高粱在畜禽日粮中的应用研究

高粱的抗旱性强,比玉米的生长环境条件更宽广。随着玉米、小麦等能量原料价格的高涨,为了降低成本,提高产品竞争力,很多大型饲料企业开始从国外进口高粱。然而,由于高粱中含有丹宁,与玉米相比,用高梁作为饲料原料降低了非反刍动物对能量和其它养分的消化利用率。文章就目前高粱在非反刍动物营养中的研究应用进行了总结。     

Feeding brittle culm1 whole crop rice replacing wheat by-products to growing-finishing pigs

Abstract

The effect of feeding brittle culm1 whole crop rice (WCR) replacing wheat by-products on performance, digestibility and carcass quality was evaluated in growing-finishing pigs. Fifty-four pigs (Duroc) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: WCR at levels of 0 (control), 10 or 20%, respectively. Pigs were fed from about 29 to 85 kg. A digestion trial was conducted with all pigs at about 60 kg live weight. When the feeding trial was completed, six pigs from each treatment were slaughtered to determine carcass quality. In the growing period, pigs receiving the 10 or 20% WCR diet were not significantly different in daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion from the control pigs (p>0.05). In the finishing period, daily feed intake and daily weight gain of pigs fed the 20% WCR diet were significantly lower than control pigs or 10% WCR diet (p<0.05). However, the feed conversion was not significantly different among the pigs on three different diets. No significant (p>0.05) difference was shown in the apparent nutrient digestibility with the WCR substituting for wheat by-products. The dressing percentage and mean backfat thickness tended to be lower in pigs fed the 10 or 20% WCR diet than in control pigs. The meat from pigs on the 20% WCR diet showed a higher pH value at 24 h post mortem, and higher protein and lower fat content in longissimus muscles than control pigs (p<0.05). This study indicated that WCR could be an alternative feed source to replace wheat by-products in growing-finishing pig diets, but a high proportion of the WCR may result in an adverse effect on the performance traits.     

Sunflower oil supplementation alters meat quality but not performance of growing partridges (Alectoris chukar)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sunflower oil supplementation (0%, 3%, 6% and 9%) to partridge chicks (Alectoris chukar) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics. Feed consumption and live weight gain were responsive to dietary sunflower oil inclusion during the starter period, but not during the grower period. Increasing sunflower oil level linearly increased crude protein and fat digestibilities. Except for abdominal fat, weights of inedible parts and edible organs remained unchanged by the diets. The treatments linearly decreased weight and efficiency of carcass and weights of wings and breast and did not alter weights of thighs and neck. Breast meat saturated fatty acids decreased linearly by 17.9% and unsaturated fatty acids increased linearly by 10.6%, as sunflower oil level increased in the diets. Monounsaturated fatty acids decreased linearly by 27.3%, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids increased linearly by 51%. Overall, n‐3 (0.78% vs. 0.59%) and n‐6 (42.6% vs. 29.8%) were greater in breast meat in treatment groups than in control group. In conclusion, sunflower addition into diets has minimal effects on performance of growing partridges, but significantly alters meat fatty acid composition.     

不同生长期高粱奶牛瘤胃能量降解率的研究

试验选用新培育的品种天农青饲Ⅰ号饲用高粱原料,研究其在泌乳奶牛瘤胃内的能量养分消化代谢。选用2头健康泌乳奶牛,试验原料为天农青饲Ⅰ号品种的2种不同栽培处理的样品（A、B）,分别测定风干全株穗天农青饲Ⅰ号高粱A组和天农青饲Ⅰ号高粱B组奶牛瘤胃内9个时间点(0、2、4、8、12、24、36、48和72 h)的能量降解率。结果表明,品种高粱A原料能量值为11.22 MJ/kg,泌乳奶牛的瘤胃能量降解率为59.41％;品种高粱B的原料能量值为15.38 MJ/kg,泌乳奶牛瘤胃能量降解率为62.69%。试验品种高粱的栽培技术及其物理化学特性,影响泌乳奶牛的瘤胃能量降解率。     

补饲马铃薯藤对山羊生长性能、消化率和胴体特征的影响

本研究旨在探讨马铃薯藤饲喂水平对山羊生长性能、养分消化率和胴体特征的影响.试验将平均初始体重为(14.42±0.24)kg的40头山羊随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复2头.T1组仅饲喂干草,T2组饲喂干草+100％马铃薯藤,T3组饲喂干草+50％马铃薯藤+50％浓缩料,T4组饲喂100％浓缩料.在为期10周的饲养试...     

牛至油对断奶獭兔营养物质消化率和血液生化指标的影响

将60只35日龄左右断奶獭兔随机分为3组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加35mg/kg喹乙醇和100mg/kg10%牛至油,研究日粮中分别添加喹乙醇、牛至油后对断奶獭兔营养物质消化率和部分血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:牛至油能够显著提高断奶獭兔日粮中干物质表观消化率、蛋白质表观消化率和粗纤维表观消化率;牛至油可改善断奶獭兔血清白蛋白(ALB)、血清尿素氮(SUN)等部分血液生化指标。     

不同填饲量对北京鸭胴体品质、体脂沉积和营养物质表观消化率的影响

旨在研究不同填饲量对北京鸭胴体品质、体脂沉积及营养物质表观消化率的影响。选取35日龄健康、大小均匀的W系雄性北京鸭96只,随机分成8个处理,每处理6个重复,每个重复2只鸭。基础日粮中加入0.5%的Cr2O3作为外源指示剂测定填鸭营养物质表观消化率,对照组自由采食,试验组在35和36日龄时分别填饲260和300g.d-1的基础日粮,之后5d各处理填饲量保持不变,分别为300、330、360、390、420、450、480g.d-1,试验期为7d。结果表明:(1)不同填饲量对北京鸭屠体率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌质量和腿肌率影响不大(P>0.05),而对北京鸭胸肌质量影响显著(P<0.05),并随填饲量的增加呈现先升高后平稳的趋势,以胸肌质量为评定指标,采用直线折线模型进行估算的最适填饲量为390.7g.d-1。不同填饲量对北京鸭皮脂质量、皮脂率、腹脂质量、腹脂率、肝脏质量、肝重率和肝脂率均有显著的影响(P<0.05),但填饲量增加到一定值后,体脂沉积量保持稳定(P>0.05);(2)在填饲期,不同填饲量对北京鸭干物质和粗蛋白表观消化率影响显著(P<0.05),而对能量表观消化率影响不大(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,填饲能够快速增加北京鸭的体脂沉积,对胸肌生长发育影响显著,但随填饲量的增加,营养物质表观消化率下降,填鸭体脂沉积量不再增加。     

Effect of Graded Levels of Wheat Distillers Grains with Solubles on Nutrient Digestibility, Performance and Carcass Traits of Growing-Finishing Pigs Fed Diets Based on Wheat and Field Peas

This trial was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on nutrient digestibility,performance and carcass characteristics of pigs (21.8 ...     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子对獭兔氮平衡和养分消化率的影响

试验选择（63±4）日龄、平均体重为（1150.5±124.0） g的健康美系獭兔20只,随机分为5组,每组4只兔,公母各半。试验日粮分别含有25%生大豆、25%化学钝化大豆、25%热处理大豆、25%豆粕和13%生大豆+12%豆粕。胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量（实测值）分别为6.55、 1.99、1.73、 0.81和3.97 mg/g。试验结果表明,25%生大豆组显著降低饲料氮表观消化率（P<0.05）,显著增加粪氮排出（P<0.05）,对尿氮无显著影响;化学钝化、热处理及生大豆+豆粕组粪氮、氮消化率同豆粕组间无显著差异（P>0.05）。饲料干物质、有机物质、无氮浸出物、粗脂肪、粗纤维表观消化率5组间无显著差异（P>0.05）。     

饲粮钴添加水平对断奶至3月龄獭兔消化代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮钴添加水平对断奶至3月龄獭兔饲粮营养物质表观消化率、氮代谢、胰腺消化酶活性、血清生化指标和钴代谢的影响。选择体重相近的断奶獭兔200只,随机分为5组,每组40个重复,每个重复1只试验兔。5组试验兔分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(对照)、0.1、0.4、1.6、6.4 mg/kg钴(以硫酸钴的形式)的试验饲粮,经7 d预饲后进行为期53 d的饲养试验。结果显示:饲粮钴添加水平对饲粮中各营养物质的表观消化率均没有显著影响(P0.05),但饲粮干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和钴的表观消化率随饲粮钴添加水平的升高均有先升高后降低的趋势,DM和CP的表观消化率在钴添加水平为1.6 mg/kg时最高,钴的表观消化率在钴添加水平为0.4 mg/kg时最高。饲粮钴添加水平对粪氮(FN)、可消化氮(DN)、氮表观消化率(NAD)、氮生物学效价(NBV)均无显著影响(P0.05),对食入氮(IN)、尿氮(UN)、氮沉积(RN)、氮利用率(NUR)有显著影响(P0.05)。随着饲粮钴添加水平的升高,IN、RN和NUR均先降低后升高再降低,并均在钴添加水平为1.6 mg/kg时最高,而UN则逐渐降低。饲粮钴添加水平对胰腺胰蛋白酶活性有显著影响(P0.05),且在钴添加水平为1.6 mg/kg时最高。饲粮钴添加水平对血清尿素含量有显著影响(P0.05),随着饲粮钴添加水平的升高,血清尿素含量先降低后升高,在钴添加水平为1.6 mg/kg时最低。饲粮钴添加水平对血清总蛋白和白蛋白含量无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮钴添加水平对粪、尿、肌肉、脾脏和肾脏中钴含量有显著影响(P0.05),且随着饲粮钴添加水平的升高,粪、尿、肌肉、脾脏和肾脏中钴含量均持续增加。综合本试验测定指标,断奶至3月龄獭兔饲粮钴适宜添加水平为0.4~1.6 mg/kg(饲粮中钴含量实测值为0.60~1.83 mg/kg)。     

玉米皮对生长肉兔的营养价值评定

本试验旨在评定玉米皮在生长肉兔上的营养价值。选取32只35日龄体重相近[(760.33±48.29)g]的断奶新西兰白兔,随机等分为4组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只。各组分别饲喂基础饲粮和3种测试饲粮。测试饲粮分别由20%的3种不同来源的玉米皮与80%的基础饲粮混合而成。消化试验共15 d,其中预试期11 d,收粪期4 d。结果表明:1)不同来源对3种玉米皮总能(GE)和主要养分含量均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。3种不同来源玉米皮的GE及粗蛋白质(CP)、粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(Ash)、钙(Ca)、总磷(TP)和无氮浸出物(NFE)含量平均值分别为19.84 MJ/kg、10.54%、16.32%、75.32%、20.23%、2.18%、5.54%、1.12%、0.49%、0.05%和66.48%。除半胱氨酸(Cys)、赖氨酸(Lys)和酪氨酸(Tyr)外,不同来源对3种玉米皮的其他氨基酸含量也有显著或极显著影响(P<0.05或P<0.01),3种不同来源玉米皮的精氨酸(Arg)、组氨酸(His)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、Lys、蛋氨酸(Met)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)、苏氨酸(Thr)和缬氨酸(Val)含量平均值分别为0.45%、0.43%、0.37%、1.31%、0.40%、0.12%、0.53%、0.52%和0.58%。2)不同来源对3种玉米皮的GE、DM、CP、ADL、Ca、TP、NFE的表观消化率有极显著影响(P<0.01)。3种不同来源玉米皮的GE、DM、CP、CF、NDF、ADF、ADL、EE、Ash、Ca、TP和NFE表观消化率平均值分别为33.32%、34.01%、70.54%、13.53%、20.07%、10.48%、-0.74%、85.49%、47.42%、29.02%、26.48%和23.81%。除Thr、Val、天冬氨酸(Asp)、甘氨酸(Gly)和丝氨酸(Ser)外,不同来源对3种玉米皮的其余氨基酸的表观消化率均有显著或极显著影响(P<0.05或P<0.01),氨基酸的表观消化率平均值均超过60%。由此可见,对于生长肉兔,玉米皮具有较高的营养价值,但不同来源玉米皮的营养价值有一定差异。     

多花黑麦草在生长肉兔上的营养价值评定

本试验旨在评定初花期多花黑麦草在生长肉兔上的营养价值。试验选取60日龄平均体重(2.20±0.32)kg的健康新西兰兔24只,随机分为2组,每组12个重复,每个重复1只。试验饲粮采用套算法进行配制,多花黑麦草的替代比例为20%;试验采用全收粪法进行消化试验,预试期和正试期各7 d。结果表明:1)多花黑麦草中总能、干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分、钙、总磷和无氮浸出物含量分别为16.78 MJ/kg、92.24%、10.20%、1.64%、26.09%、51.80%、31.35%、7.72%、0.66%、0.28%和46.59%;2)多花黑麦草在生长肉兔中的表观消化能为7.21 MJ/kg,生长肉兔对多花黑麦草中总能、干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分、钙、总磷和无氮浸出物的表观消化率分别为33.45%、48.36%、44.18%、84.45%、25.91%、22.73%、22.25%、26.10%、62.87%、13.94%和61.42%。由结果可知:初花期多花黑麦草中粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量相对较高,总磷含量相对较低;生长肉兔对初花期多花黑麦草中不同营养成分的消化率存在一定差异,其中以粗脂肪、粗纤维、钙、无氮浸出物的表观消化率较高,总磷的表观消化率较低。     

不同替代比例的花生秧对生长獭兔营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在通过套算法研究不同替代比例的花生秧对生长獭兔的表观消化能和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验将24只75日龄平均体重(1.72±0.31)kg的健康白色獭兔随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂10%、15%和20%花生秧替代基础饲粮的试验饲粮。预试期和正试期各7 d。结果 显示,生长獭兔对10%、15%和20%替代组花生秧的表观消化能分别为7.97、8.20和7.88 MJ/kg,对10%、15%和20%替代组花生秧的总能、干物质、粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪、钙、磷和无氮浸出物的表观消化率分别为:58.03%、51.62%、62.07%、62.36%、24.09%、35.58%、25.28%、81.57%、51.24%、51.49%、56.23%;59.73%、55.46%、68.70%、69.43%、28.41%、41.89%、29.38%、83.32%、56.84%、59.99%、60.65%和57.37%、51.51%、59.34%、60.59%、23.29%、36.90%、24.58%、78.59%、52.95%、65.50%、60.62%。由此可见,生长獭兔对不同替代比例花生秧的各营养物质的表观消化率是具有一定的差异性,其中15%替代组花生秧各营养物质的表观消化能和表观消化率相对较高。     

Lysine restriction during grower phase on growth performance,blood metabolites,carcass traits and pork quality in grower finisher pigs

Abstract

The effects of lysine restriction during grower phase and realimentation during finisher phase on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, carcass traits and pork quality were studied. Sixty-four pigs (two castrated males and two females per pen) weighing 34.34±5.22 kg were assigned to four dietary treatments. During grower (35–55 kg), pigs were fed isoenergetic lysine-restricted diets. The different lysine content of diets were 0.950 (NRC recommendation), 0.760, 0.665 and 0.570%, corresponding to lysine restriction of 20, 30 and 40%. Then all pigs were fed with common finisher 1 (55–85 kg) and 2 (85–115 kg) diets. Lysine restriction during the grower phase resulted in poor performance and lower concentration of blood metabolites but improved the nutrient digestibility and efficiency of lysine utilization. Compensatory growth response in terms of improved weight gain and feed efficiency was observed in pigs previously fed lysine-restricted diets during finisher 1, but the concentration of blood urea nitrogen and total protein were lower. No differences in growth performance, digestibility of nutrients and blood metabolites were noted during finisher 2. Lysine restriction of grower diets decreased the dressing percentage (quadratic, P=0.024), and protein content of longissimus muscle (linear P=0.034, and quadratic P=0.009). Thus, it could be concluded that pigs subjected to lysine restriction during grower phase exhibited compensatory growth responses in weight gain and improved efficiency of feed and lysine utilization for weight gain and lean accretion during finisher phase.