Isolation and characterization of orf viruses from Korean black goats

Five cases of orf virus infection in Korean black goats were diagnosed in our laboratory between 2010 and 2011. One orf virus (ORF/2011) was isolated from an ovine testis cell line (OA3.Ts) for use as a vaccine candidate. Sequences of the major envelope protein and orf virus interferon resistance genes were determined and compared with published reference sequences. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that orf viruses from Korean black goats were most closely related to an isolate (ORF/09/Korea) from dairy goats in Korea. This result indicates that the orf viruses might have been introduced from dairy goats into the Korean black goat population.     

Comparative study on the aflatoxin B1 degradation ability of rumen fluid from Holstein steers and Korean native goats

The aflatoxin B1 degrading abilities of two different ruminants were compared in this study. One set of experiments evaluated the aflatoxin B1 degradation ability of different rumen fluid donors (steers vs. goats) as well as the rumen fluid filtration method (cheese cloth filtered vs. 0.45 µm Millipore) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Additional studies examined aflatoxin B1 degradation by collecting rumen fluid at different times (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h) after feeding. Cannulated Holstein steers (740 ± 10 kg bw) and Korean native goats (26 ± 3 kg bw) were fed a 60% timothy and 40% commercial diet with free access to water. Rumen fluid from Korean native goats demonstrated higher (p < 0.01) aflatoxin B1 degradability than Holstein steers. However, filtration method had no significant influence on degradability. In addition, aflatoxin degradation did not depend upon rumen fluid collection time after feeding, as no significant differences were observed. Finally, a comparison of two types of diet high in roughage found aflatoxin degradability in goats was higher with timothy hay opposed to rice straw, although individual variation existed. Thus, our findings showed the aflatoxin degradability is comparatively higher in goats compared to steers.     

大足黑山羊与其他山羊品种血液生理生化指标的比较分析

为了研究大足黑山羊血液生理生化指标与其他羊种的差异,试验采用全自动血液细胞分析仪和全自动生化分析仪测定了大足黑山羊、南江黄羊和萨能奶山羊的31个血液生理生化指标,并与其他山羊进行比较分析。结果表明:不同山羊品种部分生理生化指标比较接近,但一些主要的生化指标也存在着一定差异。说明不同品种山羊在生长的地理环境、适应能力、免疫能力、营养水平、生长速度、生产性能等方面存在差异。     

Effects of heat exposure on nutrient digestibility, rumen contraction and hormone secretion in goats

The present study investigated changes in nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, behavior and hormone (growth hormone (GH), insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1)) secretion among goats (three male goats) in a hot environment (H, 35 ± 1.2°C; relative humidity (RH), 80 ± 7.2%; 13 days), in a thermoneutral environment (T, 20 ± 0.6°C; RH, 80 ± 3.4%; 20 days), and in a thermoneutral environment accompanied by the same restricted diet as provided in the hot environment (TR, 20 ± 0.6°C; RH, 80 ± 3.4%; 20 days). The following results were obtained: rectal temperature and water intake were higher in the H treatment than in the T treatment or TR treatment, while hay consumption was lower. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber digestibility was highest in H treatment. The concentrations of acetic acid and butyric acid in the rumen was also highest in the H treatment. Time spent eating in the H treatment was also the highest, followed in order by T treatment and TR treatment. Ruminating time was lower in H treatment than in T treatment or TR treatment, and reposing time was highest in the TR treatment. When eating and ruminating, the amplitude values of the rumen contraction were lowest in the H treatment, as was the frequency of rumen contraction. Excretion of plastic particles was faster in T treatment and TR treatment than H treatment. Heat exposure was associated with world lowered concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and acetic acid in plasma. The plasma glucose concentration was highest in the T treatment, followed in order by TR treatment and H treatment. The plasma GH concentration was lowest in the H treatment, while the plasma insulin was highest in the H treatment. The IGF‐1 concentration was highest in the H treatment, followed in order by T treatment and TR treatment. In conclusion, heat exposure in goats decreased feed intake and rumen contraction, but increased digestibility. However, when goats in a thermoneutral environment received the same restricted feeding as they received in the hot environment, digestibility increased without a change in rumen contraction. Between the H treatment and TR treatment, the changes in digestibility were accomplished by coordinate changes in hormone secretion in order to maintain body homeostasis.     

半胱胺对绒山羊瘤胃及盲肠内环境的影响

本试验选用4头6月龄、平均体重为16kg左右、安装永久性瘤胃瘘管和盲肠瘘管的辽宁绒山羊,平均分为半胱胺组和对照组,观察辽宁绒山羊瘤胃及盲肠内环境的变化。结果表明:半胱胺组瘤胃pH较对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。半胱胺组瘤胃NH3-N浓度、瘤胃蛋白浓度较对照组差异显著(P0.05);盲肠pH、蛋白浓度半胱胺组较对照组均差异不显著(P0.05)。本试验结果提示,添加半胱胺后可改变瘤胃内环境,有利于瘤胃微生物蛋白的合成。     

青贮饲用油菜对育肥期山羊瘤胃发酵参数及微生物多样性的影响

本试验旨在研究青贮饲用油菜对山羊瘤胃发酵参数及微生物多样性的影响。将24只3月龄左右宜昌白山羊[平均体重(14.83±0.32) kg,公母各半]随机分为2组。试验组饲喂含有青贮饲用油菜的全混合饲粮,对照组饲喂含有青贮全株玉米的全混合饲粮,预试期7 d,正饲期90 d。试验结束时,每组屠宰6只羊,取瘤胃液测定pH、氨态氮、瘤胃液菌体蛋白质、挥发性脂肪酸等指标,并采用16S高通量测序方法分析瘤胃中菌群结构。结果表明,试验组与对照组山羊的平均日增重、干物质采食量和料重比无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验组与对照组间山羊瘤胃液pH值、氨态氮无显著差异(P>0.05);试验组山羊瘤胃液菌体蛋白含量和异丁酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其他挥发性脂肪酸含量差异不显著(P>0.05);瘤胃菌群结构分析结果表明,试验组和对照组相对丰度大于0.1%的菌门,分别有15和14个,两组中共有的菌门按照丰度排序依次是拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、变形菌门、螺旋体门和Saccharibacteria,但各菌门丰度组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。属水平上,两个组山羊瘤胃液中普雷沃氏菌属的微生物含量均最多。试验组与对照组有显著差异的菌群Prevotella_1丰度从21.10%减少到16.66%,模糊分类群丰度从1.95%增加到3.19%(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲喂青贮饲用油菜能保持山羊瘤胃内环境及微生物菌群结构稳定,维持瘤胃正常发酵。     

日粮添加包被尿素对乳山羊泌乳性能、乳成分及瘤胃发酵参数的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加包被尿素替代豆粕对乳山羊泌乳性能、养分摄入、乳成分及瘤胃发酵参数的影响.试验将32头平均泌乳期为(68±3)d的乳山羊随机分为2组,每组16头,每组8个重复(2头/重复).对照组饲喂玉米-青贮玉米-豆粕型全混合日粮,处理组饲喂用30％包被尿素替代豆粕的全混合日粮,饲养试验持续5周.结果:日粮添加30...     

Effects of blend of canola oil and palm oil on nutrient intake and digestibility,growth performance,rumen fermentation and fatty acids in goats

The study examined the effects of blend of 80% canola oil and 20% palm oil (BCPO) on nutrient intake and digestibility, growth performance, rumen fermentation and fatty acids (FA) in goats. Twenty‐four Boer bucks were randomly assigned to diets containing 0, 4 and 8% BCPO on a dry matter basis, fed for 100 days and slaughtered. Diet did not affect feed efficiency, growth performance, intake and digestibility of all nutrients except ether extract. Intakes and digestibilities of ether extract, unsaturated fatty acids (FA) and total FA were higher (P < 0.05) while digestibility of C18:0 was lower (P < 0.05) in oil‐fed goats than the control goats. Total volatile FA, acetate, butyrate, acetate/propionate ratio and methane decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing BCPO but propionate, NH₃‐N and rumen pH did not differ between diets. Ruminal concentration of C18:0, n‐3 FA and total FA increased (P < 0.05) while C12:0, C14:0, C15:0 and n‐6 FA decreased with increasing BCPO. Analysis of the FA composition of Triceps brachii muscle showed that concentrations of C16:0, C14:0 and C18:2n‐6 were lower (P < 0.05) while C18:1n‐9, C18:3n‐3 and C20:5n‐3 were higher in oil‐fed goats compared with control goats. Dietary BCPO altered muscle lipids without having detrimental effects on nutrient intake and digestibility and growth performance in goats.     

不同饲粮条件下湖北黑头羊瘤胃细菌多样性及群落结构分析

旨在研究不同饲粮条件下湖北黑头羊瘤胃细菌多样性及群落结构。选取15只健康的湖北黑头山羊公羊,随机分为5组,每组3只,分别饲喂花生藤(A组)、苜蓿(B组)、苜蓿+花生藤(C组)为粗饲料来源的颗粒型全混合日粮以及进口苜蓿草颗粒(D组)和新疆苜蓿草颗粒(E组),试验期共45 d,其中预试期15 d。在试验结束后第1天,经口腔抽取瘤胃液抽提基因组DNA,采用Illumina Miseq PE300平台对瘤胃细菌进行分析。结果表明:1)在97%相似性水平下,5组样品共产生851个操作分类单元(OTU),共享295个OTU,占瘤胃液细菌总OTU数目的34.67%,D组在各组中α多样性指数指标(Ace指数、Chao1指数和Shannnon指数)最高,而3组颗粒型全混合日粮中A、C组高于B组(P<0.05,P<0.01);2)瘤胃中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、无壁菌门(Tenericutes)为各组优势菌门,D组中的拟杆菌门显著高于B组(P<0.05),而厚壁菌门显著低于D组(P<0.05),而A、B、C组间拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门含量差异不显著(P>0.05);3)普雷沃氏菌属1(Prevotella_1)、1种未鉴定的属(Unidentified genus)、理研菌属RC9(Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group)为优势菌属,其中D组普雷沃氏菌属含量较高,A组与C组,D组与E组的遗传距离更接近。综合得出,苜蓿草颗粒品质和颗粒型全混合日粮中精料含量能影响湖北黑头羊瘤胃细菌的多样性;全苜蓿饲粮条件下湖北黑头羊瘤胃存在独特的细菌群落结构,细菌多样性最高。     

饲粮蛋白质水平对重庆黑山羊生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

以3~6月龄重庆黑山羊为试验动物,配制了粗蛋白质水平分别为8.23%、10.42%和12.52%的饲粮,进行了饲养试验、血清生化指标测定。结果表明:(1)随着饲粮中粗蛋白质水平的提高,各组山羊的日增重有增加的趋势,高蛋白质组极显著高于低蛋白质组(P<0.01)、显著高于中蛋白质组(P<0.05),中蛋白质组与低蛋白质组差异不显著(P>0.05);各组的日采食量有提高趋势,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);各组饲料转化率有提高趋势,高蛋白质组极显著高于低蛋白质组(P<0.01),其余各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);低蛋白质组肥育毛利润比中蛋白质组低13.83%,而高蛋白质组比中蛋白质组高17.22%。(2)随着饲粮中蛋白质水平的提高,各组山羊血清中的尿素氮、转氨酶有增加的趋势,前白蛋白、总蛋白变化不大。     

不同类型油脂对黑山羊生长、屠宰性能及胴体品质的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加大豆油、葵花油和芝麻油对黑山羊生长和屠宰性能、养分摄入量及胴体品质的影响。试验选择健康、平均体重为(19.5±0.38)kg的黑山羊30头,随机分为3组,每组10头,每头羊作为1个重复。日粮采用以玉米、小麦、大麦和豆粕为主的全混合日粮,各组日粮中分别添加3%大豆油、葵花油和芝麻油,各组日粮主要营养成分保持一致,试验进行15周。结果 :葵花油组较大豆油和芝麻油组显著降低了干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维的摄入量(P <0.05),豆油和芝麻油组显著提高了黑山羊的增重(P <0.05),芝麻油组较大豆油和葵花油组料比最低(P <0.05)。大豆油和芝麻油组较葵花油组显著提高了黑山羊的空腹体重(P <0.05),但葵花油和芝麻油组较大豆油组显著提高了肉羊的热胴体、冷胴体重量(P <0.05)。芝麻油组较其他两组显著提高了肝重和肾脏脂肪含量(P <0.05),同时显著降低了胃重和肠系膜脂肪含量(P <0.05)。芝麻油组较大豆油和葵花油组显著提高了肉羊眼肌宽度、眼肌深度和眼肌面积(P <0.05)。结论 :日粮添加芝麻油可以降低黑山羊的料肉比,提高营养物质的摄入量和屠宰性能,改善眼肌质量。     

努比亚黑山羊生态养殖富硒饲料配方优化及经济效益分析

为筛选努比亚黑山羊最适富硒饲料配方,试验选择50只健康努比亚黑山羊,随机分为5组,每组10只羊;采用不同的富硒饲料配方组成,舍饲圈养条件下进行努比亚黑山羊生态养殖的富硒饲料配方优化试验,对每组配方进行经济效益分析。预试期10 d,正式试验期90 d。结果显示,各组试验羊初重、末重、平均日采食量及料重比均无显著差异(P>0.05);A组试验羊平均日增重最高,显著高于B、D两组(P<0.05);D组试验羊发病率较高,为0.33%;A组、B组和E组试验羊试验过程中均未发病;A组净收入最高,为6 909.72元;D组最低,净收入为6 309.50元;A组成本最高;经计算,投资收益率以B组最高,E组次之,D组最低。研究表明,努比亚黑山羊富硒生态养殖追求较高净收入,可选择A组的富硒饲料配方;若考虑成本制约,可选择投资较少、收益率较高的B组或E组的富硒饲料配方。     

中药复方制剂“促免增重颗粒”对云岭黑山羊血液生理生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨中药复方制剂促免增重颗粒对云岭黑山羊血液生理生化指标的影响。选择6-12月龄云岭黑山羊40只,按照体重相近的原则随机分为4个组,每组10只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,促免增重颗粒组、四君子散组、强壮散组分别在精料中添加促免增重颗粒、四君子散和强壮散,预饲期为7 d,正试期为60 d。在正试期第0、30和60天采样,检测血液学和血液生化指标。结果显示,促免增重颗粒对云岭黑山羊血液生理生化指标有一定影响,表明促免增重颗粒有提高免疫功能的作用。     

乐至黑山羊与营山黑山羊杂交改良效果初探

本试验利用乐至黑山羊(父本)杂交改良营山黑山羊(母本)以提高生产性能。分别测定了两品种羊及乐×营杂交一代羊6月龄的体高、体长、胸围、胸宽和管围以及2月龄、6月龄、12月龄和24月龄的体重,结果表明:杂交一代羊的所有指标明显高于营山黑山羊(P0.05),其中6月龄杂交一代公羊的体高、体长、体重、胸围和胸宽较营山黑山羊分别提高23.3%、25.2%、18.39%、38.9%和27.7%(P0.01);母羊体高、体长、体重、胸围和管围分别提高19.3%、21.7%、22.72%、26.4%和13%(P0.01),胸宽提高6.2%(P0.05)。说明杂交改良效果显著。     

Elevated cyclin D1 expression is governed by plasma IGF‐1 through Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in rumen epithelium of goats supplying a high metabolizable energy diet

The objective of this study was to explore the underlying mechanism of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1)–caused cell proliferation of rumen epithelium in goats fed a high metabolizable energy (ME) diet. In this study, young goats were fed either a low ME [LL, n = 9, ME: 0.57 MJ/kg^0.75/day] or high ME [HL, n = 9, ME: 1.00 MJ/(kg^0.75/day)] diet for 42 day. The time duration of G₁‐phase was shortened as a result of enhanced expression of cyclin D1 mRNA in the HL group (p < 0.05). It was suggested that a high ME diet promoted cell transition from G₀/G₁ to S‐phase via cyclin D1. The level of phosphorylation of ERK was higher in HL than LL group (p < 0.05). In cell culture, the ERK was phosphorylated by IGF‐1 treatment. The proliferative effects of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1, 25 ng/ml) on [³H] thymidine (TdR) incorporation into DNA and on cyclin D1 protein expression of rumen epithelial cells were inhibited by PPP (the inhibitor of type 1 IGF receptor) (p < 0.05) and ERK inhibitor (p < 0.05) in vitro. Thus, IGF‐1 up‐regulated cyclin D1 expression and accelerated G₁‐phase progression in the cell cycle through Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in rumen epithelium of goats.     

饲用油菜的营养成分分析及其在山羊瘤胃降解特性研究

本研究旨在通过化学分析和瘤胃瘘管山羊动物模型研究饲用油菜的营养成分、瘤胃降解特性,为饲用油菜饲喂反刍动物提供营养参数。试验测定华油杂62油菜盛花期及结荚初期植株营养成分含量,并用3只装有永久瘤胃瘘管的波尔山羊测定饲用油菜的瘤胃降解率。结果表明:1)盛花期饲用油菜的粗蛋白质和总氨基酸含量分别达到17.30%、11.48%,显著高于结荚初期(P<0.05);两个生长期饲用油菜的粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。盛花期植株中硫甙含量为10.17 μmol·g^-1、单宁含量为0.94%,均高于结荚初期。2)盛花期、结荚初期饲用油菜中干物质、粗蛋白质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率随消化时间的延长均逐渐升高;盛花期饲用油菜粗蛋白质的瘤胃降解率在72 h时达到84.70%;干物质的瘤胃降解率在0~24 h快速升高,48 h后稳定在67%左右;中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率上升速度较慢,72 h时分别为48.22%和45.78%。结荚初期饲用油菜中干物质和有机物的瘤胃降解率在0~72 h均低于同时间点的盛花期。3)盛花期、结荚初期饲用油菜植株中各营养成分之间快速降解部分差异显著(P<0.05),粗蛋白质快速降解部分均为最高,分别达到64.06%和68.81%;粗蛋白质有效降解率显著高于其他营养成分(P<0.05),分别达到76.50%和75.13%。结论盛花期和结荚初期饲用油菜的主要营养成分含量和瘤胃降解率均较高,盛花期饲用油菜更易被山羊瘤胃消化。     

Effects of dietary Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) supplementation on rumen fermentation,enzyme profile and microbial communities in goats

This study was conducted to examine in vivo long‐term effects of dietary dried oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) whole plant on rumen fermentation, enzyme profile and microbial communities. For this purpose, eight healthy, adult, non‐lactating Alpine goats were kept in tie stalls equipped for individual feeding and randomly divided into two homogeneous groups: one fed 0.6 kg of a concentrate mixture and 0.6 kg of wheat straw without any supplementation and served as control group (CON) while the other group (OR) fed the same diet of CON but supplemented with 20 g of dried oregano plants (OPs) to provide daily dosage of 1 ml of essential oil (EO) per animal. The experimental period lasted 69 days and individual rumen fluid samples were obtained every 2 weeks at 0 and 4 hr after feeding. The results showed that dietary supplementation with OPs increased the protease activity (p < .001) and ammonia concentration (p < .05) in the rumen. Among the studied microbial populations, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (p = .028) and Clostridium sticklandii (p < .001) were found to be the most sensitive to oregano at the current dosage. Furthermore, the total methanogen population significantly decreased (p < .05). It is concluded that a long‐term dietary administration of OPs can suppress specific rumen micro‐organisms and modify rumen fermentation favourably at least by means of suppressing methanogens.     

山羊瘤胃产甲烷古菌多样性及与其他动物瘤胃的比较

旨在研究山羊瘤胃产甲烷古菌的多样性并与其他动物瘤胃进行比较。采用产甲烷菌特异性引物Met86F/Met1340R研究山羊瘤胃产甲烷古菌16SrRNA基因的多样性,随机挑选100个克隆进行序列分析。结果表明,所有克隆经限制性内切酶酶切后共获得16个OTU,绝大多数为甲烷短杆菌,其中与甲烷短杆菌菌株AK-87、ZA-10、OCP、SM9和30Y序列最相近的克隆数分别为58%、19%、7%、2%和2%,还有与Methanosphaera stadtmanae(1%)、Methanobacterium aarhusense(2%)、Aciduliprofundum boonei(3%)、Methanobrevibacter sp.AK-87(4%)和Methanobrevibactersp.1Y(2%)等相似的古菌序列。将研究结果与已经报道的关于牛和绵羊瘤胃产甲烷菌多样性比较,发现不同PCR引物可检测出不同菌群结构,而饲料类型、动物种类可影响瘤胃产甲烷菌的菌群结构。     

青贮玉米和混合干草对山羊胃肠内环境参数的影响

以8只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠近端T型瘘管的徐淮白山羊为试验动物,分为2组,分别饲喂青贮玉米和混合干草,研究山羊瘤胃和十二指肠内环境的昼夜动态变化。结果表明:①混合干草组瘤胃和十二指肠的pH值均极显著(P<0.01)高于青贮玉米组,其日内动态变化都表现出采食后先下降后上升的趋势;②混合干草组瘤胃液氨态氮浓度极显著(P<0.01)高于青贮玉米组,而十二指肠食糜的氨态氮浓度极显著(P<0.01)低于青贮玉米组;③混合干草组瘤胃乙酸浓度显著(P<0.05)高于青贮玉米组,丙酸浓度差异不显著(P>0.05),青贮玉米组丁酸浓度极显著(P<0.01)高于混合干草组;十二指肠液乙酸、丙酸、丁酸浓度青贮玉米组均极显著(P<0.01)高于混合干草组。     

瘤胃厌氧真菌对木质素含量不同底物附着及发酵特性研究

结合体外发酵和瘤胃尼龙袋法,研究了本地山羊瘤胃厌氧真菌对木质素含量不同底物(黑麦草叶、黑麦草茎、稻草秸、花生壳,木质素含量依次上升)的附着及发酵特性.结果表明,随体外发酵的进行,真菌数量逐渐增加,以黑麦草叶、黑麦草茎、稻草秸为底物时,瘤胃真菌数量均在48 h达到最大值,且真菌数量的最大值随底物木质素含量的上升呈下降趋势.显微观察显示,体外发酵前72 h附着于稻草秸表面孢子囊数量均显著高于黑麦草叶和黑麦草茎(P<0.05),而切缘孢子囊数量三者差异不显著.瘤胃内培养结果表明,稻草秸切缘和表面孢子囊数量均在48 h时最大,72 h后数量显著下降(P<0.05),而黑麦草茎切缘和表面上的孢子囊数量均在24 h 时最大,72 h后数量显著下降(P<0.05);稻草秸切缘和表面上孢子囊数量均要高于黑麦草茎上的数量.不同底物进行厌氧真菌体外发酵时其累计产气量、干物质消失率和纤维素消失率差异均不显著,但在瘤胃内培养时,各底物的干物质消失率则随底物木质素含量的上升而显著下降(P<0.05).