古土壤地球化学的某些问题——黄土风化过程中元素的变化

对黄土中埋藏古土壤的研究有过许多报道^[2,5,8].但对黄土风化过程中元素的变化讨论则不多.笔者是在近年来对陕西洛川黄土剖面工作的基础上,讨论了不同类型古土壤中元素的含量与分布,古土壤剖面中元素的变化.并将古土壤的化学组成与黄土母质进行比较,进而论述了在古气候变迁的影响下,黄土剖面中元素迁移、积聚的地球化学特征.这对探讨黄土的堆积环境和生物气候条件的演变,以及地层划分等均有十分重要意义.     

甘肃东部地区黑垆土的发育演化模式与发生学特性的时空差异

本文研究了甘肃东部(亦称陇东)黄土塬区黑垆土的发育演化模式及成土速率与成土作用强度的时空变异规律。提出黑垆土叠加剖面的形成依次经历了古土壤发育、新冰期黄土粉尘堆积覆盖、人类耕作堆肥熟化三个阶段。埋藏古土壤普遍形成于距今7500-3500年高温期的温湿草原环境中,南部粘化黑垆土带还存在距今约13800-7500年的古土壤发育阶段,但此时的成土速率比中全新世小。同一阶段的成土速率和成土作用的强度南部比北部大。在新冰期(距今约3000-2500年)中黄土粉尘的加速堆积,是古土壤层被掩埋以及形成覆盖层的直接原因。具有普遍性的人为耕作熟化是在全新世黄土覆盖层上进行的,黑垆土剖面中不可能普遍存在古耕层。     

Genesis of gypsum enriched soils in north-west Isfahan,Iran

Most of gypsum-enriched soils in Isfahan and neighboring provinces occur on alluvial fans, dissected flood plains (old dissected alluvium)and piedmont plains. Herein we investigate the processes of formation and alteration of gypsic horizons and their pedofeatures. We described and sampled representative pedons on a transect from the mountain to the piedmont plain. In the study area, different gypsic pedofeatures have various kinds of internal lenticular cryslalitic fabrics. Micromorphologic observations confirmed that gypsic horizons have an evolutionary sequence across the different geomorphic surfaces from the upper fan to the piedmont plain. In primary stages (upper fan), gypsum crystals occur individually in the soil groundmass or as clusters in voids with idiotopic or xenotopic fabrics. Eventually, they form internal coatings or infillings and pendants (in middle and lower fans). In the more developed horizons (dissected flood plains or plateaus), the fibrous gypsum crystals are banded and perpendicularly distributed with reference to the gravels and soil surface. These loosely compacted fibers constitute the bulk of the soil materials, leaving non-gypsic particles as islands between crystals. In these pedofeatures, perpendicularly oriented fibrous crystals, with their lateral inter-connections give rise to a continuous three-dimensional firm structure.The fabric of these lenticular gypsum crystals is xenotopic or hyp-idiotopic. In the piedmont plain, the idiotopic crystals have no preferred orientation and have random distribution. Internal fabric of these pedofeatures is porphyrotopic. This study indicates that, physical environment plays a great role in formation of different gypsic pedofeatures.     

Parent material influence on soil distribution and genesis in a Paleudult and Kandiudult complex,southeastern USA

Parent materials greatly influence soil development and the distribution of soils on the southeastern US Coastal Plain. We examined the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of 11 pedons in a 1-ha plot on the Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA. Uniformity of parent materials was assessed by sand grain size characteristics. The soils have sandy epipedons of variable thickness and argillic horizons of variable texture. Six of the pedons also have kandic horizons. They are classified (US Soil Taxonomy) in Psammentic, Grossarenic, Arenic, and Typic subgroups of Paleudults and Kandiudults. Loamy pedons possess argillic horizons with two distinct increases in clay and greater differences between eluvial and illuvial horizons than sandy pedons. The upper boundary of the argillic horizon is approximately parallel to the present geomorphic surface, suggesting that it is associated with the contemporary surface. Discontinuities, identified by changes in sand grain size ratios and plots of the third (skewness) and fourth (kurtosis) moments of sand grain distribution, roughly correspond to the bottom of the solum. Our data suggest that there are both eolian and fluvial components in the solum, whereas subjacent horizons are completely derived from fluvial deposits. Sandier pedons have greater gibbsite/kaolinite ratios, possibly because greater permeability has enhanced leaching and Si loss. Our data suggest parent materials largely control soil distribution over this plot.     

Geomorphic features and soil formation of arid lands in Northeastern Jordan

Arid and semiarid lands occupy about one-third of the Earth's land surface. Interpretation of soil formation and geomorphic features of arid lands is needed to assess their soil ecological potentials, limitations, problems and management needs. The objective of this paper was to study the geomorphic features and soil formation of the arid lands in northeastern Jordan, to provide information that could be used by land managers in the study area and other arid land areas. Five representative soil pedons were excavated and described in the field. Soil samples from each horizon per pedon were taken to the laboratory for chemical and physical analyses. Geomorphic features of the area were also studied. Most of studied land surfaces are plains where eolian deflation has exposed loose gravels consisting predominantly of pebbles forming desert pavements. Desert pavements cover most of the land surface, excluding the mud playas, and are composed of basalt clasts. The accumulation of calcium carbonate and gypsum within these soils create problems for their agricultural development. Accumulation of eolian fine-grained silt has resulted in the formation of a vesicular horizon. The climatic variations during the late quaternary and the late Holocene periods contributed to the development of the desert pavement and the vesicular horizons. Clay illuviation and argillic horizon development within these soils is assumed to be a relict feature from more humid climates during the Quaternary. Sustainable agricultural development of such arid lands may not be easy. In general, these soils have high erodibility, high runoff generation potential, high susceptibility to seal and crust formation, poor water-holding capacity, pedon hardening and structural instability.     

河北38°N生态样带土壤有机碳特征

为阐明河北38°N生态样带土壤有机碳的空间分布特征,2011年9—10月,根据河北38°N带低山丘陵地区、山前平原地区和滨海低平原地区不同土地利用方式选取代表性样点,分层(0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm和60~100 cm)采集土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳含量。结果表明,河北38°N生态样带,低山丘陵地区土壤有机碳密度显著高于山前平原地区和滨海低平原地区,0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳密度分别为9.03 kg?m?2、4.26 kg?m?2和3.51 kg?m?2。低山丘陵地区与山前平原地区和滨海低平原地区土壤有机碳差异的部分原因是低山丘陵区灌丛土壤有机碳含量较高,明显提升了该地区的土壤有机碳水平。另外,低山丘陵地区林地和农田0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳含量也高于山前平原地区和滨海低平原地区;林地0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳含量在低山丘陵地区、山前平原地区和滨海低平原地区分别为19.45 g?kg?1、7.89 g?kg?1和7.55 g?kg?1,农田土壤有机碳含量在3个地区分别为7.70 g?kg?1、7.09 g?kg?1和6.00 g?kg?1。在整个生态样带上,土壤有机碳含量基本随土壤深度增加而不断减少,但各个地区不同土地利用方式减少的程度不同。低山丘陵地区0~40 cm土层内土壤有机碳含量变幅最大,其次为山前平原地区,滨海低平原地区变幅最小。低山丘陵地区灌丛土壤有机碳含量变化幅度最大,其次为林地,农田最小;山前平原地区土壤有机碳含量变化幅度农田略大于林地;滨海低平原地区土壤有机碳含量变化幅度林地最大,其次是荒地,农田最小。鉴于上述情况,从固碳和经济的双重角度考虑,提出以下建议:低山丘陵区大力发展林业产品和旅游业;山前平原区集中粮食生产,保证国家粮食安全;滨海地平原区加大土壤盐渍化改良,推广棉花种植。     

Micromorphology and classification of Argids and associated gypsiferous Aridisols from central Iran

Gypsiferous Aridisols occupy the largest area within the Iranian Aridisols. Information on the genesis and classification of these soils is rather limited. Objectives of this research were to study the micromorphology of the gypsic, argillic, and calcic horizons, to understand the mode of formation of gypsic horizon in three different landscapes, and to test the criteria of the most recently revised Soil Taxonomy and FAO classification system in selected gypsiferous Aridisols occurring in central Iran. A total of 15 representative pedons occurring on three different landscapes (colluvial fans, plateaus, and alluvial plain) were studied. Evidence of illuviation in the colluvial soils is provided by the increase in the clay content and the fine to total clay ratio in the subsoil and by the well-developed, but considerably disrupted, clay coatings observed in thin sections. In addition to pendants, gypsum occurs as microscopic-sized particles, such as single and radiating fibrous shaped particles, random lenticular and granular crystals, along channels and planar voids with no apparent orientation to the associated surface. Gypsum also occurs as relatively larger interlocking plates. The horizon sequence, together with their chemical and micromorphological properties, reveals that gypsum accumulated in different landscapes has different modes of formation. The coexistence of argillic, calcic, and gypsic horizons in colluvial soils is a peculiar combination, suggesting a multistage pedogenesis in this landscape. Paleo-argillic horizons were likely developed under a moister environment than today. This study has also shown that the most recently revised version of the American Soil Taxonomy and FAO soil classification can reasonably well classify these soils. However, there is still a need to modify the criteria of both classification systems at the lower levels, particularly for the classification of the soils that are polygenetic.     

成土作用及人为活动对水耕人为土钙镁行为的影响

The formation of Stagnic Anthrosols is closely related to rice planting and parent materials. Six representative pedons,two from each of three Stagnic Anthrosol subgroups, Vertic Haplic-, Vertic Gleyic-, and Sulfic Gleyic-Stagnic Anthrosols,from different parent materials and soil formation processes, from Liaoning Province, China, were selected and used along with additional supporting data to assess the potential impact in each soil subgroup combination of both pedogenic and anthropogenic factors on the migration and geochemical characteristics of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) and their relations to soil particle-size composition. Results revealed that exchangeable Mg was correlated positively with clay and silt content, but negatively with sand content, suggesting that clay and silt could retain more exchangeable Mg than sand. Also, in the six pedons exchangeable Ca/Mg ratios generally decreased with depth, which was most likely due to the preferential retention of Mg below the Apl horizon and the effects of bio-cycling in rice-soil systems. The pedons with high pH had smaller exchangeable Ca/Mg ratios than those with low pH. Thus, it was concluded that exchangeable Ca/Mg ratios could be helpful in classification of Stagnic Anthrosols.     

黄土地区非代换性钾与土壤发育的关系

黄土地区土壤类型和发育程度与土壤非代换性钾有关。本文初步研究了黄土地区主要土壤类型非代换性钾的变化。影响土壤非代换性钾含量和释放累积量的主要因素是土壤质地和有机质。粉砂粒、粘粒和有机质与非代换性钾呈正相关,而砂粒与非代换性钾呈负相关。土壤非代换性钾含量由北向南从66.71-84.62增到117.09-129.95mg/100g土;释放累积量由北向南从147.03-173.00增到251.18-346.08mg/100g土。说明黄土地区土壤非代换性钾的含量和释放累积量均从北向南逐渐增加。砂绵土和黄绵土,砂黑垆土和轻黑垆土的非代换性钾含量和释放累积量其剖面分布较均一;而粘黑垆土和黑(土娄)土的粘化层的非代换性钾含量和释放累积量高于耕作层和母质层,但因地形部位不同又存有一定差异。     

在MAF和DAP体系中土壤锌吸附的初步研究

本文研究了MAP和DAP对黄土土壤吸附锌的影响及生物效果。结果表明,MAP和DAP磷酸盐可以引起土壤平衡锌溶液pH的变化,从而影响着土壤吸附锌的模式。MAP减弱土壤的吸锌量;相反,DAP降低了锌的活性,增加了固锌量。这种影响对有机质和粘粒含量低的土壤尤为显著。生物试验结果表明,MAP不仅能促进植株对锌的吸收,而且,锌-磷交互效应显著;相反,DAP却减少了锌的吸收。锌-磷交互效应低。     

Paleosols in the moraine-mantle loam sequence of northeastern Europe: The memory of pedogenesis rates and evolution of the environment during OIS3

Morpho-analytical features of the paleocatena (a complexly organized heterochronous sequence), which contains 2 pedostratigraphical units: formed on the Holocene mantle loams Umbric Albeluvisol and the underlain Middle Valday (Wűrmian) paleopedocomplex developed on Moscowian (Riss II) moraine deposits, are described. The buried pedocomplex consisted of: 1) the paleohumus and paleogley (2Atgb–2Gtb–3Atgb) and 2) paleohumus (3Atgb–3AtGb) horizons. Thus, these pedostratigraphic units reflect two studies of pedogenesis marked by two paleohumus horizons. The horizons of the paleopedocomplex are separate parts of the profile classified as the Umbric Gley soil formed during OIS3. The ¹⁴C age of the three paleosol horizons varied between 24,350–30,900 yr BP. The studied paleopedocomplex is the only one known containing the Middle-Valday paleosol formed on moraine deposits, which is a clear sign of the northernmost occurrence of the Bryansk fossil soil in Europe. A detailed hierarchical morphological study of the paleopedocomplex, including meso- and submicromorphological and magnetic susceptibility analyses, allowed us to identify the Late Quaternary pedogenic processes under severe extra-continental climate, including gleyzation, aggregation, cracking and humus formation. Good preservation of these individual pedogenic processes is shown to be a soil memory under the overlapping press of Holocene pedogenesis. It was shown that the clay coating in the Middle Valday of the pedocomplex is a part of the Holocene soil formation. Based on the palynological data, it is possible to subdivide the development of paleovegetation of the area into four stages during which the paleosol horizons had being formed. At the beginning and the final stage of the Middle Valday, the forest–tundra landscapes with inclusions of tundra–steppe associations predominated. During the optimum of Bryansk Interstade, the periglacial pine-birch formations were widespread.     

Andosol to Luvisol evolution in Central Mexico: timing, mechanisms and environmental setting

Surface and buried Andosols and buried Luvisols of the Nevado de Toluca Late Quaternary tephra-paleosol sequence (Central Mexico) were studied to show whether these soils present an evolutionary sequence and to determine the pedogenic mechanisms and environmental factors involved in the evolutionary process. Micromorphological observations and mineralogical composition of fine sand and clay fractions were used to detect type and succession of soil-forming process. Some of the buried Andosols, defined as “intergrade” Andosols, have a predominantly blocky structure, humus-depleted areas, redoximorphic features and thin clay coatings in Ah horizons. Clay fractions of buried Andosols contain halloysite besides amorphous components, whereas in modern Andosols, allophane is dominant. Luvisols have micro-areas with granular structure and abundant phytoliths in the groundmass of Bt horizons assumed to be the relict Andosol features. Luvisol clay fractions are dominated by halloysite and kaolinite. Primary minerals show micromorphological weathering features in all studied soils being stronger in Luvisols; however, even in Luvisols, sand fractions consist mostly of unstable volcanic silicates. We hypothesise that the studied profiles form an evolutionary sequence: Andosols–“intergrade” Andosols–Luvisols; the soil transformation is supposed to be linked to progressive crystallisation of 1:1 clay minerals. Comparing the Nevado de Toluca paleosol properties with the existing data on volcanic soil climo- and chronesequences and assessing the regional paleopedological and lacustrine records of Quaternary paleoclimates, we concluded that wet/dry climatic oscillations took place during the formation of the studied paleosols. Rapid crystallisation of 1:1 minerals occurred during dry phases, which speeded up the Andosol to Luvisol transformation and made it independent from the primary mineral weathering status. The Andosol to Luvisol transformation accelerated by climatic fluctuations is thought to be a common soil evolutionary pathway in the subtropical and tropical regions of recent volcanism, which suffered contrasting precipitation oscillations in the Quaternary.     

三江平原白浆土发生学特性

本文对三江平原三个典型白浆土剖面的理化性质、土壤微形态和矿物学性质的研究，探讨了白浆土的发生学特性。土体中Ｚｒ／Ｓｒ和Ｔｉ／Ｚｒ比率的变异系数表明，所研究的土壤剖面其成土母质岩性是连续的。典型白浆土具有一个松软的表土层、一个漂白层和一个相当厚的粘化淀积层。研究还表明，粘粒的悬浮迁移是白浆土的主要成土过程。表层和白浆层在成土过程中有Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ结核形成，且是原地形成的，其Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ明显源于原生矿物的风     

悬着水位对铝硅酸盐的稳定性及土壤发生的影响

The mineral stability and solute activities of soil solution extracted from selected horizons of seven studied pedons of Alfisols in Kentucky, USA, and the relationship between distribution of iron-manganese concretions and the restrictive layers were investigated. The results showed that the genesis and development of these soils and mineral weathering trends were strongly influenced by the depth of bedrock and the presence of perched water tables at lithic (limestone) interfaces due to the dissolution and buffering effect of limestone bedrock. The extractable Mg/Ca ratio as depth function and soil depth above bedrock could be used as indices of weathering and degree of soil development. Maximum iron-manganese concretion accumulation was found to occur in the horizon overlying clay horizon (>40% clay) with a sharp increase in clay content (>10%), which suggested that zones of Fe-Mn concretion accumulation in soils of the Inner Bluegrass Region appeared to be a sensitive genetic indicator of argillic horizons with restrictive permeability.     

Age and activation of microbial communities in soils under burial mounds and in recent surface soils of steppe zone

Chestnut paleosols buried under steppe kurgans about 4800, 4000, and 2000 years ago and their background analogues were studied in the dry steppe zone on the Volga-Don interfluve. Morphological, chemical, microbiological, biochemical, and radiocarbon studies were performed. Paleoclimatic conditions in the region were reconstructed on the basis of paleosol data. The ages of microbial fractions isolated from the buried and surface soils were determined using the method of ¹⁴C atomic mass-spectrometry. It reached 2100 years in the A1 horizon of the buried paleosol, which corresponded to the archaeological age of the kurgan (1st century AD). The ages of microbial biomass isolated from the B2 horizons of the buried paleosol and the background surface soil comprised 3680 ± 35 and 3300 ± 30 years, respectively. The obtained data confirmed our assumption about preservation of microorganisms of the past epochs in the paleosols buried under archaeological monuments. It is ensured by various mechanisms of adaptation of soil microbial communities to unfavorable environmental conditions (anabiosis, transformation of bacteria into nanoforms, etc.). The possibility to stimulate germination of the ancient dormant microbial pool isolated from the buried paleosols by 2–3 orders of magnitude with the use of β-indolyl-3-acetic acid as a signal substance was demonstrated.     

Morphology,composition and age of a buried paleosol,front range,Colorado, U.S.A.

A turf-banked lobe with a ground soil of post-Pinedale age overlies a buried paleosol which, although thin, appears to have been developed in situ. Organic matter from the Ab horizon of the paleosol yields a radiocarbon age of $\text{10,400 ± 400}\text{yrs}$ BP (Gak-3823) which corresponds with the waning stages of the Pinedale Glaciation in the Rocky Mountains. Abundant kaolinite and high amounts of silt and clay suggest that it may have developed over a long time interval.     

西安少陵塬黄土—古土壤序列S_3剖面元素迁移及古气候意义

以西安少陵塬S3古土壤剖面为研究对象,通过地球化学分析并结合野外剖面观察,探讨该剖面的元素迁移、化学风化特征及其所揭示的气候变化等问题。结果表明:(1)少陵塬剖面S3黏化层具有3层结构,根据铁质胶膜发育、Ca CO3迁移等可以将S3剖面构型划分为黏化层(Bts1-Bts2-Bts3)、风化淋滤黄土层(BC)和Ca CO3结核淀积层(Bck);(2)Bts层Ca O与Ca CO3迁移程度最大,淋失率分别达到了-99.3%、-83.1%,Sr、Na2O和Mg O也发生了显著迁移,而Fe2O3、Al2O3和Rb则在黏化层略有富集,尤其Fe2O3和Al2O3在Bts3层有明显富集;(3)少陵塬S3古土壤介于初等风化向中等强度风化的过渡阶段,风化作用由BC→Bts2→Bts1→Bts3逐渐增强,Bts3已基本完成初期脱Ca、Na风化过程;(4)依据Ca CO3与Fe2O3的迁移富集特点确定,少陵塬剖面S3古土壤Bts3发育时的土壤为弱碱性,而Bts1和Bts2为碱性;初步确定少陵塬S3为黄褐土,S3发育时期西安地区的年均降水量为800 mm左右。     

Sangamon paleosols of southwestern Indiana,U.S.A.

In southwestern Indiana, the Sangamon paleosol transgresses Illinoian glacial drift and weathered bedrock of Pennsylvanian and Mississippian ages in an unglaciated area. The paleosol is buried beneath Wisconsin age loess that thins from 3.2 to 0.5 m in a distance of 83 km eastward from the Wabash River Valley. The buried soil is redder, has more clay in the illuvial horizon, and also has a thicker solum than overlying ground soils formed in loess. Base saturation and pH states of the paleosol relate to secondary enrichment after burial. Free iron-oxide content relates to redder colors and is a genetic property of the buried soils. Greater depletion of illite and chlorite in the paleosol shows that it is more weathered than the overlying ground soil. Pedologic contrasts permit recognition of the Sangamon stage as an event of greater magnitude in the Quaternary than all postloess and Recent time in southwestern Indiana.The Sangamon paleosol has the redder colors and forest-soil profiles on well-aerated, upland, paleogeomorphic sites for a distance of 1000 km to the west. The Sangamon environment probably was uniformly warm, humid forest and woodland not unlike the climatic-vegetation pattern in southern United States today. The present ground soils have more diverse patterns ranging from forest soils in Indiana westward through grassland prairie soils to grassland chernozemic soils of the easternmost Great Plains and with related humid to dry subhumid climates.     

Upper Permian paleosols developed from limestone in the middle reaches of the Volga River: Morphology and genesis

The results of the study of paleosols preserved in the Upper Permian deposits in the central part of the Russian plate are presented. The paleosol profiles consist of the medium loamy dark brown BMg,ca horizon and the hard cemented calcareous Mm,ca and Mca horizons. The imprints of plant roots in the Mm,ca horizon and in the upper part of the Mca horizon serve as a vivid diagnostic feature of these paleosols. Two paleosol morphotypes are distinguished according to the development of the structural-metamorphic BMg,ca horizon and the micromorphological features. These paleosols were developed from highly calcareous lacustrine deposits that were initially loose and then subjected to cementation. The processes of leaching and redistribution of carbonates, as well as the development of the soil structure, vertic properties, eluvialgley processes, lessivage, and soil creep, can be identified in the studied paleosols. They bear the record of the geomorphic conditions on a flat plain with recurrently drying inland water reservoirs in a semiarid paleoclimate with well-pronounced seasons.