Microbiological evaluation of tofu and tempeh during processing and storage

Tofu samples consisting of Fresh Tofu, Herb Tofu, Tofu Paste, Fried Tofu, Tofu Burger, Smoked Tofu and different types of herbs used for making Herb Tofu were analysed for their microbiological load. Tempeh samples consisted of cook water, inoculated beans and fresh tempeh. Fresh Tofu and Herb Tofu had high bacterial counts (10⁵ cfu/g). Tofu Burger and Smoked Tofu had counts around 10⁴ cfu/g. Tofu Paste and Fried Tofu had low counts (<10² cfu/g). Cutting board, knife and frequent hand contact with product were the major sources of contamination for tofu. Herbs used for making Herb Tofu were highly contaminated (>10⁵ cfu/g). Cook water and cooked beans for tempeh production had lower counts (10⁴ cfu/g). Initial count of fresh tempeh was high (about 10⁸ cfu/g). Most products had counts of >10⁶ cfu/g after 7 days of cold storage. The microbiological quality of the product may improve if producers avoid unnecessary contamination during processing.     

Traditional production and chemical composition ofNdaleyi,a Nigerian fermented pearl millet food

Ndaleyi, a fermented, sun dried agglomerated powder produced from pearl millet or sorghum is one of the most popular foods consumed in Nigeria, mostly by the Kanuri people of Borno State. Its traditional production is described. The mean yields ofndaleyi (mainly starch),chir (millet gluten) and bran (overtail orbina) were 30.6, 22.5 and 21.5%, recpectively. A mean yield loss of 20% was observed. Chemical analysis revealed thatchir and bran have higher protein, fat and ash contents thanndaleyi. The titratable acidities (as percent lactic acid) ofndaleyi andchir were 0.9 and 0.3, while their pH values were 3.3 and 3.5, respectively.     

Isolation and Partial Characterization of Mango (Magnifera indica L.) Starch:Morphological,Physicochemical and Functional Studies

Mango (Mangifera indica) is a fruit that grows in tropical regions. The aim of this work was to isolate the starch from two varieties of mango highly consumed in Mexico (criollo and manila), and to evaluate its chemical composition, along with some morphological, physicochemical and functional properties. Mango starch had an amylose content of about 13%, the fat content of criollo variety starch (0.1–0.12%), was similar to that of commercial corn starch used as control (0.2%); both mango starches had higher ash amount (0.2–0.4%) than corn starch. Mango starches presented a smaller granule size (10 m) than corn starch (15 m), along with an A-type X-ray diffraction pattern with slight tendency to a C-type. All values of water retention capacity (WRC) increased with the temperature. When the temperature increased, solubility and swelling values increased and in general, mango starches had higher values than corn starch. Both mango starches had gelatinization temperatures lower than the control, butcriollo variety starch presented higher enthalpy values thanmanila variety and corn starches. Overall, it was concluded that due to its morphological, physicochemical and functional properties, mango starches could be a feasible starch source with adequate properties, suitable for using in the food industry.     

Developmental changes in composition and quality of prickly pear cactus cladodes (nopalitos)

The composition and quality of edible tender stems or cladodes of 3 Prickly Pear Cactus species (Opuntia amyclaea, O. ficus-indica, and O. inermis) were studied at different stages of development. This traditional Mexican vegetable is called nopalitos in Spanish and cactus leaves in English. Cladodes harvested when 20 cm in length have the following average composition per 100 g: 91.7 g of water, 1.1 g of protein, 0.2 g of lipid, 1.3 g of ash, 1.1 g of crude fiber, 4.6 g of complex carbohydrates and 0.82 g of simple sugars, 12.7 mg of ascorbic acid and 28.9 µg of carotenes. The cladode's juice has an average pH of 4.6, 0.45% titratable acidity and 6.9% soluble solids. The components which varied most during development of the cladodes were: carotenes, acidity and total carbohydrates which increased, and protein and crude fiber (acid-detergent) which decreased. The nutritive value of the tender cladodes in the stages of growth at which they are commonly harvested and consumed (15 to 25 cm long weighing 50 to 80 g per stem), was similar for the 3 species.     

Growth and lipid metabolism as affected by feeding of hull-less barleys with and without supplemental β-glucanase

Three hull-less barleys, Washonupana (WSNP), Waxbar (WXB), and Bangsa (BGS), were fed to broiler chicks in 21% protein diets containing 0.5% cholesterol in replicate trials. A corn-based diet, with added cholesterol, served as a control. Alternate diets were supplemented with -glucanase (ENZ). -glucan content ranged from 4.9% to 6.1% and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from 3.6% to 7.5% in the barleys. Data from the two trials were pooled for statistical analysis by the SAS General Linear Models procedure. In body weight gain, chicks fed WSNP — ENZ were lower (P<0.05) than all other treatments. The -glucanase supplement to the WXB and BGS barley tended to improve gains, but the differences were not significant for either barley. Feed to gain ratios were lowest (P<0.0001) for corn fed chicks and lower (P<0.05 toP<0.0001) for those fed the barley+ENZ diets compared to barley –ENZ. Chicks fed barley diets had lower (P<0.05) total serum cholesterol (TSC) and LDL-cholesterol than those fed corn diets, regardless of ENZ supplementation. For chicks on barley –ENZ diets, TSC levels for WSNP, WXB, and BGS were 146, 152, and 142 mg/dl respectively and for chicks on barley +ENZ diets, 218, 200, and 178 mg/dl. LDL-cholesterol levels followed the same trend and there was little difference in serum triglycerides. The BGS+ENZ lowered TSC 30% from the corn control compared to 10.7% and 18% for WSNP+ENZ and WXB+ENZ, suggesting additional hypocholesterolemic factors, possibly tocotrienol and SDF other than 13, 14 -D-glucans.Contribution No. J-2487, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. This research was supported, in part, by a grant from the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee, Great Falls, MT, U.S.A.     

The yield and quality of F1 hybrids of several vegetable plants,compared with standard varieties

Summary In cucumbers some of the F₁ hybrids proved to be more resistant to diseases and more tolerant to a cool temperature. The most productive and the earliest F₁ hybrids, having also the highest percentage of marketable fruits were obtained from crosses, when as a mother parent the inbred line No. 9 of Borszczagowski variety was used and as the father parent the variety 53 BSC white spine.The use of F₁ hybrids seems to improve the possibilities of the production of sweet pepper in cooler countries, like Poland. In experiments, conducted in East Germany, Czechoslovakia and Poland in years 1961 and in Poland also in 1963 the F₁ hybrids gave in all cases earlier and higher yields than the best local standard varieties.In tomatoes the most promising F₁ hybrids seem to be the crosses between a Polish variety Mory 33 and Russian varieties Sztambowy Alpatiewa and Miczurinskij rannij. In the greenhouse trials some of F₁ hybrids, like Nr. 10 x Bizon, Harzfeuer, Weibulls Immuna, Kecskemet Nr. 6, Eurocross gave higher early yields than standard varieties.With onions, most of the F₁ hybrids obtained in the U.S.A. were too early and poor keepers under Polish climatic conditions. Work is conducted to obtain F₁ hybrids of the type of our standard onion variety Wolska, globular in shape and straw yellow in color, but more uniform in all varietal characters.Good results with F₁ hybrids have been also obtained with the Bulgarian F₁ hybrid of Eggplant Nr. 12 x Delikates and also with a Danish F₁ hybrid of Brussel sprouts.

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Zusammenfassung Einige Hybridsorten der Gurke haben sich in unseren Prüfungen als widerstandsfähiger gegen Krankheiten erwiesen und auch ihre Ansprüche an die Temperatur waren geringer. Die besten F₁ Hybriden wurden von Kreuzungen erhalten, bei denen die Linie Nr. 9 der Borszczagowski Gurkensorte als Muttersorte und die Sorte 53 BVC als Vatersorte benutzt wurden.Die Benutzung von Hybridsorten scheint die Möglichkeiten des Anbaues von Gemüsepaprika in Ländern mit kühlerem Klima wie Polen zu verbessern. In den Versuchen, die in Ost-Deutschland, Tschechoslowakei — während zweier—und in Polen — während dreier Jahre — durchgeführt wurden, waren die Hybridsorten immer früher erntereif und lieferten höhere Erträge als die Standardsorten.Bei den Tomaten scheinen die besten Hybridsorten die Kreuzungen zwischen der polnischen Sorte Mory 33 und den sowjetischen Sorten Sztambowyj Alpatiewa oder Miczurinskij rannij zu liefern. In den Versuchen mit Gewächshaustomaten erbrachten manche Hybridsorten wie Nr. 10 x Bizon, Harzfeuer, Weibulls Immune, Keckskemet Nr. 6, Eurocross eine frühere Ernte mit höheren Erträgen als die besten Standortsorten.Fast alle in Amerika erhaltenen Hybridsorten von Zwiebeln waren für polnische Klimaverhältnisse zu früh und deshalb nicht genug lagerfest. Es wird jetzt an der Züchtung einer Zwiebel Hybridsorte mit den Eigenschaften unserer Standardsorte Wolska aber mit der Ausgeglichenheit der Sortenmerkmale einer Hybridsorte gearbeitet.Gute Ergebnisse sind auch mit der bulgarischen Hybridsorte der Eierfrucht (Nr. 12 x Delikates) und mit der dänischen Hybridsorte des Rosenkohls (Jade F₁) erhalten worden.

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Résumé Dans nos expériences nous avons constaté, que les variétés hybrides de concombre sont plus resistantes aux maladies et sont moins exigeantes en chaleur. Nous avons obtenu les meilleurs concombres hybrides F₁ par croisement de la lignée No. 9 de Borszczagowski comme plante maternelle avec la variété 53 BVC comme plante paternelle.Il nous semble possible que l'utilisation de variétés hybrides donnera des meilleures possibilitês de culture du paprica dans les pays de climat frais, par exemple en Pologne. Les expériences menées en Pologne pendant 3 ans ont montré, que les variétés hybrides étaient toujours plus précoces et donnaient toujours plus de fruits que les variétés locales.Nous avons obtenu les meilleurs hybrides de tomate en croisant la variété polonaise Mory 33 avec les variétés de URSS Sztambowyj Alpatieva ou Miczurinskij rannij. Les expériences concernant les tomates cultivées dans les serres ont montré, que quelques varietés hybrides telles que No. 10 x Bizon, Harzfeuer, Weibulls Immune, Kecskemet No. 6, Eurocross ont donné plus de fruits et étaient plus précoces que les meilleures variétés locales.Presque toutes les variétés hybrides américaines d'oignon se sont montrées trop précoces dans les conditions climatiques de Pologne et c'est pourquoi elles se conservent mal pendant le stockage. Une variété hybride d'oignon, ayant toutes les qualités de la variété polonaise standard Wolska et ayant en même temps les qualités d'une variété hybride est encore l'objet des études actuelles en vue de l'amélioration de cette plante.Nous avons en aussi des bons resultats avec une variété hybride d'aubergine de Bulgarie No. 12 x Delikates et avec une variété hybride de chou de Bruxelles d'origine danoise Jade F₁.

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Paper read in Lund, Sweden (EUCARPIA-CIQ Congress, 14th to 17th July 1965) on 17/7/1965.     

Protein quality and digestibility of new high-lysine barley varieties in growing rats

Four new high-lysine barley mutants, the variety Lysimax, with the high-lysine genelys3a and the mutants mother variety Sultan were grown in a field trial in 1993 at Risø, Denmark. Mutants 609, 1242, 1385 and 1405 yielded in the range of 89 to 98 percent and cv Lysimax yielded 102 percent of cv Sultan (100 percent). One-thousand kernel weights for the mutants were in the range of 87 to 97 percent and cv Lysimax 83 percent of cv Sultan (100 percent). Protein contents of the mutants were slightly higher, in the range of 13.2 to 13.6 percent, than of cv Sultan (13.1 percent) and Lysimax which had a protein content of 12.6 percent. Fat content was higher in Lysimax and in the mutants except for mutant 1385 than in cv Sultan while dietary fibre contents of the barleys were similar. The levels of -glucans and starch were usually lower in Lysimax and in the mutants. The highest lysine levels: 4.6, 4.0 and 3.7 g/16 g N occurred in cv Lysimax and mutants 609 and 1405 compared to 3.3, 3.3 and 3.2 for cv Sultan and mutants 1242 and 1385, respectively. Mutants 609 and 1405 and cv Lysimax also had higher levels of threonine, histidine and valine. The increased lysine contents resulted in large, at most 20 percent, increases in biological value; 88.8, 81.7 and 78.3 percent for cv Lysimax and mutants 609 and 1405 compared to 74.2 percent for cv Sultan. True protein digestibilities and energy digestibilities were slightly lower in Lysimax than in Sultan, 5.3 and 4.3 percentage units, respectively. It is concluded that the development of high-lysine barley varieties is very beneficial for meeting the requirements of indispensable amino acids for humans and monogastric animals. In addition, nitrogen excretion into the environment is drastically reduced due to the higher biological values of the mutants.     

Zusammenhänge zwischen den für die Blaufleckigkeit der Kartoffelknolle verantwortlichen Inhaltsstoffen

Zusammenfassung Mit der Faktorenanlyse nach der Hauptachsenmethode und der aufbauenden multiplen Regressionsanalyse, unter Einbeziehung von 56 Einflußgrößen, konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Blaufleckigkeit von Kartoffelknollen im wesentlichen vom Gehalt an Trockensubstanz, -Aminobuttersäure, Lysin, Isochlorogensäure und den Mineralstoffen Ca und K abhängt. Eine kausale Erklärung des gesamten Komplexes Blaufleckigkeit ist allerdings zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt noch nicht möglich.

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Relationships between black spot of potatoes and several constituents of the tuber. With a factorial analysis and a multiple regression analysis could be shown that from 56 investigated constituents of the potato tuber only the dry matter content, aminobutyric acid, lysine, isochlorogenic acid, and potassium and calcium content influence the appearance of black spots.A causal explanation of the black spot phenomenon at present is not possible. Further investigations are necessary.

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Résumé Relations entre la tâche noire des pommes de terre et divers constituants du tubercule.L'analyse factorielle, l'analyse de la régression multiple ont pu démontrer que sur 56 constituants déterminés dans le tubercule de pomme de terre seuls l'acide aminobutyrique, la lysine, l'acide isochlorogénique, le taux de potassium et de calcium agissent sur la formation de la tâche noire.Une explication causale du phénomène tâche noire n'est pas encore possible pour l'instant. De nouvelles recherches sont nécessaires.

     

Growth and nutrient uptake of two varieties of groundnuts under irrigation in Israël

Summary Some data on growth, development, and mineral nutrition of two varieties of groundnuts — Improved Virginia Bunch and Spanish-33 — under irrigation are reported.There was almost no difference in the yield of pods of the two varieties, but the yield of hay was much lower in Spanish. Spanish had also a lower total yield of dry matter, a smaller leaf area, and fewer branches than Virginia.In both varieties a negative correlation was found between Net-Assimilation-Rate and Leaf-Area-Index. Under the conditions of our observations, the highest rate of dry matter accumulation per plant was at a Leaf-Area-Index of approximately 3.There was a gradual decrease in the nitrogen content of the vegetative parts from the beginning of the season until harvest time. Most of the final amount of nitrogen was taken up before the end of August. After that, there was a transportation of this element to the newly formed pods. Pods and kernels of the Spanish variety had a higher nitrogen content than Virginia. The total amount of nitrogen taken up by the plants was equal in both varieties, 22 g per sq.m.A slight decrease in the phosphorus content of the vegetative parts was found throughout the season. The percentages of phosphorus were roughly equal, but the final amounts taken up by the two varieties were different: 3.16 g P per sq.m in Virginia, 2.34 in Spanish. The plants continued to take up phosphorus until harvest time.As the season progressed, the percentages of potassium decreased in the vegetative parts as well as in the pods and pegs. The stems had the highest potassium contents. Almost all the final amount of potassium was taken up by August. Total amounts of potassium taken up by the plants were found to be 5.7 g per sq.m. in Virginia, 3.4 in Spanish.The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Miss HelenaBodek in carrying out the chemical analyses. This work was aided by a grant by the Israel Groundnut Production and Marketing Board.

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Zusammenfassung Der Bericht enthält Angaben über Wachstum, Entwicklung und mineralische Ernährung von zwei unter Bewässerung angebauten Erdnuss-Sorten — Improved Virginia Bunch und Spanish — 33.Die zwei Sorten unterschieden sich kaum in ihrem Hülsenertrag, dagegen aber war der Heuertrag der Sorte Spanish erheblich niedriger. Spanish war auch geringer als Virginia in allgemeinem Trockensubstanzertrag, Blattoberfläche und Stengelzahl.In beiden Sorten wurde eine negative Korrelation zwischen Rein-Assimilations-Wert und Blatt-Flächen-Index gefunden. Bei den Bedingungen, unter welchen unsere Beobachtungen angestellt wurden, ergab sich die höchste Trockensubstanzansammlung bei einem Blatt-Flächen-Index von annähernd 3.Eine allmähliche Abnahme des Stickstoffgehalts der vegetativen Organe im Laufe der Entwicklungsperiode bis zur Erntezeit wurde beobachtet. Der Hauptteil der endgültigen Menge des Stickstoffs wurde bis Ende August absorbiert. Nach diesem Termin fand eine Überführung des Stickstoffs in die neugebildeten Hülsen statt. Hülsen sowohl wie Samen der Sorte Spanish hatten einen höheren Stickstoffgehalt als Virginia. Die Gesamtmenge des durch die Pflanzen absorbierten Stickstoffs war in beiden Sorten gleich und betrug 22 g pro m².Eine geringe Abnahme des Phosphorgehalts der vegetativen Organe im Laufe der Entwicklungsperiode wurde festgestellt. Der Prozentsatz des Phosphors der zwei Sorten war beinahe gleich, jedoch die Gesamtmenge des durch die Pflanzen aufgenommenen Phosphors betrug 3.16 g pro m² bei der Sorte Virginia und 2.34 bei der Sorte Spanish. Die Phosphorabsorption der Pflanzen hielt bis zur Enrte an.Im Laufe der Entwicklungsperiode nahm der Kalium Prozentsatz in den vegetativen Organen sowohl wie in den Hülsen und Stielen ab. Die Stengel ergaben den höchsten Kaliumgehalt. Im August war beinahe die endgültige Menge des Kaliums aufgenommen. Die Gesamtmenge des durch die Pflanzen absorbierten Kaliums betrug 5.7 g pro m² bei der Sorte Virginia und 3.4 bei der Sorte Spanish.

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Résumé Quelques données sur la croissance, le développement et la nutrition minérale de deux variétés d'arachides — Improved Virginia Bunch et Spanish 33 sont présentées ici.Les deux variétés ont donné des rendements en gousses très voisins alors que le rendement en foin de la variété Spanish a été très inférieur. Pour la variété Spanish, on a eu, également, un rendement total en matière sèche plus faible, une surface foliaire plus réduite et un nombre de branches moindre que pour la Virginia.Chez les deux variétés, on a trouvé une correlation négative entre le Taux d'Assimilation Nette et l'Index de Surface Foliaire. Dans les conditions de nos observations, le taux maximum d'accumulation de matière sèche correspond à un index voisin de 3.Le taux d'azote contenu dans les organes végétatifs a diminué progressivement du début de la saison jusqu'au moment de la récolte. La plus grande partie de la quantité finale d'azote a été fixée avant la fin août. Après cette date, il y a eu transport de cet élement vers les gousses nouvellement formées. Le taux d'azote des gousses et des graines de la variété Spanish est plus éléve que celui des gousses et graines de Virginia. La quantité totale d'azote prélevé par les plantes a été la même pour les deux variétés, soit 22 g par m².On a noté une légère diminution du taux de phosphore des organes végétatifs au cours de la saison. Les pourcentages de phosphore ont été très voisins, mais les quantités totales prévelées par les plantes des deux variétés ont été différentes: 3.16 g P par m² pour la variété Virginia et 2.34 pour la Spanish. Les plantes ont continué à prélever du phosphore jusqu'au moment de la récolte.A mesure que la saison a avancé, le pourcentage de potassium des organes végétatifs ainsi que des gousses et des gynophores a décru. Les tiges out contenu les taux de potassium les plus élevés. La presque totalité du potassium a été prélevé avant le mois d'août. Les quantités totales de potassium prélevées par les plantes ont été de 5.7 g par m² pour la variété Virginia et de 3.4 pour la variété Spanish.

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With 10 figs.     

Reversed phase HPLC analysis of α- and β-carotene from selected raw and cooked vegetables

Traditional AOAC colorimetric procedures for carotenoid analysis are known to lack specificity and accuracy. Newer HPLC methods provide the investigator with a more precise tool for carotenoid quantification in foods and tissues. In the present studies, reverse phase HPLC was utilized to evaluate the - and -carotene content in raw and cooked leaves of lettuce, spinach and winged bean as well as in the carrot root. The vegetables were boiled or steamed and the true retention of - and -carotene in the cooked products was determined. Boiling for 30 minutes resulted in a 53 and 40% loss of -carotene from lettuce and carrots, respectively. Full retention or even an increase in -carotene content in boiled winged bean leaves and spinach was noted. Steaming resulted in very good retention of - and - carotene in all vegetables (83–139% retention). Thus, although cooking procedures (especially boiling) may result in oxidative loss of carotenoids in some vegetables, heat treatment increases the chemical extractability of - and -carotene in others. The presence of carotenoproteins in some vegetables may effect the heat stability of extractability of - and - carotene.     

Utilization of β-carotene fromSpirulina platensis by rats

The availability of -carotene from Spirulina as compared to standard all trans -carotene was studied by the liver and kidney vitamin A storage method. After 21 days of vitamin A depletion, the rats were repleted with -carotene from Spirulina and a standard source at two dietary levels (60 and 120 µg/day) for a 10 day period. At lower levels, the liver storage levels of vitamin A and the percent of -carotene absorption were comparable to those of the standard. At higher levels both these parameters of the Spirulina fed group were significantly (P<0.01) inferior to the standard source fed group. However, the Spirulina fed group showed better (P<0.05) growth than the standard fed group did at both low and high levels of feeding.     

Polygala brasiliensis L., eine saponinreiche Polygala-Art Brasiliens

Zusammenfassung Polygala brasiliensis L. ist eine kleine, einjährigePolygalacee, die von São Paulo bis Patagonien vorkommt. Die Saponinwerte der Blätter, Blütenstände und Wurzeln von Pflanzen, die bei Santa Maria im Staate Rio Grande do Sul (Brasilien) gesammelt waren, wurden mit folgenden Verfahren bestimmt: Hämolytische Indices, Fischindices (mitLebistes reticulatus) und die Messung der Hemmung des Schäumungsvermögens von gepufferten, mit Alkohol versetzten Abkochungen durch tropfenweisen Zusatz einer Mischung von 2 Volumen Aceton und 1 Volumen Isoamylalholhol.Es zeigte sich, dass die Blütenstände am saponinreichsten waren, ganz wenig schwächer die Blätter und ungefähr 1/3 schwächer die Wurzeln. In vergleichenden Versuchen wurde festgestellt, daß die ganze Pflanze annähernd die gleichen Saponinwerte aufweist wie die Droge Radix Senegae und wie die Wurzeln der brasilianischenPolygala cyparissias A.St. Hil. Die bei Wildpflanzen gefundenen Saponinwerte (berechnet auf Trockensubstanz) waren die folgenden: Blütenstände: hämolytische Indices 3620–6802,7; Fischindices 350,9–497,8; 1-Tropfen-Verdünnungsgrenzen der Schaumhemmung 37500–49243,1 Blätter: hämolytische Indices 3361,3–5537,1; Fischindices 295,8–503,9; 1-Tropfen-Verdünnungsgrenzen der Schaumhemmung 35760–42500. Wurzeln: hämolytische Indices 1997,5–3246,9; Fischindices 218,5–324,7; 1-Tropfen-Verdünnungsgrenzen der Schaumhemmung 19775,9–23863,6. Anbauversuche mitPolygala brasiliensis sind im Experimentalgarten Martius der pharmazeutischen Fakultät in Santa Maria im Gange.

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Summary Polygala brasiliensis L. is a low annualPolygalacea, to be found from São Paulo to Patagonia. Its saponin values were determined on leaves, inflorescences and roots of plants gathered near Santa Maria in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) by the following methods: hemolytic index, fish-index (onLebistes reticulatus) and measuring the inhibition of foaming power of buffered decoctions mixed with alcohol by addition drop by drop of a mixture of 2 volumes of acetone and 1 volume of isoamyl alcohol.It was shown that the inflorescences were most rich in saponins, only a little weaker the leaves, whereas the roots contained about 2/3 of these values. By way of comparison was ascertained that the whole plant possesses roughly the same saponin values as the drug Radix Senegae and the roots of the Brazilian speciesPolygala cyparissias A.St. Hil. These values were found to be the following, calculated on dry substance of samples of wild plants: Inflorescences: hemolytic index 3620–6802,7; fish-index 350,9–497,8; 1-drop-limit of foam inhibition 37500–49243,1. Leaves: hemolytic index 3361,3–5537,1; fish-index 295,8–503,9; 1-drop-limit of foam inhibition 35760,6–42500. Roots: hemolytic index 1997,5–3246,9; fish-index 218,5–324,7; 1-drop-limit of foam inhibition 19775,9–23863,6. Cultivation experiences withPolygala brasiliensis are brought about in the Experimental Garden Martius of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Santa Maria.

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mit 1 Fig.     

Nutrient and antinutrient composition of three varieties ofPiper species

The proximate composition of three varieties ofPiper guineense (Odusa — Ibibio/Efik) viz. Uyat Odusa (cultivated and peppery), Eting-keni Ikot (wild forest variety) and Eting-keni mben inyang (wild, riverine variety), were determined using available standard methods. Also determined were mineral, antinutrient and ascorbate levels. The cultivated pepperic variety had the highest content of crude protein and moisture (18.9% and 97% respectively) while the wild, riverine variety had the highest content of ether extract, carbohydrate and calories (7.79%, 63.38% and 398 cals respectively). The cultivated variety had appreciable amounts of phosphorus (1.12 mg/100 g), potassium (1.2 mg/100 g), sodium (0.24 mg/100 g), zinc (0.18 mg/100 g), and copper (0.18 mg/100 g) while the forest variety contained more of calcium (12.38 mg/100 g), magnesium (1.21 mg/100 g) and iron (0.85 mg/100 g). The wild riverine variety appeared to have the least mineral content but had the highest ascorbate level of 173.4 mg/100 g. Of four antinutrients assayed, the cultivated pepperic one had the least quantities while the forest variety was highest in hydrocyanic acid (85.8 mg/100 g) and glucosinolates (0.20 mg/100 g). The wild riverine variety had the highest level of total oxalate (165.0 mg/100 g). These quantities are however far below documented toxic levels.     

Formulation,acceptability, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of novel snack food and meat ball analogue

Potato purée and wheat flour were blended at ratio of 7:1 w/w with 2 parts per weight of soybean protein concentrate (SPC) and/or faba bean-protein micellar mass (PMM). Two snack foods were formulated and deep fried. Spices, onion, parsley and chicken stock were added to the aforementioned two recipes to formulate meat ball analogues. Data revealed good acceptability of all products. Moreover, they can be considered as a good source for some essential amino acids; protein (26%); lipids (20%); carbohydrates (48%) and minerals. The in vitro digestibility ranged between 61.0% and 66.9%.     

Oat β-glucan-amylodextrins: Preliminary preparations and biological properties

Amylodextrins with soluble -glucan contents from 1 to 10% were prepared from oats and the hypocholesterolemic properties of the latter were evaluated. The products are called OATRIM and can lower blood cholesterol by replacing animal fats rich in cholesterol in food products and, possibly, by the action of -glucan in the body after consumption. In the chick model, decreased total blood cholesterol also resulted in increases of HDL cholesterol and decreases of LDL cholesterol. Processing conditions were found that gave the maximum amount of -glucan and desirable fat-replacement qualities with the least amount of color and flavor.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the US Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Evaluation of turmeric accessions for quality

One hundred and eighty four accessions ofCurcuma were analysed for curing percentage (dry recovery), essential oil, oleoresin and curcumin contents. Curing percentage varied from 13.5 to 32.4. The cultivar Konni had the maximum percentage of oleoresin (19.2). The volatile oil content was more inC. aromatica than inC. domestica. Curcumin content varied from 2.3% in cultivar Hahim to 10.9% in cultivar Edapalayam. However, curcumin content was comparatively lower in six exotic types as well as in 14 related species. The importance of quality aspects with respect to breeding is discussed.Contribution No. 493 of Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod-670 124, Kerala, India.     

Effect of cooking on protein solubility profiles of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) grown using different nutritional regimes

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect ofcooking on protein solubility profiles of mycorrhizal inoculated, phosphorusand sulphur fertilized faba beans under two water regimes. The resultsindicated that cooking significantly (p 0.05) increasedthe G₃-glutelin fraction as well as the insoluble protein butsignificantly (p 0.05) decreased the globulin and albuminfractions; prolamin, G₁-glutelin and G₂-glutelin fractionswere slightly increased. Mycorrhizal inoculation and mycorrhiza +phosphorus + sulphur fertilization significantly (p 0.05) increased albumin content. All fertilizer treatments significantly (p 0.05) decreased the insoluble protein.     

Effect of Detarium microcarpum (Dm) and Mucuna flagellipes (Mf) gums on the quality of white bread

Incorporation of Detarium Microcarpum (Dm) and Mucuna flagellipes (Mf) water soluble polysaccharides (gums) at 0.0 to 0.5% levels in wheat flour was studied to evaluate their effect on the rheological properties of wheat flour dough and white bread quality. At all levels of incorporation, there were increases (p 0.05) in water absorption of the dough. Doughs containing gums had higher (p 0.05) mixing tolerance index than the control. Set back viscosities decreased by 4.0 RVU and 9.0 RVU with increased levels of Dm and Mf gum incorporation, respectively. Significantly (p 0.05) higher oven spring occurred in all the gum substituted white bread when compared to the control. The 0.5% gum substituted breads had a significantly (p 0.05) higher sensory score for crumb grain, texture but lower (p<0.05) crumb firmness than the control as determined instrumentally. Textural analysis after 5 days storage revealed that Dm and Mf gums improved moisture retention properties of the bread and reduced crumb firming tendency.     

Das Vorkommen der für Mensch und Tier essentiellen Aminosäuren in Vitalzonen (Aktivzonen) und in Speichergeweben einiger niederen und höheren Pflanzen

Zusammenfassung Eine Auswertung von etwa 15 000 mikrobiologischen Bestimmungen von essentiellen Aminosäuren (EAS) in Nahrungspflanzen bzw. deren Teilorganen und anatomisch differenzierten Zonen ergaben biochemische Zusammenhänge, die zu folgenden Schlüssen führten:Die bisher auf die menschliche Nahrung und das tierische Futter beschränkten Begriffe, essentielle Aminosäuren und EAS-Index nachB. L. Oser, die somit termini technici der Human- und Tierernährung darstellen, bedürfen einer Erweiterung auf die Pflanze, da die für das Tier lebensnotwendigen Aminosäuren nach unseren Befunden auch eine analoge Bedeutung für die Lebensfunktionen der Pflanze besitzen.In bestimmten pflanzlichen Gewebezonen, in denen Zellteilungen oder andere für das Leben der Pflanze entscheidend wichtige Prozesse ablaufen, findet sich eine im Verhältnis zum Rohprotein günstige Anreicherung essentieller Aminosäuren, die wiederum zu einer hohen Biologischen Eiweißwertigkeit führt, ausgedrückt als EAS-Index nachB. L. Oser, während andere Zonen, z.B. Speichergewebe, nur niedrige EAS-Indices aufweisen.Aus diesem Grunde wird vorgeschlagen, solche mit Vitalprozessen verknüpften pflanzlichen Gewebezonen zur besseren Kennzeichnung ihrer ernährungsphysiologischen Bedeutung für Mensch und Tier Vitalzonen oder — gemäß einem Vorschlag vonJ. Kisser, Wien — Aktivzonen zunennen.Beweise für die Richtigkeit der Überlegungen, die zu dieser Benennung führen, werden durch ein umfangreiches Untersuchungsmaterial geliefert.

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Summary About 15 000 microbiological determinations of essential amino acids (EAA) in food plants respectively in their different organs and in differentiated zones (as regard anatomy) showed biochemical relations, which lead us to the following conclusions:Untill present notions as Essential Amino Acids and the EAA-Index (B. L. Oser) are termini technici of human and animal nutrition. They are restricted to the metabolism of men and animals. According to our investigations those notions have to be extended, as the essential amino acids — essential for men and animals — are obviously essential for life function in plants too.In certain zones of plant tissue, where cell division or other active processes, important for plant life, take place, we find a favorable increase of essential amino acids, leading to a high biological value of proteins (EAA-Index according toB. L. Oser), while other zones, e.g. storage tissues, have only a low EAA-Index.In order to better mark the signification (as regard human nutrition) we propose to call those active plant tissues showing a high EAA-Index: Vitalzonen (vitalzones) oder — according toJ. Kisser-Wien — Aktivzonen (active zones).An extensive experimental material justifies the accuracy of our deduction and the necessity of the new term.

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Résumé Environ 15 000 dosages microbiologiques des acides aminés essentiels (EAA) dans les plantes alimentaires, dans leurs organes ou dans les zones anatomiques différenciées ont donné des relations biochimiques qui ont abouti aux conclusions suivantes:Jusqu'à présent les notions acides aminés essentiels et Indice d'amino acides selonB. L. Oser (les deux comme termini technici de l'alimentation des hommes et des animaux) sont limitées à la nourriture de l'homme et au fourrage des animaux. Mais nos travaux expérimentaux montrent que cette notion doit être étendue aux plantes puisque les acides aminés essentiels sont également essentiels pour les fonctions vitales des plantes.Dans certains tissue végétaux dans lesquels se produisent les divisions cellulaires, ou dans les zones qui sont très importantes pour les opérations du métabolisme végétal, on trouve une augmentation favorable des acides aminés essentiels, par rapport à la protéine brute. Cette augmentation amène une haute valeur biologique des protéines (Indice selonB. L. Oser), tandis que d'autres zones (par exemple les tissus de réserve) n'ont qu'une valeur biologique faible.C'est pourquoi nous nous proposons — pour bien marquer leur importance nutritive — de nommer ces tissus vitaux — qui dirigent le métabolisme végétale: Vitalzonen (zones vitales) ou selonJ. Kisser-Wien: Aktivzonen (zones actives).Notre opinion se fonde sur un ensemble considérable de données experimentales.

     

Compositions proteiques de quelques mais Africains

Résumé Notre inventaire biochimique porte sur les Maïs africains dont nous avons étudié 80 variétés en provenance de différentes parties de l'Afrique: Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, Haute Volta, Dahomey, Maroc, Afrique du Sud.Il existe en Afrique des races de Maïs dignes d'intérêt dont les protéines continennent 4 à 4,5 p 100 de lysine. Le Maroc possède plusieurs de ces variétés de Maïs, par exemple: Sefra Qualidia et plusieurs races hybrides. Nous avons au Dahomey un Maïs hybride dit SCAr III résultant d'un croisement entre un Maïs local récurrent et un gène spécial appelé Gène martiniquais auquel nous attribuons la propriété d'induire la synthèse de la lysine; ainsi, est-il assimilé au gène américain Opaque-2, parce que nous avons trouvé pour le SCAr III un taux élevé de lysine dans ses protéines, soit 3,9 p 100.La dernière partie de notre travail a été réservée à quelques expérimentations effectuées pour la conservation du Maïs sous les tropiques comme dans les pays africains. Après investigation, nous avons préconisé 1,750 kg de bromure d'éthyle pour assurer la conservation d'une tonne de caryopses de Maïs en excellent état.

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Our biochemical survey deals with african Corn. We analysed 80 varieties of maize coming from different parts of Africa: Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, Haute Volte, Dahomey, Morocco, South Africa.The data obtained from this investigation gave evidence that there are in Africa interesting races of Corn of which the proteins contain 4 or 4.5% of lysine. Morocco disposes of a great number of these varieties of Maize, for instance: Sefra Qualidia and other hybrid races. We have in Dahomey a variety of hybrid Corn called SCAr III derived from a cross-breeding between a local recurrent Maize and a special gene named Gène martiniquais to which we attribute the property to induce the lysine synthesis; so, that is like american Opaque-2 gene, because we found for SCAr III a high rate of lysine (3.9%) in the proteins of this african Corn variety.A last little part of our work was reserved to some experimentations for the conservation of Maize under tropical climates as in african countries. According to our investigations, we recommend 1,750 kg of ethyl bromide for an excellent conservation of one ton of Corn Kernels.

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Zusammenfassung Unsere biochemischen Untersuchungen befaßten sich mit afrikanischen Maissorten. Wir untersuchten 80 Maisvarietäten aus verschiedenen Teilen Afrikas, aus Mali, von der Elfenbeinküste, aus Ober-Volta, Dahomey, Marokko und Südafrika.Diese Untersuchungen ergaben, daß es in Afrika interessante Maisrassen gibt, deren Eiweiß 4–4,5 % Lysin enthält. Marokko verfügt über eine ganze Reihe dieser Maisvarietäten, z.B. Sefra Qualidia und anderer Hybridrassen. In Dahomey haben wir eine Hybridsorte mit Namen SCAr III, die aus einer Kreuzung zwischen einer Lokalsorte und einer Spezial-Gen Sorte mit Namen Gène martiniquais hervorging. Letztere dürfte genetisch der Lysinüberträger sein, ähnlich wie bei der amerikanischen Opaque — 2 Gen Sorte. Im Protein dieser afrikanischen Maissorte SCAr III fanden wir einen hohen Lysingehalt von 3,9%.Im letzten Teil unserer Arbeit beschäftigen wir uns mit experimentellen Arbeiten über die Lagerung von Mais unter tropischen Bedingungen in afrikanischen Ländern. Aufgrund dieser Untersuchungen empfehlen wir zur sicheren Haltbarmachung die Anwendung von 1,750 kg Äthylbromid auf 1 Tonne Mais.

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Exposé présenté le 26 Mars 1969 à Mainz, Allemagne à l'occasion du congrès Association Internationale de Recherches sur la Qualité des Plantes Alimentaires (CIQ) et Deutsche Gesellschaft für Qualitätsforschung (Pflanzliche Nahrungsmittel) (DGQ) (25.–27. Mars 1969).