油菜杂交种与常规种成熟期N素含量和积累分配的差异

以6个甘蓝型常规油菜品种及其组配的30个杂交种为材料,设置N0(不施氮)和N1(150kg/hm2)两个施肥水平,研究了油菜杂交种与常规种成熟期氮素分配的差异。结果表明：（1）杂交种各器官的氮素含量均高于其亲本,增施氮肥后差距更明显。（2）杂交种氮素积累量在低氮条件下明显高于其亲本,而在高氮条件下与亲本的差距缩小。（3）杂交种成熟期氮素分布在茎秆中的比例明显少于亲本,而分布在籽粒中的比例高于亲本。     

施氮量对冬小麦氮素利用和产量的影响

为给限量灌溉条件下冬小麦高产栽培中合理施氮提供依据,2008-2009年度分别在藁城市和清苑县以冀5265和科农199为材料,研究了限量灌溉条件下（小麦全生育期灌3水,每次灌水量75 mm）施氮量（0、120、180、240和300 kg·hm^-2,分别用N0、N120、N180、N240和N300表示）对冬小麦氮素吸收利用及小麦产量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥有利于增加小麦植株和籽粒的含氮量和氮素积累总量。随施氮量的增加,藁城点籽粒氮素积累量呈持续增加趋势,清苑点在N240处理下籽粒中氮素积累量达到最高后开始下降。两地试验中氮素干物质生产效率均随施氮量的增加而降低,藁城的氮素生产效率、回收效率及农艺效率呈先升高后降低的趋势,以N180的氮素生产效率最高,回收效率和农艺效率则以N240最高;穗数和穗粒数随施氮量的增加而增大,千粒重随施氮量的增加而降低,且各处理间差异显著;籽粒产量随施氮量增加呈递增趋势,但N240与N300之间差异不显著。清苑县的试验中,氮素干物质生产效率、籽粒生产效率、回收效率和农艺效率都随施氮量的增加而降低,且在部分处理之间差异显著;穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量均以N240的最高,千粒重则以N0的最高,再增加施氮量反而使产量及其构成因素有所降低。根据本研究结果,在河北平原限量灌溉条件下,小麦生产中施氮240 kg·hm^-2可以获得较理想的籽粒产量和氮素利用效率。     

不同氮水平对双低油菜中双9号产量、品质的影响

通过不同供氮水平的田间试验，研究氮肥对双低油菜新品种中双9号的生长发育、产量构建、营养品质及经济效益的影响。结果表明，在充分供给磷、钾、硼肥的条件下，施氮肥促进苗期生长，增加干物质积累， 以施N270kg/hm2处理的干物质积累量最大；施N180kg/hm2最有利于生育后期的产量构建，单株角果、单株粒重及千粒重均居首位，其单位面积产量亦为最高，两个试验点分别为4233 kg/hm2、2726 kg/hm2；施N360kg/hm2的单产及主要经济性状-角果数、粒重、千粒重均有降低。相关统计分析结果，施N241.5-257.3kg/hm2的氮肥经济效益最高；施氮肥提高菜籽的蛋白质含量，降低了硫甙和芥酸含量，提高油酸含量，表明施氮改善双低油菜籽的营养品质。由上可知，在试验条件下中双9号油菜品种氮肥适宜用量为纯N180-257.3kg/hm2，低于180kg不能满足高产优质的氮素需求，高于257.3kg则会降低产量和施肥经济效益。     

高氮素籽粒生产效率类型籼稻品种的一些相关性状

 在群体水培条件下,以国内外不同年代育成的常规籼稻代表品种（2001年为88个、2002年为122个）为材料,对植株的干物质量、氮素含量、产量及其构成因素、生育期、株高、成穗率、穗部性状等进行了测定。采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种的氮素籽粒生产效率（NUEg）分为 6种类型,研究不同NUEg类型品种生育期、株高、成穗率、穗部性状的基本特点。结果表明：1）高NUEg品种生育期（特别是播种至抽穗）较短,NUEg与全生育期、播种至抽穗天数呈显著负相关; 2)不同NUEg类型品种间株高无显著差异,株高与NUEg无密切关系;3）高NUEg类型品种分蘖成穗率高,分蘖成穗率与干物质运转及氮素运转关系密切;4）高NUEg类型品种穗长较短,着粒密度较大。     

甘蓝型油菜种质氮素营养效率的鉴定及评价指标筛选

为建立甘蓝型油菜种质氮素营养效率的鉴定及评价方法,筛选合理的次级评价指标和氮素营养高效基因型,在田间小区试验条件下设置低氮(45 kg/hm2)、中氮(180 kg/hm2)和高氮(270 kg/hm2) 3个施氮水平,测定了416份不同生态类型甘蓝型油菜种质植株性状及氮素吸收效率(NAE)、氮素利用效率(NUE)和氮收获指数(NHI)。各性状在不同氮素水平下对氮的敏感性不同,低氮下第一次有效分枝数的变异程度表现为最大,单株籽粒重次之;中氮和高氮处理水平下单株籽粒重的变异程度均表现为最大,低氮胁迫加大了种质间的差异。油菜种质氮素营养效率基因型间差异明显,表现中效类型的种质最多,高效和低效的较少。油菜种质间成熟期NAE的鉴定与评价应选择在低氮处理下,以单株籽粒重、单株地上干重和株高为间接指标进行选择效果明显;油菜种质间成熟期NUE的鉴定与评价应选择在高氮处理下,以单株地上干重、第一次有效分枝数、单株籽粒重和每角粒数为间接指标进行选择效果明显;油菜种质间成熟期NHI的鉴定与评价应选择在低氮处理下,以单株籽粒重、单株地上干重和茎基粗为间接指标进行选择效果明显。     

苗期渍水对直播冬油菜产量和农学利用率的影响及油菜在不同氮肥施用下的响应

在轻简化施肥背景下,为减少渍害损失,解决长江流域冬油菜产区生产面临的重要问题,开展氮肥施用 对油菜渍害的缓解作用研究。设置三因素田间试验,分别为不同氮肥用量（0、60、120、180、240和300 kg N/hm2）、氮 肥类型（油菜专用控释尿素和普通尿素）和水分处理（苗期渍水和正常排水）,测定各处理产量和氮肥农学利用率, 明确苗期渍水对不同氮素供应水平油菜的影响,并比较油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用和普通尿素分次施用下油菜 对苗期渍水的响应。结果表明,直播冬油菜产量随氮肥施用量增加而提高,至240 kg N/hm2时不再增加。油菜专用 控释尿素一次性施用,在氮肥用量为60～180 kg N/hm2时产量高于普通尿素分次施用;在氮肥用量为240～300 kg N/hm2时,两种氮肥类型产量基本相当。氮肥施用通过增加收获密度、单株角果数和每角粒数提高产量。苗期渍水 导致直播冬油菜产量损失1.1%～41.9%,随氮肥用量增加,渍水引起的产量损失率呈先增加后降低趋势。0～60 kg N/hm2处理时,渍水使收获密度显著降低（降幅达29.4%~45.0%）,单株角果数增加;施氮量为120~180 kg N/hm2时, 渍水导致收获密度和单株角果数分别降低19.5%~33.7%和1.4%~17.7%;施氮高于180 kg N/hm2时,收获密度和单 株角果数降幅减小（降幅分别为5%~30.9%和3.6%~9.5%）。普通尿素分次施用和油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用, 分别在施氮量为120和180 kg N/hm2时产量损失率最高,分别达29.8%和41.9%。相同氮肥用量下油菜专用控释尿 素一次性施用的产量损失率大于普通尿素分次施用。渍水显著降低氮肥农学利用率,降幅为8.4%～51.9%,施氮充 足（240～300 kg N/hm2）时氮肥农学利用率降幅低于氮素用量较低处理（120～180 kg N/hm2）,油菜专用控释尿素一 次施用处理的农学利用率平均降幅（36.5%）高于普通尿素分次施用（17.3%）。综上可知,苗期渍水时,油菜专用控 释尿素一次施用,会加重油菜受渍影响;土壤氮素供应能力较低时,渍害逆境解除后,适量追施速效氮肥可有效缓 解产量损失,实现油菜稳产。     

不同氮肥模式对夏玉米产量、蛋白质品质和氮素利用特性的影响

以高产玉米品种郑单958和先玉335为供试材料,在大田生产条件下设置4个施氮水平,研究不同氮肥模式对两个高产玉米品种子粒产量、蛋白质产量及氮素利用特性的影响。结果表明,两个玉米品种子粒产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,均以240 kg/hm~2处理最高,先玉335子粒产量显著高于郑单958;两个玉米品种子粒蛋白质含量及其产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,先玉335的蛋白质含量及其产量均高于郑单958;两个玉米品种氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥农学利用效率随施氮量的增加而显著降低,均以180 kg/hm2处理最高,先玉335的氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥农学利用效率均高于郑单958。综合分析认为,两个玉米品种均以240 kg/hm~2处理可以同步协调实现较高的子粒产量、蛋白质含量和氮素利用效率,获得产量、品质和高氮素利用效率的协调统一。     

不同氮水平对双低油菜中双9号产量和品质的影响

通过不同供氮水平的田间试验,研究氮肥对双低油菜新品种中双9号的生长发育、产量构建、营养品质及经济效益的影响。结果表明,在充分供给磷、钾、硼肥的条件下,施氮肥促进苗期生长,增加干物质积累,以施N270kg/hm2处理的干物质积累量最大;施N180kg/hm2最有利于生育后期的产量构建,单株角果、单株粒重及千粒重均居首位,其单位面积产量亦为最高,两个试验点分别为4233kg/hm2、2726kg/hm2;施N360kg/hm2的单产及主要经济性状角果数、粒重、千粒重均有降低。相关统计分析结果,施N241.5~257.3kg/hm2的氮肥经济效益最高;施氮肥提高菜籽的蛋白质含量,降低了硫甙和芥酸含量,提高油酸含量,表明施氮改善双低油菜籽的营养品质。在本试验条件下中双9号氮肥适宜用量为纯N180~257.3kg/hm2,低于180kg不能满足高产优质的氮素需求,高于257.3kg则会降低产量和施肥经济效益。     

水稻干物质量和氮素利用效率性状的配合力分析

 选用不同类型的9个水稻品种，利用不完全双列杂交方法，在施氮和未施氮水平下对干物质量和氮素利用效率的配合力进行了分析。结果表明，最高分蘖期和孕穗期的干物质量和氮素利用生理效率，在两种氮素水平下亲本的加性效应均对F1起主导作用，而收获期氮素利用生理效率在施氮条件下遗传变异主要来自基因的加性效应，而未施氮条件下主要来自于非加性效应；产量的遗传变异在施氮条件下来自基因加性和非加性效应，而未施氮条件下主要来自基因加性效应。特殊配合力优良的组合，其亲本自身表现不一定优良，与一般配合力也没有明显的相互关系，表明氮高效育种中利用亲本值和一般配合力很难正确预测杂种优势；另外，不同生育时期的氮素利用生理效率的遗传特性在不同氮素水平下变化较大。     

施氮量对木薯氮素营养特性及产量形成的影响

采用大田试验,研究了不同施氮水平下木薯氮素营养特性的变化及其对产量形成的影响。试验设置0、120、240、360 kg/hm24个氮水平,综合分析了各生育期木薯根、茎、叶等组织中的氮含量、氮素积累量、氮素吸收强度、氮素分配和干物质积累分配、产量品质以及经济效益等指标的变化。结果表明:施氮能显著增加木薯根、茎、叶等组织的氮含量和氮积累量,提高氮素吸收强度,并改变氮素养分的分配特性;此外,随着施氮量的增加,木薯块根干物质积累量、鲜薯产量、淀粉产量、经济效益等均显著提高。综上所述,最佳施氮量为240 kg/hm2,适宜的施入比例为:幼苗期∶茎秆分叉期∶块根形成期∶块根膨大早期∶块根膨大中期=1∶1.71∶1.33∶0.73∶0.57。     

氮肥运筹方式对油菜产量、氮肥利用率及氮素淋失的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验研究了不同氮肥运筹方式对油菜产量、氮肥利用率、氮素淋失及氮素平衡的影响。试验设5个处理:不施氮肥(CK),氮肥全部基施(TJ),氮肥60%基施、40%做越冬肥追施(TJD),氮肥60%基施、40%做薹肥追施(TJT),氮肥60%基施、20%做越冬肥、20%做薹肥追施(TJDT)。研究结果表明,氮肥分期施用可明显增加油菜产量,提高氮肥利用率,其中以TJDT处理效果最佳,与TJ处理相比,TJDT处理的产量、氮肥农学利用率及表观利用率分别提高了17.6%、2.1kg·kg-1氮和4.9%。同时,TJDT处理的氮素淋失量也最小。氮素平衡计算结果表明,不同时期追施氮肥对氮素平衡影响不大,但是均比氮肥集中做基肥施用(TJ)的表观损失明显减小。尽管油菜收获后,各施氮处理土壤氮素均有盈余,但分期施肥盈余量明显高于TJ。研究表明在油菜生产中,氮肥分期施用既能提高油菜籽的产量和氮肥的利用效率,又可获得较好的环境效应。     

氮肥后移对花生氮代谢相关酶活性、氮素利用效率及产量的影响

本研究以农花5号为试材,在施氮肥总量一致的条件下,设3个不同施用时期处理：基施氮肥135 kg·hm^-2(T1)、基施氮肥67.5 kg·hm^-2+苗期追肥67.5 kg·hm^-2(T2)、基施氮肥45 kg·hm^-2+苗期和开花下针期分别追肥45 kg·hm^-2(T3)、以不施氮肥CK为对照,研究氮肥后移对花生叶片氮代谢相关酶活性、氮素积累量与利用效率、产量及其构成因素的影响。试验结果表明,不同施氮时期处理下,氮代谢相关酶活性和氮素积累量的变化趋势大致相同,但活性和含量的高低因施氮时期的不同发生变化。T3处理能显著提高花生生育后期叶片的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶的活性;花生生育后期植株总氮素积累量、根系和荚果氮素积累量以T3处理最高,但各施肥处理间差异不显著;氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力亦以T3处理最高,且差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);T3处理产量最高,为5361.11 kg·hm^-2,比CK、T1和T2处理分别增产20.79%、...     

氮素水平对油菜根茎叶氮素输出 及角果中氮素积累的影响

通过测定不同施N条件下油菜各器官的N素含量,研究了油菜后期根、茎枝、叶片等营养器官中N素的 输出和角果中N素的积累。其主要结果如下: (1)根、茎枝、叶片中N素积累量的变化呈先增后减的趋势,一般在 开花期前后达最大值;角果中N素总量随角果的生长逐渐增加。增施N肥明显增加各器官的N素积累量,推迟最 大值出现的时间。(2)根系、茎枝、叶片中的N素向外输出的比例随施N量的增加而下降,分别占其最大值的20% ～35%、35%～65%、55%～70%。(3)角果中的N素有30%左右来自叶片中N素的再利用,受施肥量的变化影响 较小; 35% ～10%来自茎枝的N素的再利用,随施N量的增加而减少;来自根系中N素的再利用不足5%;来自开 花后从土壤中吸收的N素约为30% ～60% ,随施N量的增加而增加。     

Herbage production and nitrogen recovery from slurry injection and fertilizer nitrogen application

An experiment was carried out during 1986 and 1987 to examine the effects of mid-season slurry injection and fertilizer-nitrogen (N) application on herbage dry matter (DM) yield and N recovery. Cattle and pig slurry were injected at 56 and 112 m³ ha⁻¹ into an established sward. Five rates of fertilizer-N, as calcium ammonium nitrate, ranging from 0 to 120 kg ha⁻¹ in 30-kg increments, were superimposed on these treatments, and in both years DM yield was measured in one cut after 70 d regrowth. Slurry treatments increased herbage DM yields significantly ( P < 0-001). The efficiency of slurry total N compared with calcium ammonium nitrate-N averaged 53% in 1986 and 86% in 1987. The mean apparent recovery of slurry total N in herbage was 55% in 1986 and 40% in 1987. Fertilizer-N application increased ( P < 0.001) the mean yields of herbage in both years but when combined with some of the slurry treatments, DM yields over the five N-levels did not differ significantly, giving rise to interactions in 1986 ( P < 0-001) and 1987 ( P < 001). It is concluded that mid-season injection of slurry can be an effective means of utilizing slurry-N in terms of herbage DM production and consequent N use.     

Effect of sources of nitrogen on yield and nitrogen absorption of potatoes

In tests with sources of N, (NH₄)₂SO₄, when banded in the soil, usually resulted in highest tuber yield. Yields with Nitroform and sulfur-coated urea were similar to each other, and somewhat less than those from urea. Application of Aqua Humus, a humic acid derivative, in addition to several sources of N, had no significant effect on yields. Nitrogen absorption was highest from (NH₄)₂SO₄, as measured by NO₃ content of the petioles or total N absorption by the entire plant. There was little difference in N absorption from Nitroform and sulfurcoated urea. These materials did not result in increased N absorption by plants during late growth. In Kern County experiments, about 80% of the N from (NH₄)₂SO₄ and urea had nitrified and leached from the fertilizer band by 40 days after application. At 80 days after application, half of the N from Nitroform was still in place. In an experiment at Davis on a heavier soil, Nitroform had a slower rate of N release than sulfur-coated urea, followed in order by (NH₄)₂SO₄ and urea.     

Sulfur fertilization improves nitrogen use efficiency in wheat by increasing nitrogen uptake

Nitrogen (N) fertilization plays a central role for improving yield in wheat and high N use efficiency (NUE) is desired to protect ground and surface waters. Several studies showed that sulfur (S) fertilization may increase NUE, but no attempts have been made to explain whether this increase is due to greater recovery efficiency (RE), an enhanced internal efficiency (IE) or by an improvement of both efficiencies. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different N and S fertilizer rates, and their interaction on N uptake, its partition at maturity, NUE and its main components. Field experiments were carried out during two consecutive growing seasons in the Argentinean Pampas using a single bread-wheat genotype grown under different combinations of N and S fertilizer rates. Additional experiments were performed in farmer fields using N and S fertilization evaluating different genotypes in order to analyze the components of NUE in other environmental conditions. Plant N uptake increased linearly in response to N addition until rates of ca. 80 kg N ha⁻¹. Sulfur addition showed no effect at the lowest N fertilizer rate, but N uptake was increased when S was applied at the highest N rate, revealing a synergism between both nutrients. At the lowest S rate RE was 42%, and increased to 70% when S fertilizer was added. No changes in IE in response to S fertilization were observed. These results were also observed in farmer field experiments, in genotypes that showed different IE. This study showed that S addition increased NUE mainly by increasing the N recovery from the soil. Thus, the concurrent management of N and S is important for reducing the potential pollution of residual soil nitrate by increasing N recovery from the soil while sustaining high nitrogen use efficiency.     

氮肥用量对油菜产量及氮素利用效率的影响

通过大田试验研究了氮肥用量对油菜产量、养分含量、养分累积量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与不施氮相比,施氮肥75、150和225kg/hm2平均分别增产41.9%、70.3%和66.2%,籽粒含氮量分别提高9.1%、14.2%和13.1%,植株地上部氮素总累积量分别增加59.6%、111.6%和108.0%。施氮促进油菜生长发育,显著提高油菜对氮素的吸收、累积和籽粒需氮量,但氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率均随氮肥用量的增加显著下降。氮肥用量在150kg/hm2时,能较好地协调油菜较高产量水平与合理氮肥利用率的统一。     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization and rice stubble management techniques on soil moisture content,soil nitrogen status,and nitrogen uptake by wheat

The effects of nitrogen fertilization and stubble treatment on soil mineral-N content, moisture status and subsequent crop N uptake were studied in a series of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops planted soon after rice (Oryza sativa L.) harvest. The experiments were part of a programme to define optimum management systems for intensive rice/upland cereal rotations. Stubble management, N application time and rate all influenced amount of soil mineral-N, accounting for up to 52, 67 and 75%, respectively, of the mineral-N variation. In turn, variation in soil mineral-N explained up to 70% of the variation in N accumulation by wheat. N accumulation was highly correlated with crop yield (r² up to 0.95).Incorporating large quantities of rice stubble at wheat sowing reduced soil NO-₃-N concentration by 36% at stem elongation. Both N uptake and yield were reduced by 38% on these plots. Increasing quantities of rice stubble retained on the soil surface increased soil NO₃-N concentration by 46%, and wheat on these plots had a 29% increase in N uptake and a 37% increase in yield. Stubble burning rather than retention on the surface resulted in lower soil NO₃-N concentration, and this was ascribed to ammonia volatilization resulting from fertilizer contact with ash, and to reduced mineralisation in the drier soil.Application of N at wheat sowing significantly increased mineral-N status at least until stem elongation, while fertilization at tillering or stem elongation significantly increased soil mineral-N content at least until anthesis.It was concluded that stubble and fertilization management techniques can be manipulated in order to regulate soil mineral-N status, which in turn determined plant N uptake. Plant N uptake determined yield.     

Effect of fertilizer nitrogen source and cattle slurry on herbage production and nitrogen utilization

A field plot experiment was carried out on an established grassland sward from 1983–88 inclusive to examine the effects of time of application, chemical form of nitrogen (N) and cattle slurry dry matter (DM) content on yield and efficiency of N use. Four forms of fertilizer N (a semi-organic fertilizer, a combined 2.1:1 (w/w) semi-organic/calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) fertilizer, CAN and urea, each supplying 300 kg N ha^?1 year^?1, were applied with or without unseparated or separated cattle slurry at 93 and 73 g kg^?1 DM respectively, both supplying approximately 150 kg N ha^?1 year^?1. All fertilizers and slurries were applied in three equal dressings (February/March, May/June and July/August). The efficiency of use of fertilizer and slurry N was evaluated by measuring DM yield, N uptake and apparent recovery of N in herbage at all harvests during each growing season. Fertilizer N application significantly increased (P<0.001) the mean yields of herbage at each harvest in all years. The form of fertilizer N had no significant effect (P>0.05) on first harvest and total herbage yields, nor on N uptakes by herbage at the first harvest in any year. The performance of urea and of CAN was more variable at the second and third harvests relative to that of the semi-organic or combined 2.2:1 (w/w) semi-organic/CAN sources which had similar efficiencies of N use. Lower DM production was associated with reduced uptake of N. Values for mean overall apparent recovery of N ranged from 57.9 ± 2.67% for the semi-organic fertilizer to 50.2±3.05% for CAN. Unseparated cattle slurry and separated cattle slurry produced similar herbage yields and N responses that were lower and more variable than with fertilizer N. The overall mean apparent recovery of N from unseparated cattle slurry was 25.5 ± 5.03% compared to 5.0 ± 4.74% for separated cattle slurry. Efficiency of N use was highest with spring applications and least with mid-season applications. Recoveries ranged from ?29% for separated cattle slurry applied in June 1984 to 56% for unseparated and separated cattle slurry applied in February 1988 and June 1987 respectively. No interactions were recorded between cattle slurry and fertilizer N in terms of DM production or N uptake by herbage. The results of this study support the use of a fertilizer N source, selected on a least-cost basis, in combination with slurry to promote spring herbage production. For subsequent production, N should be supplied in fertilizer form only. The use of urea is risky under low rainfall conditions. Mechanical separation did not improve the efficiency of use of slurry N.