16S rRNA/rDNA序列分析技术在瘤胃细菌微生态系统研究中的应用

作者指出了反刍动物瘤胃细菌微生态系统研究的难点，介绍了细菌分类学中新兴的分子生物学指标（16S rRNA/rDNA序列同源性），综述了16S rRNA/rDNA序列分析中所采用的分子生物学方法和技术，并阐述了瘤胃分子微生物学研究的流程。     

16SrRNA/rDNA序列分析在瘤胃微生物区系研究中的应用

随着rRNA为主的分子生物学技术在瘤胃微生态研究中的不断应用与发展,动物瘤胃内环境微生物区系研究进入了一个新阶段,为动物营养学研究技术的发展提供了新的可靠的方法和手段。笔者综述了rRNA／rDNA序列分析技术应用于瘤胃微生物区系研究中的理论依据,以及该项技术在瘤胃微生物区系分析中的应用现状和前景。     

基于16S/18S rRNA/rDNA的分子技术在定量瘤胃微生物中的研究进展

瘤胃微生物是反刍动物与日粮间的纽带。用传统或经典的亨氏滚管法和最大似然法测定瘤胃内微生物总数的结果可能偏低。采用培养方法培养的已知菌种可能不完全适合或进入了未培养状态。由于缺少可行的方法,未知菌种从未培养过。由于任何一个细胞都含核糖体,rRNA/rDNA有进化守恒的特性,建立在16S/18S rRNA/rDNA的现代分子技术在不需要培养微生物的条件下,不仅能用于描述分子特性,而且能检测数量和提供用于预测自然进化关系的分类方法。基于不同的16S/18S rRNA/rDNA的守恒区能设计出通用、属、种甚至株特异性探针或引物,通过分子杂交能检测、量化细胞含量和测定细胞活性。杂交可得到某个序列或微生物的相对或绝对量。然而,杂交的灵敏度较低,它仅能检测出超过106个细菌/m l瘤胃液。竞争PCR和实时PCR已开发并用于检测瘤胃微生物,其灵敏度达到检测单个细菌。16S/18S rRNA/rDNA方法已成功用于瘤胃环境研究而且很快获得认可。但是基于16S/18S rRNA/rDNA的现代分子技术不能排斥经典传统微生物方法,但它将成为一项便利技术用于瘤胃微生物研究。     

湖南省珍稀雉类组织滴虫核糖体18S rRNA系统进化分析

为分析珍稀雉类组织滴虫核糖体18S rRNA序列遗传变异情况,并利用18S rRNA序列分析组织滴虫与其他原虫的种群遗传关系,应用PCR技术扩增珍稀雉类异刺线虫体内组织滴虫核糖体18S rRNA基因序列,并进行测序与分析。结果表明:异刺线虫雄虫与异刺线虫雌虫体内均含有火鸡组织滴虫,且9个组织滴虫分离株核糖体18S rRNA序列片段大小基本一致,约为590 bp,各分离株之间核糖体18S rRNA序列同源性均高于99.4%,与Gen Bank中收录其他原虫相应序列同源性均低于66.8%;通过建立NJ系统发育树,9个组织滴虫分离株与Gen Bank收录的火鸡组织滴虫位于同一分支,得到明显的鉴定。核糖体18S rRNA序列种内相对保守,但种间差异明显,可作为火鸡组织滴虫的种间遗传变异研究的分子遗传标记。     

野生乌苏里貉18SrDNA全序列的克隆测序及系统进化树分析

试验采用聚合酶链式反应方法,从野生乌苏里貉耳部肉中提取DNA,扩增出18S rDNA的全序列,并对其进行克隆测序,获得长度为1831 bp的序列,并将序列提交到GenBank上,经BLAST分析结果表明,测序得到的乌苏里貉18S rDNA与其他物种同源性均在90%以上,说明18S rDNA基因具有较高的保守性,可以作为分类学当中系统进化分析的重要参考依据。     

两种山羊瘤胃纤维分解菌16S rDNA序列的体外扩增和鉴定

从山羊瘤胃内容物中提取瘤胃细菌总DNA,以瘤胃中两种主要纤维分解菌为目的菌种,分别依据其16S rDNA序列设计引物,利用PCR技术对其16S rDNA 进行体外扩增,对扩增产物测序后进行同源性分析.结果表明:以提取的瘤胃细菌总DNA为模板,采用PCR技术可成功地从山羊瘤胃内容物中扩增出黄色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌16S rDNA的特异性片段;测序后与GenBank中的序列进行比对,表明黄色瘤胃球菌与原序列(AF104841)的同源性达到99.4%,产琥珀酸丝状杆菌与原序列(AJ505937)的同源性达到94.6%.     

摩拉水牛及德宏水牛瘤胃产甲烷菌多样性比较

本试验旨在比较分析摩拉水牛及德宏水牛瘤胃液中产甲烷菌的多样性。选取健康雌性摩拉水牛及德宏水牛各3头,采用口腔导管法收集瘤胃液,酚-氯仿-异戊醇抽提法提取瘤胃液总DNA,用产甲烷菌特异性引物Met86F/Met1340R扩增产甲烷菌16S rDNA,构建16S rDNA基因克隆文库。摩拉水牛及德宏水牛各获得96个16S rDNA基因序列,均归类于Methanobacteriales目,其中德宏水牛有82个序列（18个OTUs）与已知菌的16S rDNA序列相似性≥ 97%,占总序列的85.4%,有14个序列（9个OTUs）与已知菌16S rDNA序列相似性为89%~97%;摩拉水牛有94个序列（13个OTUs）与已知菌16S rDNA序列相似性≥ 97%,占总序列的97.9%,仅有2个序列（1个OTUs）与已知菌16S rDNA序列相似性为94%。系统进化树分析表明,所有序列分别聚集于两大分支上,其中德宏水牛有13个OTUs代表序列和摩拉水牛7个OTUs代表序列聚集在进化树顶端的同一分支上,且在系统发育距离上与Methanobacteriales目中任何已知相似序列都相隔较远。德宏水牛瘤胃中的SGMT簇序列和RO簇序列所占总序列比列分别为83.3%、9.4%,摩拉水牛瘤胃中的SGMT簇序列和RO簇序列所占总序列的比列分别为51.0%、9.4%。由此可见,摩拉水牛及德宏水牛瘤胃产甲烷菌序列以Methanobacteriales目为主,其中德宏水牛拥有更多未知的产甲烷菌序列;德宏水牛瘤胃中的SGMT簇产甲烷菌序列比例要高于摩拉水牛。     

转录间隔区（ITS）在寄生虫分子生物学分类中的应用及其进展

在寄生虫分子分类学研究中,利用核糖体DNA对寄生虫进行分类学,以及虫种进化关系学的研究,已经成为国际上普遍应用的方法。但由于它具有高度保守性的特点,所以很难在同种异株的区分上有所作为。内转录间隔区ITS是位于寄生虫的遗传物质特别是核糖体DNA（rDNA）上18S和28S基因之间的区域片段,由于它在生物种和亚种间变异较大。从而可以用来进行动物原虫种间以及株间的分类鉴定。因此,在分子分类学领域,越来越多的采用核rDNA的内转录间隔区（ITS）作为分子标记。本文介绍ITS作为分子标记在寄生虫分子分类中的作用及其进展。     

2种鹅球虫18S rDNA基因克隆测序与系统发育分析

在分析了多种艾美耳球虫18S rDNA序列的基础上,设计1对艾美耳属球虫的通用引物,分别对鹅艾美耳球虫(E.anseris)和赫尔曼艾美耳球虫(E.hermani)18S rDNA部分序列进行PCR扩增、克隆和测序,并用DNAstar软件对这2种鹅球虫与15种艾美耳球虫的18S rDNA序列进行同源性分析,最后以火鸡组织滴虫为外类群,采用邻接法构建了2种鹅球虫与29种艾美耳亚目原虫的18S rDNA序列系统进化树。结果显示:鹅艾美耳球虫和赫尔曼艾美耳球虫的18S rDNA部分序列长度分别为1 695和1 696 bp。虫种间的相似性以2种鹅球虫最高,其次为鹅球虫与鹤球虫。在系统发育树中,艾美耳属球虫与成囊类球虫各形成一个单系分支;锦鲤的艾美耳球虫与其他动物的艾美耳球虫形成姊妹群关系;湿地鸟类的艾美耳球虫聚合为一分支,鸡形目和哺乳类动物的艾美耳球虫形成另一分支。本研究提示18S rDNA序列可用于鹅球虫的分类鉴定。     

基于16S rRNA基因克隆文库技术分析广西富钟水牛瘤胃产甲烷菌组成及多样性

本研究旨在利用16S rRNA基因克隆库技术分析广西富钟水牛瘤胃产甲烷菌组成及多样性。选取3头体况基本一致的健康雌性富钟水牛作为试验动物,采用机械破壁法提取瘤胃内容物总DNA,采用产甲烷菌引物Met86F/Met1340R扩增16S rRNA基因,构建16S rRNA基因克隆文库。结果表明,本试验共获得93个非嵌合体16S rRNA序列,按照97%的相似性划分为39个分类操作单元（OTU）。其中,60个序列（15个OTU）与已培养细菌16S rRNA序列相似性≥97%,占总序列的64.5%;32个序列（23个OTU）与已培养菌16S rRNA序列相似性处于90%^<97%;仅有1个序列与Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis相似性<90%。系统发育树分析表明,98.9%的序列均属于甲烷杆菌目（Methanobacteriales）,部分序列与Methanobacteriales中任何已知相似序列都相隔较远,它们可能代表Methanobacteriales中新的属或种。由上述结果可见,富钟水牛瘤胃产甲烷菌以Methanobacteriales为优势菌群,其中有许多未知的产甲烷菌需进一步分离培养并对其功能进行分析。     

梅花鹿瘤胃原虫、pH值年周期变化的研究

为了研究梅花鹿瘤胃内原虫、ｐＨ值年周期变化,选用４头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年梅花公鹿,对它们在生茸期及休闲期瘤胃内原虫数及ｐＨ值的变化作了系统研究与讨论。试验结果表明：生茸期采食前与采食后１小时和３小时之间原虫数变化不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。梅花鹿原虫生茸期与休闲期变化显著,其中夏季极显著地高于秋、冬、春３季（Ｐ＜００１）,冬、春两季显著高于秋季（Ｐ＜００５）。冬、春两季间原虫数变化不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。鹿生茸期不同时间点间ｐＨ值采食前极显著地高于采食后１小时和采食后３小时（Ｐ＜００１）,鹿个体间同一采样时间ｐＨ值均无显著差异（Ｐ＞００５）。鹿瘤胃ｐＨ值季度变化中,春季ｐＨ值显著地高于夏、秋、冬３季（Ｐ＜００５）,夏、秋、冬３季之间变化不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。     

Amino acid and fatty acid composition of microorganisms passing into the abomasum of sheep

The bacterial and protozoal fractions were isolated by a differential centrifugation method from daily samples of chyme passing into the abomasum from the forestomach of sheep. The mean values for the nitrogen content (percentage of dry matter) were 8.3 ± 0.2% for the bacterial fraction and 5.3 ± 0.2% for the protozoal fraction. They were not significantly affected by the different products, methionine, lysine or starch, added to the basal ration. The amino acid composition of the bacterial and protozoal proteins was relatively constant, though some slight variations in certain amino acids were observed in relation to the nature of the supplements.The total lipid content ranged from 5.42 to 8.85% of the dry matter for the bacterial fraction. Its mean value was 9.63% for the protozoal fraction. It was not affected significantly by the supplements. Free fatty acids dominate the lipid composition of bacteria and phospholipids dominate in that of protozoa. The principal fatty acids of protozoal lipids were palmitic acid (41.32%) and oleic acid (19.33%).     

Review of triazine antiprotozoal drugs used in veterinary medicine

Triazines are relatively new antiprotozoal drugs that have successfully controlled coccidiosis and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. These drugs have favorably treated other protozoal diseases such as neosporosis and toxoplasmosis. In this article, we discuss the pharmacological characteristics of five triazines, toltrazuril, ponazuril, clazuril, diclazuril, and nitromezuril which are used in veterinary medicine to control protozoal diseases which include coccidiosis, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, neosporosis, and toxoplasmosis.     

Protozoal diseases

The clinical and pathologic findings of and therapy for such protozoal diseases as equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, toxoplasmosis, sarcocystosis, pneumocytosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, besnoitiosis, and klossiellosis are discussed. Emphasis is placed on disorders that occur with greater frequency in North America and on emerging protozoal diseases affecting horses.     

Fatty acid composition of ruminal bacteria and protozoa, with emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid, vaccenic acid, and odd-chain and branched-chain fatty acids

Knowledge of the fatty acid profile of microbial lipids is of great nutritional importance to the animals and, subsequently, their products. This study was conducted to examine the fatty acid profiles of mixed rumen bacteria and protozoa. Bacterial and protozoal cells were isolated by differential centrifugation of rumen contents. The main fatty acids were palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) in both the bacterial and protozoal fractions. Palmitic acid was 74% greater in the protozoal fatty acids than in the bacterial fatty acids, whereas bacteria had 2.25-times greater stearic acid (18:0) proportions compared with protozoa. The total odd-chain plus branched-chain fatty acids were 16.5% of bacterial fatty acids and 11.0% of protozoal fatty acids. The anteiso-17:0 proportions in bacterial and protozoal fatty acids were 1.4 and 2.9%, respectively. The most abundant trans-18:1 isomer, vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11), was 6.6% of total fatty acids in protozoa and 2.0% of total fatty acids in bacteria. The cis-9, trans-11 CLA was 8.6-times greater in the protozoal fraction (1.32% of total fatty acids) than in the bacterial fraction (0.15%). These results suggest that the presence of protozoa in the rumen may increase the supply of CLA and other unsaturated fatty acids for lower gut absorption by ruminants.     

A survey of causes of bovine abortion occurring in the San Joaquin Valley, California

The causes of abortion in cattle in the San Joaquin Valley of California were surveyed from submissions to the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Tulare. Four hundred sixty-eight abortion cases were examined. Most submissions (89%) were from large drylot dairies, milking an average of 814 cows. Abortion evaluations included necropsy, histopathology, bacteriology, virology, and other immunologic and serologic tests. A specific cause was identified in 29.5% of the abortions. Bacterial infections, most of which were sporadic, accounted for 16% of all abortions. Viral causes and protozoal infections were diagnosed in 5.6% and 3.2% of the abortions, respectively. Fetuses with protozoal infection had histologic lesions of focal nonsuppurative necrotizing encephalitis, and protozoa were detected. Similar histologic lesions were seen in 80 additional fetuses (17.1%), and although an etiologic agent was not identified for these cases, a protozoal infection was suspected.     

4种油脂对瘤胃原虫群体和纤维降解菌的影响

试验旨在研究不同油脂对体外培养瘤胃原虫群体结构、纤维降解菌及纤维素降解性能的影响。以3头瘤胃瘘管山羊为瘤胃液供体,分对照、菜籽油(A)、豆油(B)、玉米油(C)、花生油(D)5组体外培养。结果表明:各组间原虫密度差异显著(P<0.05),A到D组有依次上升的趋势;内毛虫、等毛虫、双毛虫、前毛虫等类群原虫组间变化显著(P<0.05)。4种油脂对产琥珀酸拟杆菌、白色瘤胃球菌、生黄瘤胃球菌的影响不大,B组溶纤丁弧菌显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。A组的4种纤维降解菌基本都显著低于对照组与其他试验组(P<0.05)。总之,添加4%的油脂除菜籽油外对纤维降解性能没有明显的负面影响,均对微生物的群体结构有不同程度的影响。     

Determination of the activity of pyrantel tartrate against Sarcocystis neurona in gamma-interferon gene knockout mice

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is the most important protozoal disease of horses in the United States. Some horse owners and equine clinicians believe that horses which are on daily pyrantel tartrate at 2.64mg/kg for helminth prophylaxis are less likely to develop EPM. The present study examined the efficacy of pyrantel tartrate in preventing clinical disease in gamma-interferon gene knockout (BALB/c-Ifng(tm1ts)) mice. No activity was seen against sporocyst-induced Sarcocystis neurona infections in mice treated prophylacticly with 4-5mg pyrantel tartrate per mouse per day in the drinking water.     

Chemotherapy of rickettsial, protozoal, and chlamydial diseases

Rickettsial and protozoal diseases are endemic in many areas of the United States. In nonendemic regions, these diseases are seen infrequently; however, the mobile nature of today's society has increased a veterinarian's chances of encountering animals with rickettsial or protozoal diseases. This article considers the therapeutic alternatives for treatment of these diseases.     

Neospora-like encephalomyelitis in a calf: pathology, ultrastructure, and immunoreactivity

Protozoal encephalomyelitis was diagnosed in a 3-day-old calf that was stunted, weak, and recumbent. Grossly, the calf had contracted tendons in the forelegs, a slightly doomed skull, a porencephalic cyst in the cerebellum, ulcerative esophagitis, and abomasitis. Histologically, there was a multifocal nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis with clusters of protozoal tachyzoites and numerous protozoal cysts. The porencephalic cyst and gastrointestional lesions appeared to be unrelated to the protozoal infection and were suggestive of a concurrent bovine virus diarrhea infection. A few groups of protozoal tachyzoites and numerous tissue cysts were found in neuropile, particularily in neurons of the spinal cord. By light microscopy, smaller tissue cysts were found in the brain (majority from 14 to 20 microns) than in the spinal cord (majority from 20 to 48 microns). The cyst walls ranged in thickness from less than 1 micron to a maximum of 2 microns wide. Bradyzoites contained PAS-positive slender bradyzoites (5-8 x 1-2 microns). Tissue cysts reacted positively to anti-Neospora caninum sera; but unlike N. caninum, they were positive to 2 of 4 antisera against Toxoplasma gondii and to antisera to H. hammondi. Ultrastructurally, tissue cysts closely resembled a Neospora-like organism, including the finding of interneuronal protozoal cysts, thick cyst walls, a lack of micropores in the bradyzoites, and the presence of numerous micronemes oriented perpendicular to the pellicle. Ultrastructural features in the calf protozoan that have not been reported for N. caninum in dogs included the presence of numerous tubulovesicular structures in the cyst ground substance and bradyzoite vesicles that contained small vesicular structures and short, flat membrane segments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)