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);在9,10月份,富硒组和微量元素组粪铅含量均低于对照组,蒙脱石组粪铅含量与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。说明在饲料中适量补充吸附剂蒙脱石,短期内对肉牛体内铅、镉有明显的促排作用;而补充营养元素铜、锌、铁、硒后,短期内在肉牛体内对镉有促排作用,对铅无促排作用,长期给予不能有效降低肉牛体内铅、镉的蓄积。提示应合理使用饲料添加剂。     

驼鹿的进化和分类研究进展

驼鹿在距今约27万年的中更新世末期Piss冰期时代出现在欧洲，在距今约1万年的晚Wisconsinian时期出现在阿拉斯加，伴随着大动物区系的灭绝而出现在北美洲南部，并最终生存了下来，进而不断地进化，形成了现有的七个亚种。在近几十年的研究过程中，学术界开始更加关注分布在中国、蒙古和俄罗斯的远东驼鹿，成为研究的新热点。远东驼鹿面临着严重的狩猎威胁，存在着灭绝危险；更重要的是，这一亚种在驼鹿的进化和分类地位问题上，存在着相当大的学术争议。在以前的研究中，对于远东驼鹿的进化与分类地位的研究，主要基于形态学特征、地理分布特征以及古生物学研究来推断的，缺乏最有力的证据。但随着细胞生物学和分子生物学的发展，给驼鹿的进化和分类研究提供了更大的空间。     

短花针茅荒漠草地放牧系统微量元素季节变化及盈缺分析

为更有效地防治内蒙古自治区四子王旗地区家畜微量元素代谢病,合理使用微量元素添加剂,采用实地采样和实验室分析相结合的方法,对该地区短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）荒漠草地土壤-牧草-家畜生态系统中微量元素的水平进行检测。结果显示,土壤中铜和硒处于缺乏状态。牧草中铁和锰元素处于过量状态,硒为缺乏状态。与健康绵羊的各项指标相比较,血浆中铁和锰分别于夏秋季节和全年高于正常水平,硒和铜元素分别于秋季和冬季低于正常水平;肝脏中铁和锰全年高于正常水平,铜冬季低于临界值,硒元素秋冬季节低于正常水平;被毛中铁全年高于正常水平,而铜和硒全年低于正常水平。结合放牧绵羊对各种矿物质的进食量和消化率进行综合分析表明,该地区为高铁、高锰、低硒的生态环境,同时铜和锌处于季节性缺乏状态。     

Small intestine and small colon neuropathy in equine dysautonomia (grass sickness)

The number of neurons in the coeliacomesenteric ganglia and the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the jejunum, ileum and small colon, and the pathological changes induced in them, were studied in various types of equine dysautonomia. In all forms of dysautonomia, severe and extensive neuron loss and damage occurred in the ileum. In acute and subacute dysautonomia, jejunal neuron loss and damage were severe, but in chronic cases significantly less loss or damage occurred. The damage followed the same pattern in the small colon but it was always less obvious than in the jejunum. The distribution of the damage was uniform within a segment of the intestine. In fatal cases of dysautonomia, the clinical severity and duration of illness seems, in most instances, to be related to the amount of neuronal disruption occurring in the jejunum. Severe disruption results in acute/subacute dysautonomia, while milder damage leads to the chronic form.No case of dysautonomia was encountered in which enteric neuron loss and damage occurred without significant neuronal disruption also occurring in the coeliacomesenteric ganglia.Ileal neuronal damage and loss are not invariably worse than that in the jejunum, and the possible reasons for this, together with the relationship between neuronal damage and possible causes of dysautonomia, are discussed.Abbreviations H&E haematoxylin and eosin Deceased. Formerly of the Moredun Research Institute, 408 Gilmerton Road, Edinburgh, EH17 7JH, UK     

The energy level of the diet in Holstein cows in the first third of lactation alters the expression of immune genes in the mammary gland

Our goal was to define the effect of the energy intake in Holstein cows’ diet in the first third lactation on gene expression profile of immune system in mammary gland through RNA-seq. Twelve Holstein cows were used in the first third of lactation, arranged in four treatments or diets: (a) hypocaloric (HYPO, 85% of the net energy of lactation (NEl) requirements), (b) isocaloric (ISO, 100% of the NEl requirements, control diet), (c) hypercaloric (HYPER, 115% of the NEl requirements) and (d) isocaloric plus sunflower oil supplementation (OIL, 106% of the NEl requirements). A biopsy of mammary gland tissue was carried out after 25 days per diet, from which the RNA was extracted and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeqTM 2,500 sequencer. The analysis of reads obtained from the sequencing in the QIAGEN® CLC Genomics Workbench 10.0 bioinformatics software was performed. From 27,368 genes annotated in the reference genome, 17,429 genes expressed in the evaluated treatments were identified. Moreover, 1,743 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found, of which 15 DEGs were found in the ISO vs. OIL comparison, 1,196 DEGs in the ISO vs. HYPO comparison and 532 DEGs in the ISO vs. HYPER comparison. Thus, of the 1,743 DEGs, 401 correspond to genes involved in the functioning of the immune system, encompassing 23% of the total number of DEGs involved in the analysis, and 13.6% of the total number of genes involved in the functioning of the immune system. The energy intake in Holstein cows’ diet has impact in the expression of immune genes CXCL13, TRDC among others, present in the regulation of immune system processes. This immune system altered might increase the somatic cells score and therefore reach some diseases. It is recommended to measure the energy intake according to the animals’ energy requirements and to cover them the closest to the 100%.     

Leptin: a possible metabolic signal affecting reproduction

Since its discovery in 1994, leptin, a protein hormone synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue, has been shown to regulate feed intake in several species including sheep and pigs. Although a nimiety of information exists regarding the physiological role of leptin in rodents and humans, the regulation and action of leptin in domestic animals is less certain. Emerging evidence in several species indicates that leptin may also affect the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. Leptin receptor mRNA is present in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus of several species, including sheep. In rats, effects of leptin on GnRH, LH and FSH secretion have been inconsistent, with leptin exhibiting both stimulatory and inhibitory action in vivo and in vitro. Evidence to support direct action of leptin at the level of the gonad indicates that the leptin receptor and its mRNA are present in ovarian tissue of several species, including cattle. These leptin receptors are functional, since leptin inhibits insulin-induced steroidogenesis of both granulosa and thecal cells of cattle in vitro. Leptin receptor mRNA is also found in the testes of rodents. As with the ovary, these receptors are functional, at least in rats, since leptin inhibits hCG-induced testosterone secretion by Leydig cells in vitro. During pregnancy, placental production of leptin may be a major contributor to the increase in maternal leptin in primates but not rodents. However, in both primates and rodents, leptin receptors exist in placental tissues and may regulate metabolism of the fetal-placental unit. As specific leptin immunoassays are developed for domestic animals, in vivo associations may then be made among leptin, body energy stores, dietary energy intake and reproductive function. This may lead to a more definitive role of leptin in domestic animal reproduction.