茉莉花胚胎学研究Ⅱ大孢子发生与雌配子体发育

系统研究了茉莉花双瓣品种大孢子发生与雌配子体发育的过程，结果表明，与小孢子发生，雄配子体发育同期，且发育基本正常，其胚珠是具单珠被的厚珠心弯生胚珠，为多细菌孢原组织，大孢子母细胞减数分裂产生的大孢子基本呈直线排列，近合点端大孢子发育，成熟胚整为正常的8核胚囊。     

巴西橡胶树大孢子发生和胚囊发育过程的研究

用石蜡连续切片,观察巴西橡胶树胚珠和大孢子发生、胚囊发育过程,结果如下:1.倒生胚珠,胚珠原基在雌蕊心皮来完全愈合成完整子房前产生。珠被发生于造孢细胞末期或大孢子母细胞早期。至二核胚囊期,两层珠被顶部合拢包围珠心。2.具厚珠心,其顶部形成珠心喙;在珠孔上方有珠孔塞,它起源于胚珠附近的胎座组织。2.胚囊发育属于蓼型。发育过程一些明显的变化是:(1)细胞逐渐液泡化;(2)从单核胚囊开始,细胞核连续三次分裂、分化、定位和产生新壁形成七细胞胚囊;(3)出现极性,极性的表现在大孢子母细胞期就开始。4.一些品系的两性花中,雌、雄生殖细胞问各发育阶段有明显的对应关系。     

巴西橡胶树种子发育过程中演粉积累动态

对橡胶种子发育过程中各构成部分淀粉的积累和消失进行显微观察，结果如下(1)在大孢子母细胞早期胚珠组织尚未出现淀粉时，子房壁外层细胞就出现淀粉粒，曾一度随着组织的生长淀粉的积累迅速增加；到大孢子母细胞晚期，内珠被和珠心组织开始淀粉积累时，子房壁淀粉含量迅速下降。(2)外珠被淀粉积累开始比珠心与内珠被早，但淀粉含量增长平缓，一直处于较低矮的水平，至4-细胞原胚期淀粉已全部消失。与受精作用和胚的发育关系很小。(3)内珠被淀粉的积累呈现3个高峰期，分别出现在胚囊成熟期，合子休眠期和原胚发育期，为受精作用、合子分裂和胚器官分化提供必需的养料，它们之间关系密切。(4)胚囊成熟期，尤其受精作用前夕，珠心淀粉积累达到高峰，细胞中充满淀粉，受精作用后珠心淀粉含量迅速下降，至授粉后30d全部消失。合子分裂经球形胚到心形胚阶段近2个月期间珠心一直没有淀粉积累，至胚胎发育后期器官分化阶段，珠心才重新迅速积累淀粉并最终发育形成外胚乳.     

亚麻大小孢子与雌雄配子体发育

１．亚麻花药由４个药室构成。腺质绒毡层发达。常具双核，成熟时药壁仅有表皮和纤维层两层细胞。小孢子母细胞常为一纵列，减数分裂为同时型，四分体为四面体型排列。成熟花粉粒为３细胞型，圆球状，具３萌发孔；２．胚珠倒生，具双珠被，内珠被后期继续分裂增厚，并具珠被绒毡层。珠心组织不发达，孢原细胞有时多个，胚囊发育属单孢子蓼型。合点端的珠心组织常形成带状的吸器结构；３．雌雄配子体发育时序性有差异，一般雄配子体先于雌配子体，但两者近同步成熟。     

巴西橡胶树种子发育过程中淀粉积累动态

对橡胶种子发育过程中各构成部分淀 的积累和消失进行显微观察，结果如下：（1）在大孢子母细胞早期胚珠组织尚未出现淀粉时，子房壁外层细胞就出现淀粉粒，曾一度随着组织的生长淀粉的积累迅速增加；到大孢子母细胞晚期，内球 球心组织开始淀粉积累时，子房壁淀粉含量迅速下降。（2）外球被淀粉积累开始比珠心与内珠被虫，但淀粉含量增长平缓，一直处于较低矮的水平，至4－细胞原胚期淀粉已全部消失，与受精作用和胚的发育关系很小。（3）内珠被淀粉的积累呈现3个高峰期，分别出现在胚囊成熟期，合子休眠期和原胚发育期，为受精作用、合子分裂和胚器官分化提供必需的养料，它们之间密切。（4）胚成熟期，尤其受精作用前夕，珠心淀粉积累达到高峰，细胞中充满，受精作用后球心淀粉含量迅速下降，至授粉后30d全部消失。合子分裂经球形胚到心形胚阶段近2个月期间珠心一直没有淀粉积累，至胚胎发育后期器官分化阶段，球心才重新迅速积累淀粉并最终发育形成外胚乳。     

亚麻大小孢子与雌雄配子体发育

１．亚麻花药由４个药室构成。腺质绒毡层发达，常具双核，成熟时药壁仅有表皮和纤维层两层细胞。小孢子母细胞常为一纵列，减数分裂为同时型，四分体为四面体型排列。成熟花粉粒为３细胞型，圆球状，具３萌发孔；２．胚珠倒生，具双珠被，内珠被后期继续分裂增厚，并具珠被绒毡层。珠心组织不发达，孢原细胞有时多个，胚囊发良属单孢子蓼型。合点端的珠心组织常形成带状的吸器结构；３．雌雄配子体发育时序性有差异，一般雄配子体先     

栽培大豆、半野生大豆、野生大豆比较胚胎学研究

通过对栽培大豆、半野生大豆和野生大豆比较胚胎学研究,指出了三种类型大豆具有相同的胚胎学发育特征,这些特征如下:1.雄性孢原为表皮下多细胞;小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型;四分孢子主要为正四面体形,少数为左右对称形;成熟花粉粒为二细胞型;花药壁的发育属基本型;绒毡层细胞单核,属分泌型绒毡层。2.单室子房;弯生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心;胚珠亚表皮下多孢原;多数大孢子四分体线形排列;少数为“T”字形排列,合点端大孢子有功能;胚囊发育为蓼型,反足细胞短命。3.大孢子发生较小孢子发生稍晚,但发育速度较快,后期雌、雄配子体同步成熟。4.自花授粉;受精过程属有丝分裂前配子融合类型。5.胚的发育属柳叶菜型;核型胚乳,胚乳发育中后期胚囊合点端存在胚乳吸器;胚珠合点端具承珠盘结构。     

同源四倍体水稻胚乳发育:糊粉层细胞壁纤维素物质发育、胚乳淀粉积累及胼胝质“套”的形成

 利用荧光显微术观察，发现同源四倍体水稻与其二倍体原种的糊粉层细胞壁纤维素物质都存在一个“充实”的过程。授粉后5～6 d，糊粉层开始分化形成，此时其细胞壁上未观察到纤维素物质；授粉后6～8 d，糊粉层细胞壁上开始积累纤维素物质；授粉后8～9 d，糊粉层细胞壁积累了大量的纤维素物质。胚乳淀粉的积累存在一个变化的过程：初生胚乳核周围可见一些淀粉体，随着胚乳游离核的增多，游离核周围淀粉体的数量逐渐减少，胚乳细胞化后，胚乳细胞内开始大量形成淀粉体。利用苯胺蓝染色连续切片荧光观察，发现同源四倍体水稻及其二倍体原种胚乳发育过程中，在珠心表皮和内珠被之间存在一层胼胝质物质，围绕着胚囊并包裹住珠心呈“套”状。这个结构的形成变化过程为：授粉后30 min在珠孔端珠心表皮细胞与内珠被之间开始积累少量的胼胝质，之后胼胝质逐渐增多并向合点端扩展延伸；授粉后1～2 d包裹着整个胚囊外的珠心而仅在维管束处断开；授粉后9～13 d，胼胝质“套”消失。该结构可能与胚和胚乳在发育期间的水分和养分的调节等有密切关系。同源四倍体水稻还存在糊粉层细胞壁发育不同步、糊粉层细胞壁结构异常以及胼胝质“套”不消失等异常现象。这些现象有可能会影响同源四倍体水稻的结实率。     

甘兰型油菜受精过程的细胞学观察

本工作对甘兰型油菜(Brassica napus L.)受精过程作了较详细的观察,结果如下: 1.甘兰型油菜的受精过程进行得比较缓慢,大约从开花后24小时受精开始,48小时左右一部分卵细胞完成受精过程。60小时前后大部分胚珠的卵细胞完成受精过程形成受精卵。受精卵在开花后10天左右进行第一次细胞分裂。 2.胚珠一般为珠孔受精,从受精开始到受精卵形成突起,一直都有花粉管进入胚珠,不断把内含物注入胚囊,并从一侧环抱卵细胞,它们很可能参与受精卵的发育。 3.卵细胞受精,精核一般从卵核核仁的对方进入卵核。入卵核后的精核核仁由小长大,到两性核仁等大时融合形成受精卵。受精卵很快形成突起,突起伸长为管子,细胞核慢慢移到管端,这时细胞进行第一次分裂。 4.极核一般比卵受精早,受精前极核靠近卵器,当精核进入极核细胞质时,两极核即向胚囊中央转移,在转移过程中,完成受精作用。 5.在胚珠发育过程中,发现有停留在不同时期的败育胚囊和中途解体的卵细胞和极核。     

毛叶茶大小孢子的发生和雌雄配子体的发育

毛叶茶小孢子母细胞减数分裂中胞质分裂为同时型,四分体的排列为四面体型,成熟花粉为2-细胞型;花药壁的发育属于基本型,绒毡层为腺质型;倒生胚珠,双珠被,薄珠心,胚囊发育属葱型。     

大豆品种表现型与配合力的相关分析

大豆植株的表现型与配合力的相互关系分析结果表明，植株形态性状的亲本均值与Ｆ１、Ｆ２的一般配合力效应值里呈著或极显著正相关。Ｆ１、Ｆ２的主要产量性状的均值与相应世代的特殊配合力效应值呈显著或极显著正相关。植株形态性状和品质性状的Ｆ１育种值与Ｆ２均值呈显著或极显著正相关。植株形态性状、产量性状及品质性状总配合力效应值世代间相关显著。     

THE MACHAIR GRASSLANDS OF THE HEBRIDES

The utilization of Scottish hill-land potential is severely limited by inadequate wintering facilities resulting from a low proportion of inbye land to hill-land. The machair lands of the Uists, in the Outer Hebrides, however, provide a more suitable ratio, which is not commonly found in the Highlands of Scotland.
Investigations into the grassland problems of the Hebrides were intensified in 1955; and some of the data obtained from trials are given here, as are suggestions for improving the production and utilization of grass in these areas. The climate, soil, and agricultural system all interact to provide conditions which are rarely seen elsewhere.     

THE USE OF THE FORAGE HARVESTER IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF ROUGH GRAZING

Considerable improvement has been achieved in rough grazings by fairly frequent close mowing with the forage harvester or flail mower, particularly when combined with manuring and surface seeding.
The implement has proved capable of tackling very tough vegetation and converting it into grazing swards of fair value and good botanical composition. Undesirable species have been largely eliminated by treatment over two growing seasons.
The method is believed to compare favourably in cost with sward renovation by cultivation or by herbicides.     

THE ROLE OF GREEN SOILING IN THE ECONOMY OF THE DAIRY FARM

With modern machinery and modem techniques of grass production, mechanical-or zero-grazing offers a means of utilizing the crop to perfection. Whether this results in enhanced profits depends largely upon the farm and the specific circumstances. It may, it may not. What is evident is that the health of the cows is not affected by an unnatural manner of summer feeding; the sward, per se, may be improved by the regular and uniform defoliation; and under conditions of intensive production and the vital need to use profitably every blade of grass, as for instance on small, highly-rented farms, the practice of zero-grazing merits the most careful consideration. It cannot lightly be dismissed as merely a new fad.     

微生物发酵处理对豆粕抗营养因子的影响

对豆粕的微生物发酵处理,可降低抗营养物质对动物的影响,减少不必要的应激,提高豆粕的营养成份和饲喂价值.本文综述了发酵豆粕的特点及其加工工艺.     

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE IN THE MASS ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SILAGE

The effect of temperature on silage quality was investigated in a series of trials over a period of three years.
The results indicated that when conditions in the silage were favourable for the formation of lactic acid, either through treatment or because of the herbage itself, low temperatures in the mass had no adverse effect on silage quality.
Some results suggest that, with chopped or lacerated silage, low maximum temperatures are associated with better quality silage. The results, however, were not entirely consistent.
There appeared to be little or no advantage in allowing unchopped silage to heat to 100°F.     

THE USE OF THE IN VITRO TECHNIQUE IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE DIGESTIBILITY OF GRASS/LEGUME MIXTURES

The in vitro dry-matter digestibility was determined of two samples of Digitaria decumbens , one sample of Medicago sativa , and one sample of Trifolium repens and nine mixtures prepared from these samples.
When the results were compared with in vivo digestibilities the standard errors of the regressions for the three combinations of legume, grass and legume/grass mixtures were ±0.6, ±0.6 and ±1.5 percentage units, respectively.
It is considered that in vivo digestibility of mixtures of grasses and legumes can be estimated by the in vitro technique, provided that suitable grass and legume standards are included.