Examination of mink (Mustela vison) fed a sulphuric acid preserved fish silage during lactation and growth period. II. Production and pathologic studies correlated to results of clinical-chemical studies

Earlier and present experiments have shown detrimental influence of sulphuric acid preserved fish in mink feed on production parameters, early kit growth and kit mortality. Comparison of the production parameters with clinical-chemical parametres and pathological-anatomical findings give a picture of the tolerated amount of sulphuric acid preserved fish silage in the mink feed during different production periods. It seems that the animals tolerate only small amounts of sulphuric acid preserved fish silage (5-8 per cent) in the total feed during the stress periods of reproduction, lactation and early kit growth but higher amounts (20-30 per cent) during late growth period, where the need of feed is high.     

酶制剂在母狐貉饲料中的应用效果

近些年因毛皮动物养殖业的发展,出现了对小鱼、小虾等幼龄水产品的过度捕捞情况,使淡水鱼类资源遭到严重破坏,饲料的价格高涨,养殖成本增加,降低了养殖户经济效益。针对此现状,本试验通过不同酶制剂的应用,以植物蛋白源和鱼粉来替代狐貉日粮中的新鲜动物饲料,最终达到减轻环境压力,降低饲养成本,提高狐貉养殖经济效益的目的。     

Association between porpoise presence and fish choruses: implications for feeding strategies and ecosystem-based conservation of the East Asian finless porpoise

The associations between feeding activities and environmental variables inform animal feeding tactics that maximize energetic gains by minimizing energy costs while maximizing feeding success. Relevant studies in aquatic animals, particularly marine mammals, are scarce due to difficulties in the observation of feeding behaviors in aquatic environments. This data scarcity concurrently hinders ecosystem-based fishery management in the context of small toothed-cetacean conservation. In the present study, a passive acoustic monitoring station was deployed in an East Asian finless porpoise habitat in Laizhou Bay to investigate potential relationships between East Asian finless porpoises and their prey. The data revealed that porpoises were acoustically present nearly every day during the survey period. Porpoise detection rates differed between spring and autumn in concert with activities of fish choruses. During spring, fish choruses were present throughout the afternoon, and this was the time when porpoise vocalizations were the most frequently detected. During autumn, when fish choruses were absent, porpoise detection rates decreased, and diurnal patterns were not detected. The close association between fish choruses and finless porpoise activities implies an “eavesdropping” feeding strategy to maximize energetic gains, similar to other toothed cetaceans that are known to engage similar feeding strategies. Underwater noise pollution, particularly those masking fish choruses, could interrupt finless porpoises’ feeding success. Fisheries competing soniferous fishes with finless porpoise could impact finless porpoise viability through ecosystem disruption, in addition to fishing gear entanglement.     

Effects of variable periods of food deprivation on the development of enteric septicemia in channel catfish

Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri, is the most significant bacterial disease affecting channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Withholding feed during outbreaks of ESC is a widely accepted industry practice used to control losses from the disease. Scientific evidence concerning the validity of the practice is contradictory. Two studies were conducted to further evaluate the survival of channel catfish fingerlings following variable periods of feed deprivation before and after exposure to E. ictaluri in controlled aquarium experiments. In the first study, feed was withheld for varying time periods before bacterial challenge. After bacterial challenge, feed was either withheld or fish were fed daily. The second study utilized fish fed daily or fish deprived of feed 7 d before bacterial challenge. Daily feeding was resumed 4, 48, and 96 h after fish were exposed to E. ictaluri. In both experiments, the prechallenge feed treatments did not affect mortality. In contrast, withholding feed after bacterial challenge reduced mortalities by 52% in experiment 1 and by 45% in experiment 2. The highest mortality was observed when fish were fed immediately after immersion exposure and the lowest when fish were completely denied feed or fed daily starting 96 h after challenge. This reduction in mortality occurred when the concentration of E. ictaluri in aquarium water was negligible. These data suggest that when E. ictaluri is present in the water, feeding fish increases mortality by enhancing oral exposure to the pathogen.     

家蚕保存系统广食性种质的检出与培育

采用终龄起蚕用甘蓝型白菜饷食的办法，对600多个家蚕保存系统进行了广食性检测。不同系统对检测食物的摄食反应差异很大，共在50个品系的饲育区中观察到了取食个体。分别采集摄食个体自交继代，经过筛选，从中建立了10个广食性资源品系。优先对表现优良的GS01进行连续多代复选，获得了摄食率达到或接近100％的蛾区。该系统对人工饲料具有优良摄食性，进行全龄人工饲料育能顺利结茧、羽化；而用同样的人工饲料饲育不取食甘蓝叶的12-010则在l龄中死亡。将显性遗传的GS01广食主基因导入实用品种，进行了广食性基础蚕品种的初步培育。     

Fat characteristics of pigs fed fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids.

Sixteen pigs averaging 81.4 kg were assigned to a control diet and three test diets containing 2, 4, or 6% fish oil. Subcutaneous fat samples from the loin were obtained by biopsy at weekly intervals and analyzed for fatty acid composition. The pigs were maintained on the diets (ad libitum access to feed) for 4 wk before slaughter at an average weight of 107.8 kg. Outer and inner layers of backfat, perirenal fat, and intermuscular fat were obtained from the carcass and analyzed for physicochemical characteristics. In the biopsy samples, the contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in fat from pigs fed fish oil began to increase during the 1st wk. Rates of increase were greater during the first 2 wk than during the last 2 wk. In the carcass samples, the increase in EPA and DHA in all fat tissues analyzed became greater as the supplemental levels of fish oil were increased in the diet, whereas oleic and linoleic acids tended to be decreased by increases in EPA and DHA. Color of fat was not significantly different among the control and fish oil groups. With the increase in fish oil in the diet, the hardness of fat measured with a texturometer was decreased. The refractive index and the iodine number were increased. As for differences among anatomical locations, it was noted that EPA and DHA contents of perirenal fat were higher than those of backfat and intermuscular fat. These results indicate that porcine adipose tissues rich in EPA and DHA can be produced by feeding fish oil.     

The formaldehyde content in fish in relation to anemia in mink (author's transl)]

The fish-induced anemia in mink is an alimentary disease produced by feeding high amounts of some raw marine fishes. The anemiogenic properties of the fish has been related mainly to its content of the iron binding agent-trimethylaminoxide. The aim of the present investigation was to examine how far formaldehyde could also play a part as an anemiogenic factor. The content of formaldehyde has been analysed in all species of raw, cold stored fish known to be used in mink food and in a few samples of ready made food (Table II). The content of formaldehyde varied within wide limits from 12 to 105 ppm, but none of the measured contents reached the high values obtained by Costly (1970). The mean values of formaldehyde in gutted coalfish, fillet waste of coal fish, cod and haddock prepared for the feeding experiments, were all close to 50 ppm. 175 female mink and 632 mits were tested during the whole of the breeding period from 15.2-30.6, 80 per cent of the diet (page 1) was fish products with and without supplements of formaldehyde. Amounts from 200 to 50 ppm were tried (Table I). The supplement of 200 ppm formaldehyde had an appetite-decreasing and anemiogenic effect, but the supplement of 50 ppm, i.e. a formaldehyde content up to the highest value observed in fillet waste, had no effect on appetite or hemoglobin synthesis neither in females nor in kits. This content of formaldehyde did not counteract the anti-anemiogenic effect of iron glutamate. The fish-induced anemia occurred in mink thus appears unaffected by the quantities of formaldehyde found in fish diets to fur bearing animals. Triox must be regarded as the dominant anemiogenic factor in raw fish diets.     

Preliminary investigation on the nutritive value of krill meal in the feed of broiler chickens and laying hens.

Krill meal was used as a protein feed in rations for broiler chickens and laying hens and its nutritional effectiveness was studied in comparison with conventional feed-stuffs of animal origin. In experiments with 650 broiler chickens from 1 to 28 and from 29 to 56 days to fattening krill meal was added to the standard feedmixture in lieu of fish meal, and dried skim-milk, and at higher levels also in lieu of soyabean oilmeal. In the experiment with 22 layer hens kept in individual cages 3% of the fish meal were substituted by 3% of krill meal. The performance of chickens fed on diets with krill meal was lower in comparison with analogical groups fed on fish meal. Higher levels of krill meal, exceeding 15 and 11% in the first and second period of feeding respectively, reduced the weight gains and feed intake of chickens. The fatty acid C14, C18 and C18:1 content of internal body fat was changed in chickens fed on higher levels of krill meal. In the experiment with hens krill meal decreased the feed efficiency, the pigmentation of egg yolks, however, was more intensive and the vitamin A content of yolks was increased in comparison with the control group. The results show that krill meal can be used as a partial substitute of fish meal in the feed of broilers and hens.     

Preliminary investigation of a possible lung worm (Parafilaroides decorus), fish (Girella nigricans), and marine mammal (Callorhinus ursinus) cycle for San Miguel sea lion virus type 5

Colostrum-deprived neonatal Northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus) were exposed to San Miguel sea lion virus type 5 (SMSV-5) by feeding them fish (Girella nigricans) infected with virus or fish infected with both the sea lion lung worm larvae (Parafilaroides decorus) and virus. Virus infection was demonstrated in 8 of 9 pups, and 1 of these developed a vesicular lesion on the flipper. In this sequence, P decorus larvae exposed to SMSV-5 were fed to G nigricans held at 15 C in a salt water aquarium; 32 days later, these fish were killed, then fed to the fur seal pups. The vesicle developed 22 days subsequent to this and SMSV-5 was reisolated from the lesion. The SMSV-5 was shown to persist for at least 23 days in infected neonatal fur seals. Attempts to establish P decorus infection in Northern fur seal pups were apparently unsuccessful.     

牛蒡寡糖促进大菱鲆生长的研究

以从牛蒡根中提取的牛蒡寡糖作为鱼类饲料添加剂,探讨其对大菱鲆(Scophthalmusmaximus)生长的影响。经过不同剂量(0、1.0%、2.0%、5.0%)的4组饲养试验,分别从每组随机抽取鱼体,测定其生长指标和鱼体生化成分。结果表明,在饲养的各个阶段中试验组鱼的平均体重、体长均较对照组有不同程度地提高;养殖100d时,各试验组鱼的增重率、增长率和饲料转化率均明显高于对照组。对试验鱼全鱼体成分的分析表明:添加牛蒡寡糖的试验组大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗蛋白含量均比对照组有所提高,而粗脂肪、灰分含量比对照组降低较大幅度。说明饲料中添加牛蒡寡糖可显著促进鱼的生长,提高鱼对饲料的利用率,还能够有效地改善鱼体的营养成分和增强肌肉品质,其适宜添加量为2.0%。     

The replacement of skim milk in the diet of young pigs with an extremely short suckling period. 3. Report. Use of liquid substitute feed on the basis of skim milk, fish meal and wheat under production conditions]

A trial was performed in which 273 piglets received a liquid milk diet between the 12th and 30th day of age. This was compared with a liquid experimental diet, in which 60% of the milk was replaced by fish meal and wheat. Both diets were given as sole feed under practical feeding conditions. The experimental diet produced a weight increase of 81,9% relative to that of the milk diet; milk consumption was 53.7% the required amount of dry matter 117.4%, milk consumption per kg of weight gain 61.5% and expenditure on feed per kg of weight gain 78%. The general growth development of the piglets was quite good irrespective of the different rates of weight increase. The weight gains after 30 days were 6.6 kg+/-1.5 kg for the experimental diet and 7.0 kg+/-1.2 kg for the milk diet. Losses among the piglets amounted to 0.7% and 2.9%. On the basis of the results of the present trial and of previous experiments the authors believe that under practical conditions of feeding 50% of the milk contained in a liquid milk diet fed to piglets that are 12 to 30 days of age could be replaced by wheat and fish meal.     

Dietary Supplementation with Allspice Pimenta dioica Reduces the Occurrence of Streptococcal Disease during First Feeding of Mozambique Tilapia Fry

Abstract

Allspice Pimenta dioica as a feed additive was studied for its effects on growth performance and disease resistance in Mozambique Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Five isonitrogenous (36% crude protein) and isocaloric (18.5 kJ/g) diets were formulated to contain 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, or 20 g of allspice/kg of fish feed. In a 50-d feeding trial, 15 plastic tanks (21 L) were stocked with 35 fish fry (0.012 g) each. After the feeding trial, fish were exposed to Streptococcus iniae and mortalities were recorded. The second-order polynomial regression indicated that the dietary allspice level of 10 g/kg provided the best growth performance and feed utilization. The greatest survival after pathogen challenge was also obtained from the diet supplemented with allspice at 10 g/kg. Therefore, allspice acts as a growth promoter to improve feed utilization and weight gain in Mozambique Tilapia fry and acts an antimicrobial agent to enhance disease resistance during first feeding of fry. These results suggest that allspice can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in controlling streptococcal disease in tilapia culture.

Received October 19, 2012; accepted January 20, 2014     

丹麦水貂饲养业

通过对丹麦 3个大规模水貂饲养场、饲养加工厂、饲养设备加工厂、取皮设备加工厂的考察 ,初步了解和认识了丹麦水貂品种的特征特性 ,饲养管理和取皮加工的系统性 ,以及丹麦水貂养殖业的特点     

Protection against atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) by oral administration of humus extract

Humic substances are formed during the decomposition of organic matter in humus, and are found in many natural environments in which organic materials and microorganisms have been present. In the present study, oral administration of humus extract to common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) induced effective protection against experimental atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection. Mortality of fish and development of skin lesions such as hemorrhages and ulcers were significantly suppressed in carp treated with 10%, 5% or 1% humus extract adsorbed on dry feeding pellets. The median surviving days was also greater in fish treated with 10% or 5% humus extract than in untreated fish. Atypical A. salmonicida was isolated from ulcerative lesions of part of dead fish, but Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium sp. were also isolated from these fish, verifying bacterial population changes during the progression of skin lesions. These results clearly show that treatment of fish with humus extract is effective in preventing A. salmonicida disease.     

Nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand burden of waste water caused by trout raising influenced by the protein content of the feed]

A possibility was shown, how to quantify the water content of nitrogen and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) from intensive fish production, independent of flow rate and feeding time. The nitrogen excretion could be reduced 50% by feeding a protein reduced fish feed (A: 38.4% XP) compared with an fish feed B contending 47.9% protein (XP). The excretion-compartments were evaluated with the waste water parameter COD. Doing this, it could be shown that the COD input by feed A is reduced 20% in opposite to feed B. Further more the separation of fish faeces would achieve an COD reduction from about 50% to 70%.     

紫貂育成期饲用干配合饲料对其生长发育和营养利用率的影响

依据紫貂育成期饲粮适宜能量及蛋能比的研究结果,按原料比例不同,共设4个干配合料试验日粮配方。选用60～70日龄紫貂100只,随机分配到4个试验组和对照组(每组雄貂12只,雌貂8只)内。各试验组干配合料占日粮比例(占总能的％)为21％,对照组全喂鲜料。在饲养试验中期对40只幼貂(每组选雄貂4只,雌貂4只)进行消化代谢试验。结果表明,各试验组与对照组之问增重、毛皮质量、死亡率及自咬症发病率差异均不显著。各试验组与对照组间在能量消化率、能量代谢率上差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)。各试验组蛋白质消化率与对照组间差异极显著(P<0.01),而代谢率各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合分析表明,干配合饲料可部分替代鲜料。     

Feeding strategy with alternate fasting and refeeding: effects on farmed pacu production

A 36-day trial was conducted to determine the effects of repetitive periods of food restriction and refeeding on growth and energy metabolism in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A total 264 juvenile fish (36.9±2.8 g) were fed with the experimental diet for 36 days using three regimes: (i) feeding daily to satiation (FD); (ii) no feed for 3 days, then feeding the same amount offered to the control groups for the next 3 days (NF/R controlled); and (iii) no feed for 3 days, then feeding to apparent satiation for the next 3 days (NF/R at satiation). The treatments were distributed into four tanks each. WG and SGR were higher in FD group. Fish refed showed hyperphagia just up to the second day of refeeding. The worst feed conversion rate and the lowest protein efficiency ratio were found in fish NF/R controlled. The lowest values of visceral fat somatic index were found in both fasted fish groups, particularly in NF/R at satiation. The LL and glycogen concentrations, and the hepatosomatic index were all elevated in both feed restricted fish. Muscle lipid showed a tendency to decrease after the cycle of fasting and refeeding. Plasma free fatty acids and glucose levels were elevated in fish subjected to feeding restrictions while serum triglycerides levels were reduced. Triiodothyronine levels were significantly depressed in fish from the NF/R-controlled group and remained at the same levels as the control fish in fish NF/R at satiation. Results indicated that fish subjected to cyclic periods of 3-day satiation or controlled feeding after 3-days of fasting were unable to achieve the final body weight of fish fed to satiation after 36 days.     

Fermented and nonfermented liquid feed to growing pigs: effect on aspects of gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance

The effect of feeding dry feed (DF), nonfermented liquid feed (NFLF), and fermented liquid feed (FLF) to growing pigs on aspects of gastrointestinal ecology and on performance was investigated. Nonfermented liquid feed was prepared by mixing feed and water at a ratio of 1:2.5 immediately before feeding. Fermented liquid feed was prepared by mixing feed and water in the same ratio as NFLF, and stored in a tank at 20 degrees C for 4 d, after which half the volume was removed twice daily at each feeding and replaced with the same volume of feed and water mixture. A total of 60 pigs (initial BW of 30.7 kg) from 20 litters was used. Twenty pigs, housed individually, were allotted to each of the diets and fed restrictively. Five pigs from each diet were sacrificed at an average BW of 112 kg and digesta from the gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract) was obtained to examine variables describing some aspects of the gastrointestinal ecology. Fermented liquid feed contained high levels of lactic acid bacteria (9.4 log cfu/g) and lactic acid (approximately 169 mmol/kg), low levels of enterobacteria (<3.2 log cfu/g), and had a low pH (4.4). Nonfermented liquid feed contained 7.2 log cfu/g of lactic acid bacteria, and 6.2 log cfu/g of enterobacteria, which indicated that fermentation had started in the feed. The pigs fed FLF had the lowest levels of enterobacteria along the GI-tract (<3.2 to 5.0 log cfu/g), and those fed NFLF the highest levels (5.7 to 6.6 log cfu/g; P < or = 0.02). Fermented liquid feed caused a decrease in gastric pH from 4.4 and 4.6 for DF and NLF, to 4.0 (P = 0.003), and increased numerically the gastric concentration of lactic acid (P = 0.17) from 50 to 60 mmol/kg in the DF and NFLF treatments to 113 mmol/kg in the FLF treatment. The animals fed NFLF showed the highest weight gain (995 g/d) and feed intake (2.14 kg/d), and those fed FLF the lowest values (weight gain, 931 g/d; feed intake, 1.96 kg/d; P = 0.003 for weight gain, and P < 0.001 for feed intake). The results from the present study indicate that feeding FLF as prepared here may be a valid feeding strategy to decrease the levels of enterobacteria in the GI-tract of growing pigs, whereas feeding liquid feed that has started to ferment (high levels of enterobacteria and high pH as with NFLF) increases the presence of these undesirable bacteria. Nonetheless, higher daily feed intake and body weight gain are obtained when feeding NFLF compared with feeding FLF or DF.     

降低生猪料肉比技术优化研究

降低料肉比，可以在饲喂量一定时多生产猪肉，提高生猪生长速度，既减少生产成本，又提高利润。本研究在配方发酵生物饲料的基础上，采用单因素试验和响应面中试优化，获得继续降低料肉比饲料饲养最佳优化参数为日粮赖氨酸10 g+蛋氨酸5 g、日饮小分子活性水用量1.0 L、日粮生物有机硒（以Se计）1.5 mg+维生素E 150 mg、日粮柠檬酸14 g，可将料肉比降低至2.4161：1，较大幅度降低了饲养成本，显著增加了利润。不仅如此，从试验饲喂开始到结束，没有一头试验猪患过疾病，表现抗病性强、精神好、食欲旺盛、皮毛油光发亮、猪肉鲜香，提高了养猪场和养猪户的收入和养猪抗风险能力。 [关键词] 生物猪饲料|营养剂|小分子活性水|料肉比|技术优化     

Investigation on trichothecene-stimulated lipid peroxidation and toxic effects of trichothecenes in animals

Three experiments were performed with mice intoxicated with trichothecene-contamined feed or directly into the stomach. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by the TBA value from liver samples, but since such a test seldom provided reliable results, lipid hydroperoxides and total carbonyl were also analyzed. The formation of aldehydes and ketones was compared in vivo and in vitro. The same investigations were conducted on chickens, rainbow trouts and numerous fur animals suspected of chronic intoxication by trichothecenes. The vitamin A concentration was used as a parameter to detect alterations caused in chickens by trichothecenes. Our investigation provided evidence that lipid peroxidation is associated with trichothecene poisoning. The T-2 toxin, even in small concentrations, seems to induce strong lipid peroxidation. When DON and 3-AcDON were given together at a dosage of 180 micrograms/kg feed, 1 week's feeding caused clear lipid peroxidation in mice. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that mycotoxins may already be present in the feed before any experiment is conducted.