罗氏沼虾缅甸野生群体和浙江养殖群体的遗传多样性比较

采用形态学方法、同工酶电泳技术和DNA分析方法对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii DeMan)缅甸野生群体(BNP种群)和浙江省养殖群体(ZCP种群)的遗传多样性进行比较分析。结果表明,两种群在外形、体色、生长等方面存在一定的差异;对罗氏沼虾11种酶的25个基因位点进行分析,得出BNP种群和ZCP种群的同工酶分析所得出的多态位点比例及平均杂合度分别为12％和:16％,0.0431和0.0501。根据同工酶的基因频率计算得两种群的遗传相似系数为0.9963,遗传距离为0.0037;22个经筛选的10bp随机引物共检测到139个RAPD位点,BNP种群的多态位点比例和遗传多态度(Ho)分别为33.81％和0.0940,高于ZCP种群的30.22％和0.0780,两个群体的平均遗传多态度(Hpop)为0.0860,90％以上的遗传变异是在群体内检测到的。根据RAPD扩增的基因频率得出两群体间的遗传距离为0.1206。无论是同工酶电泳结果还是RAPD分析结果,都表明罗氏沼虾缅甸野生群体的遗传多样性高于浙江养殖群体,说明人工养殖会导致罗氏沼虾遗传多样性的下降。结果还表明,罗氏沼虾群体遗传多样性水平欠丰富,因此需要对罗氏沼虾群体实行科学的管理。     

罗氏沼虾品种改良研究

引进天然水域的野生原种罗氏沼虾F1代（下称野生种）进行养殖，并和我所20多年前引进的罗氏沼虾后代的养殖群体（下称养殖种）分别进行自繁和杂交育种试验。结果表明，野生种和养殖种正反杂交所繁殖的后代（下称杂交种）在育苗和养殖效果上都明显优于它们的自繁后代，杂交种在体质、活力、抗病力、成活率及生长等方面都显示了较大的优势。引进野生种或用野生种后代和养殖种进行交配繁殖，获得杂交优势，是罗氏沼虾品种改良的重要手段。     

罗氏沼虾生长性状的遗传参数及其相关性

对106个罗氏沼虾家系(包括32个半同胞家系)5月龄的5个生长性状进行测量。采用动物模型,把性别、雌虾出池时是否抱卵作为固定效应,并以日龄为协变量,借助DFREML方法估计头胸甲长、腹长、最后腹节长、体长和体重等性状的方差组分,进行遗传参数的估算。结果表明,5个生长性状的变异系数中体重的变异系数最大,为36.80;罗氏沼虾5月龄头胸甲长、腹长、最后腹节长、体长和体重的遗传力分别为0.06、0.07、0.02、0.07和0.07,生长性状的遗传力属低遗传力;5个生长性状的表型相关系数在0.398～0.910之间,遗传相关系数在0.35～1.0之间,其中头胸甲长与体长的遗传相关程度最高,遗传相关系数为1.0,体长与体重的遗传相关程度次之,遗传相关系数为0.98。本研究可为罗氏沼虾的进一步选育提高和杂交利用提供科学依据和理论参数。     

池养罗氏沼虾生长试验

为了探索罗氏沼虾在中原地区的生长状况,做了池塘养殖罗氏沼虾对比试验。池塘三个,共9．4亩,其中1^#和2^#塘5月下旬放养,在生长旺季,月平均增长为1．9cm和2．05cm,亩产最高达139．6g,亩利润4575．1元;3^#塘6月上旬放养,生长旺季月平均增长1．7cm,亩产为111．9kg,亩利润2803．3元。研究表明生长旺季,虾越大,生长越快。提早放养,有利产量提高。     

罗氏沼虾生长研究

经数理统计分析,罗氏沼虾体长与年龄呈直线相关,体重与年龄呈幂函数相关,并分别计算出它们相应的回归方程式.体重与体长呈幂函数相关,其函数关系式为W=0.01944L3.1426.     

罗氏沼虾生长特性

罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)是亚热带的大型淡水虾类之一，个体大，生长快，经济价值高。1976年引进我国，现已有十多个省、市、区引种养殖。福建省自1978年引进并开始繁殖和养殖。根据该虾生长特性和地区渔业条件(年生长期5—6个月)下，如何充分发挥池塘水体利用率，提高单位面积产量，     

罗氏沼虾遗传多样性的RAPD研究

本采用RAPD技术,对70年代从马来西亚引进的七对罗氏沼虾后代的养殖群体（简称Ny）和90年代从新加坡引进的天然群体的F1与养殖群体交配繁殖的后代（简称Nx）的遗传多样性进行了研究。用20种随机引物对两个群体的基因组DNA进行分析的结果表明,扩增的DNA片段大小在0.1-1.5kb之间。Ny群体内的平均遗传相似底（similari ty,S)为0.8819,Nx群体内的平均遗传相似度（S）为0.5857。他们的遗传变异度（variability,V）分别是0.1181和0.4143.Ny群体的变异度明显小于Nx群体。这可能与Ny群体长时期的近亲间或在小群体内繁殖导致群种退化有关。     

罗氏沼虾抗病选育群体的抗病性能及其遗传多样性分析

为深入了解罗氏沼虾抗病选育群体的抗病力和遗传信息,通过人工注射溶藻弧菌感染16个罗氏沼虾选育群体,并利用微卫星分子标记对选育群体进行遗传结构分析。结果显示,16个选育群体抗溶藻弧菌感染能力存在明显差别,并从中鉴定出抗病力强的群体3个(SCR11-6、SCR11-11和SCR11-16),其在感染溶藻弧菌感染后的成活率达80%;抗病力比较强的群体7个;抗病力一般的群体4个,成活率为65%～70%;抗病力差的群体2个,成活率为35%～50%。8对微卫星引物共检测到53个等位基因,每对引物的等位基因数为5～9个,平均为6.625个,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.629 4～0.829 4,平均为0.732 3。16个群体的平均PIC为0.493 2～0.695 6,平均观测杂合度为0.506 2～0.651 3,平均期望杂合度为0.551 9～0.733 2,遗传相似系数平均为0.655 2,遗传距离平均为0.434 4。并对DP和SP两群体罗氏沼虾个体扩增出的差异条带进行统计,分析其与罗氏沼虾抗病性状的相关性。结果表明,5个微卫星位点SUGbp8-103b、SUGbp8-101c、MRMB11、SUGbp8-137和MRMC2分别在203、263、185、335和96 bp等位基因与罗氏沼虾抗病性状存在一定的相关性,其中,位点MRMB11在185 bp等位基因跟抗病性有极显著的正相关性,相关系数为0.282。研究表明,16个选育群体中有4个群体的抗病力较强,同时与其它12个选育群体相比,这4个群体遗传多样性也比较丰富,这些罗氏沼虾群体的筛选为罗氏沼虾抗病新品种的培育奠定了重要基础。     

罗氏沼虾浙江养殖群体与缅甸自然群体遗传差异的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术，对浙江省罗氏沼虾养殖群体和新引进的缅甸自然群体的遗传差异进行了比较分析，以期从分子水平了解罗氏沼虾的种群遗传多样性背景及与引种的关系。采用经筛选的22个10bp的随机引物对罗氏沼虾两群体各20尾进行群体RAPD分析。22个引物共检测到139个位点。养殖群体的多态位点比例为30．22％，群体平均杂合度为0．2646，Shannon多样性指数为0．0780，群体内各个体之间的遗传共享度为0．9353，遗传距离为0．0647；自然群体的多态位点比例为33．81％，群体的平均杂合度和Shannon多样性指数分别为0．2888和0．0940，群体内各个体之间的遗传共享度为0．9201，遗传距离为0．0799；两群体之间的遗传距离为0．1845。自然群体的遗传多样性水平比养殖群体要高。利用随机引物S9和S52，在罗氏沼虾两群体间扩增出2条稳定、明显的群体间特异性标记带。     

矿物质添加剂对罗氏沼虾生长的影响

为了提高罗氏沼虾的生长率,降低饲料成本,寻求适宜的矿物质添加量,我们于1997年进行了矿物质添加剂对罗氏沼虾生长的影响试验。一、材料与方法1．试验饲料试验用饲料配方如表1（除添加剂外其他含量均相同）,试验分为3组,第1组为对照组,饲料中不添加矿物质;第2组饲料中添     

Eye structure and function in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

We used histological and electroretinogram methods to investigate eye structure and function in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. M. rosenbergii was demonstrated to have superposition compound eyes with a clear zone. Rhabdom volume dramatically increased only under dark-adapted conditions at night. The eyes were assumed to be dark adapted after about 50 min under dark conditions, and to be light adapted after about 4 min under light conditions during the day. The mean angle between receptor units was 1.75°. The slope of the visual sensitivity (V/log I) curve of M. rosenbergii was 0.40 and the K value (stimulus irradiance eliciting half of the maximum response) was 16.1 log photons cm^?2 s^?1. The mean dynamic range was 4.06, ranging from 13.91 to 17.97 log photons cm^?2 s^?1. The response latency was 19.6 ± 7.5 ms (mean ± SD). Analysis of the visual spectral sensitivity of dark-adapted specimens indicated that the sensitivity maximum was centered at a wavelength of 563 nm in the yellow–green region of the spectrum. The critical flicker fusion frequency increased as stimulus irradiance increased, up to a maximum of 44.3 Hz at almost the same stimulus irradiance of the K value.     

Effect of probiotics on immune competence of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

This study evaluates the effect of probiotics, Zymetin, on the immune efficiency of Macrobrachium rosenbergii juvenile against pathogenic Vibriospp. and Aeromonasspp. The experiment was conducted in glass aquaria with same level of feeding under different treatments, that is, negative control (Cn), positive control with Vibrio spp. (Cv) and Aeromonasspp. (Ca), prawn juveniles fed with probiotics (Zymetin) at 5 g/kg of feed but without pathogen (T1), probiotic fed prawn challenged with Vibrio spp. (T2) and Aeromonasspp. (T3). The results demonstrated that T1 showed higher survival rate, total haemocyte count, non‐granular haemocyte count, phagocytic activity, and clearance efficiency compared to other treatment groups. In contrast, decreased number of small and large granular haemocyte was observed in T1. Despite that, THC was found to be significantly different (p < 0.05) among all the controls and lowest was in Cv, followed by Ca. Besides, phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio spp. and Aeromonasspp. decreased significantly in Cn, Ca, and Cv fed M. rosenbergiijuvenile, while the values were found to be higher in T1 followed by T2 and T3, in that order. In addition, the challenge test showed an increasing trend of total and beneficial bacterial density as well as declining trend of some harmful bacteria in the water and gut of prawn in all the groups tested (p < 0.05).     

Long-term cryopreservation of spermatophore of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Long‐term cryopreservation of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, spermatophores using glycerol (Gly) and ethylene glycol (EG) as cryoprotective agents (CPAs) was studied. The tolerance of sperm to cryopreservation was evaluated on the basis of sperm survival and fertilizing ability. The survival of the sperm was determined by trypan blue staining, while the fertilizing ability was assessed from artificial insemination of the cryopreserved spermatophores. The rates of embryo survival on day 5 after spawning and of spermatophores capable of producing embryos survived to hatching were determined. Storage of spermatophores at ?20°C without CPA for a short period of up of 1–5 days decreased the sperm survival significantly and did not preserve fertilizing ability. Preservation at ?20°C in the presence of 10% or 20% Gly or of 10% or 20% EG offered a simple and efficient short‐term storage up to 10 days. For a long‐term storage, cryopreservation in the presence of 20% EG at ?196°C was more efficient than at ?20°C. High sperm survival rates and high fertilizing ability were recorded from those cryopreserved at ?196°C for up to 150 days. High sperm survival rates with moderate levels of fertilizing ability were obtained from those cryopreserved at ?20°C for not more than 30 days. The results indicate that preservation at ?196°C with 20% EG is a suitable procedure for long‐term storage of the giant freshwater prawn spermatophores.     

Low-cost diet for monoculture of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) in Bangladesh

An experiment was conducted for 3 months in 12 experimental ponds, each of 30 m², with a view to develop a low‐cost diet for monoculture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in ponds. Three experimental diets (30% protein) were formulated using fish meal, meat and bone meal, mustard oilcake, sesame meal and rice bran in different combinations partially replacing fish meal by meat and bone meal and sesame meal and assigned to treatments T₁, T₂ and T₃ respectively. A commercial golda feed (Starter‐III) was assigned to T₄ (reference diet). Each treatment had three replicates. Juveniles of M. rosenbergii (2.90±0.21 g) were stocked at the rate of 40 000 ha⁻¹. Prawns were fed three times daily at the rate of 10% and 5% of their body weight at the beginning and for the last 2 months respectively. The ponds were provided with aeration during the night using air pumps. The ranges of water quality parameters recorded in different ponds were: temperature 28.9–32.5°C, dissolved oxygen 5.1–8.1 mg L⁻¹ and pH 6.4–7.7. The results showed that the weight gain of prawns fed diet 1 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those fed diets 2 and 3, but was not significantly different from those fed diet 4 (reference diet). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) values of diets ranged between 2.21 and 2.96 with diets 1 and 4 showing significantly lower (P<0.05) FCR values. The survivals (%) ranged between 68% and 78% with prawns fed diets 1 and 4 showing significantly higher survival. The production of prawn ranged between 921 and 1428 kg ha⁻¹ and diet 1 resulted in a significantly high (P<0.05) production. A simple economic analysis showed that diet 1 generated the maximum net profit of Tk 159 178 ha⁻¹. The results of the study showed that a diet containing 20% fish meal, 10% meat and bone meal, 15% mustard oilcake, 15% sesame meal, 35% rice bran, 4% molasses and 1% vitamin–mineral premixes may be recommended to the farmers for monoculture of M. rosenbergii in ponds.     

Engulfed pathogen-induced apoptosis in haemocytes of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Haemocytes of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, were investigated for the induction of apoptosis after phagocytosis of pathogenic yeasts, bacteria and non-pathogenic latex beads in vitro. Isolated haemocytes of M. rosenbergii were cultured at a ratio of 1:50 haemocytes to pathogen with the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii, the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila or Enterococcus faecium, or with latex beads at 25 degrees C for 2 h, followed by washing to remove free particles. At least 200 haemocytes were counted to determine the phagocytosis rate, and the results showed that haemocytes engulfed latex beads at a higher rate than the aquatic pathogens. By transmission electron microscopy, the yeast- or bacterium-engulfing haemocytes displayed morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis, including formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles, chromatin condensation and fragmentation of nuclei. This pathogen-induced apoptosis was further confirmed by DNA laddering and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick-end-labelling) assays. Neither haemocytes treated with latex beads nor uninfected haemocytes (control group) showed signs of apoptosis after 48 h in culture.     

Genetic diversity of cultured and wild populations of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) based on microsatellite analysis

Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) culture in the Western Hemisphere is primarily, if not entirely, derived from 36 individual prawns originally introduced to Hawaii from Malaysia in 1965 and 1966. Little information is available regarding genetic variation within and among cultured prawn stocks worldwide. The goal of the current study was to characterize genetic diversity in various prawn populations with emphasis on those cultured in North America. Five microsatellite loci were screened to estimate genetic diversity in two wild (Myanmar and India‐wild) and seven cultured (Hawaii‐1, Hawaii‐2, India‐cultured, Israel, Kentucky, Mississippi and Texas) populations. Average allelic richness ranged from 3.96 (Israel) to 20.45 (Myanmar). Average expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.580 (Israel) to 0.935 (Myanmar). Many of the cultured populations exhibited reduced genetic diversity when compared with the Myanmar and the India‐cultured populations. Significant deficiency in heterozygotes was detected in the India‐cultured, Mississippi and Kentucky populations (overall F_is estimated of 0.053, 0.067 and 0.108 respectively) reflecting moderate levels of inbreeding. Overall estimate of fixation index (F_st = 0.1569) revealed moderately high levels of differentiation among the populations. Outcome of this study provide a baseline assessment of genetic diversity in some available strains that will be useful for the development of breeding programmes.     

Yield characteristics and morphometric relationships of giant freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879)

Meat yield of 233 individuals of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879), and their morphometric relationships were examined. Morphometric parameters of different length and weight measurements were recorded for both the sexes separately and subjected to analysis. The meat yield of prawns was size and sex dependent with females showing significantly greater (P < 0.05) tail meat yield than males. The tail meat as a body weight percentage ranges from 26.12 to 40.75 and 32.97 to 42.11 in males and females, respectively. Much of the differences in yield are related to the size and weight of the head and claws. The head weight of males was observed to be higher compared to females in all the size classes. Regression slopes of total length versus body weight and total length versus head weight were significantly higher than critical isometric value indicating high positive allometric growth in both the sexes, with males showing significantly higher (P < 0.05) slope than females. The relationship parameters of total length versus tail weight and total length versus tail meat showed a positive allometric growth in females, whereas it is isometry and negative allometry in males. The morphometric relationship of tail length versus all weight measurements showed positive allometry and negative allometry in females and males, respectively.     

Growth performance and survival of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae fed coloured feed

This study examined the behavioural response on the preference and acceptance, growth performance and survival of Marcobrachium rosenbergi larvae fed with isonitrogenous and isolipidic yellow (YCF) and blue (BCF) coloured feed. In the behavioural response test, single and paired feed drop test of YCF and BCF were introduced at the middle of a tank about 15–20 cm from the edge of the white colour tank wall to larvae zoea IV–VI. The number of larvae attracted to each coloured feed was recorded. For the growth and survival performance, each coloured feed was fed to triplicate groups of larvae (zoea V–VI) at stocking density of 30 larvae/L in 12 ppt brackish water for 28 days until they reached postlarval (PL) stage. In the behavioural test, the number of larvae that attracted and accepted the BCF was significantly higher than those fed YCF (p < 0.05). The body weight and length of PL fed BCF was 28% and 5.6% bigger than those fed YCF respectively. However, the survival of the PL was almost similar in both treatments. This study shows that the freshwater prawn larvae were attracted more to the BCF and able to detect and capture the preferred BCF by vision and this contributed to higher growth of the larvae.