What Developing International Markets for Ecosystem Services Reveal for China's Forestry Sector?

The market mechanism for forest ecosystem service has already become common knowledge among countries in the international movement to address global climate change.In this paper,international experiences of forest ecosystem market such as better understanding of concept,public participation, sound trading rules and measurement standards are analyzed,and its implication for China is also summarized.Finally,the prospects of forest ecosystem service market in China are discussed.The purpose of this paper i...     

On Effects of Ecological Culture on Institution

The paper analyzed theoretically the relation between culture and institution,the effect of culture on the formation of institution and the effects of institution on culture practice.It also expounded the role of ecological culture in ancient ecological management,modern strategic decision and international ecological politics.Based on the sustainable development of the future economy and society,the basic direction towards ecological institution innovation was proposed in terms of development strategy,legal system,market mechanism,administrative capacity,public participation and international politics.     

Measurement and Analysis of Production Performance of Rural Households in Jinzhai County, Anhui Province

Using a multi-input multi-output production technology and survey data from Jinzhai County, western Anhui Province, China, the author first measured the production performance of rural households -- their efficiency, economy of scale, and productivity during 1978-1997, and then related the measured production performance with institutional change, market access, and other factors. Preliminary results show that: 1) performance differs a great deal across households and over time; 2) institutional changes and market accessibility have played a major role in improving performance; 3) depending on the specific resources, their effects are variable.     

Construction of an Evaluation Index System on Forest Soundscape

With the analysis on the characteristics of global forest carbon market in 2010 and based on the current status of China’s forest carbon market, the paper presented the path selection for forest carbon market cultivation in China,i.e.strengthening the promotion and cooperation of international forest carbon sequestration projects to forward global forest carbon market development,developing primary market transactions to steadily promote financial market development,promoting the formation of domestic forest carbon market,and putting voluntary emission reduction as the priority of current market development.     

Monitoring of vegetation coverage based on high-resolution images

Measurement of vegetation coverage on a small scale is the foundation for the monitoring of changes in vegetation cover-age and of the inversion model of monitoring vegetation coverage on a large scale by remote sensing. Using the object-oriented ana-lytical software, Definiens Professional 5, a new method for calculating vegetation coverage based on high-resolution images (aerial photographs or near-surface photography) is proposed. Our research supplies references to remote sensing measurements of vegeta-tion coverage on a small scale and accurate fundamental data for the inversion model of vegetation coverage on a large and interme-diate scale to improve the accuracy of remote sensing monitoring of changes in vegetation coverage.     

Development Trend of Foreign Trade Policy for China’s Forest Industry

The paper analyzed the current status of foreign trade of forest industry in China and the national and international market changes. Based on the analysis, the orientation and transformation of foreign trade policy for China’s forest industry were discussed.     

Standardized processes of biomass briquetting densification fuel

Forest biomass resources are available in enormous quantities in China.The development of forest biomass briquetting densification fuel,which has a high calorific value,can ease the energy shortage in China.But the molding technology is still at the primary stage with many questions unresolved,such as unequal distribution of resources,imperfect technology and an inadequate mechanism of market supply and demand.There are no consistent production and quality standards to refer to,which seriously hinder the industrialization of biomass molding technology.Hence,it is imperative to speed up the formulation of production standards of biomass briquetting densification fuel which not only conform to international standards,but are in accordance with national conditions in China.Drawing on the standards of biomass briquetting densification fuel in Europe,a standard system should be concerned with raw material collection,transport and storage of the end products,terminology,denomination and classification of molding equipment,as well as with technical conditions,testing methods,safety and environmental protection.The establishment of a standard system is useful for the development of a healthy,orderly and sustainable biomass fuel industry.     

Ethical Dimensions of Payment for Forest Environmental Services

The market-based incentive mechanism of payments for forest environmental services （PFES） seeks to capture part of the benefits derived from forest environmental services and channels them to forest resource owners/managers who generate these services, thus increases their incentives to conserve and manage forest resources. This paper examines some of the most important ethical issues entailed by PFES mechanism. The analysis shows that PFES may not always benefit the poor due to the comparative disadvantages of the poor and the complicated characteristics of forest ecosystem services. It is important and urgent to take ethical dimensions into account in the PFES approaches and design and develop the propoor payment mechanism in order to achieve the two objectives of forest conservation and economic development.     

Plant antifreeze proteins and their expression regulatory mechanism

Low temperature is one of the major limiting environmental factors which constitutes the growth, development,productivity and distribution of plants. Over the past several years, the proteins and genes associated with freezing resistance of plants have been widely studied. The recent progress of domestic and foreign research on plant antifreeze proteins and the identification and characterization of plant antifreeze protein genes, especially on expression regulatory mechanism of plant antifreeze proteins are reviewed in this paper. Finally, some unsolved problems and the trend of research in physiological functions and gene expression regulatory mechanism of plant antifreeze proteins are discussed.     

Mathematical modeling for evaluating gain of logging companies in the timber market

We propose a game-theoretic model for a first-price sealed-bid auction (FPSB auction) of standing timber. A FPSB auction means that bidders simultaneously submit sealed bids so that no bidder knows the bid of any other participant. The highest bidder pays the submitted price. The mathematical model has been elaborated considering only two bidders. Each bidder is supposed to know only the probability distribution of the bid of the other bidder. Using appropriate distributions, the adversity and propensity of a bidder to risk can be described. From the view point of a bidder, the conservative solution is calculated for both types of the other bidder. If a standing timber belongs to a public owner, the market has to follow a public evidence procedure, including public auctions. The function obtained is illustrated with a numerical example of a typical standing timber auction from a forest located in central Italy. Considering average costs and prices of the local chestnut timber market, winning bids and expected gains are estimated. Their amounts are comparable with the currently average stumpage price registered in this market.     

A Study of International Forest Financing Mechanism Development

The paper analyzed the bottlenecks of international forest financing development from the perspective of the development state of forest financing mechanism.It also analyzed the development possibilities of emerging financing channels while introducing official development assistance and non-financial development assistance in the framework of international forest financing mechanism,and pooled the various existing forest-involved funds to propose a feasible architecture direction for possible future development.     

Review on Thermal Characteristics of Compound Outdoor Wall of Wood Framed Construction

INTRODUCTION China has a long history of wood framed construction. But, due to the increasing of population and lack of timber, wood framed construction is limited in the market, its research and development is relatively scarce. The modern wood framed construction has been developed and widely applied in the North American area and other countries for several decades. Recently, with the rapid development of economy and the requirement of society, especially energy saving, the wood frame…     

The Impact of Cane Supply on Rattan Trade in China

Rattan-related products from China are popular and well known in international market, but China is facing shortage of rattan cane supply, and extinction of some rattan species. The big gap between demand and supply of rattan canes in China market is urgent to be bridged. This paper makes a brief introduction on rattan in the world and analyzes the rattan trade in China. The loss of habitats, overexploitation and inadequate replenishment of rattan result in a depleting resource and there are many challenges and technical issues needed to be dealt with. The forest policies should not only state broad desires but also commit governments to undertake adequate and appropriate measures to protect and develop the resource on a sustainable basis.     

No-formaldehyde Wood-plastic Composite Plywood in China

As a new product invented by the Research Institute of Wood Industry, no-formaldehyde wood- plastic composite plywood is the harvest of the cross-study on wood-plastic composite and plywood industry. It has no formaldehyde emission, with an excellent environment-friendly performance and a good bonding quality. This paper analyses the strongpoints and market of this wood-plastic composite plywood.     

Plantation future of bamboo in China

In the past, utilization of bamboo resources in China has been traditionally dominated by direct consumption of local farmers as minor forest products with weak linkage with market. In recent years, the over-supply of grains and rapid degradation of agricultural environment call for alternative crops that can be developed through integrating the environmental plantation with the market demands. Closely associated with forestry and agriculture, bamboo is able to deal with the new challenges which China‘s agriculture is facing. Of 534 documented bamboo species in China, 153 species produce edibleshoots and of which 56 species are recommended for agricultural plantation; 139 species provide timbers and of which 58 species recommended; 116 species can be splited as good strips for weaving and of which 22 species recommended; 88 species are considered as garden bamboos and of which 34 species recommended; 45 species are able to produce paper pulp and of which 18 species recommended.     

Assessment of China’s Green Public Procurement Policy on Forest Products

<正>How to effectively meet the globally increasing demands for forest products and meanwhile put forest resources and eco-environment under better protection for achieving the balance between protection and growth is a long-term challenge in face of the international community.China is the largest country in world forest products import/export.In such sense,the realistic state and future orientation of China's forest product procurement policy will impose considerable impacts on and play a significant role in forestry industry development in China as well as the global sustainable forestry development.In view of the state and trend of forest product procurement by Chinese enterprises,the paper analyzed the problems and challenges facing China's green procurement of forest product based on the results of field survey carried out for different types of forest product processors,including customers' weak awareness of green consumption,deficient green procurement resources of forest products,high prices of green procured products,limited list of forest products under green procurement,lack of laws and regulations for green public procurement and lack of policy support and green market planning.At the same time,by comparing and learning the experiences and lessons of the UK,Japan,France, Netherland and other countries in green public procurement of forest products,the paper,in line with the national and forest conditions in China,proposed some policy recommendations,e.g. strengthening dissemination and education for raising the awareness of green consumption, updating laws and regulations for government green procurement,adopting marketing means to encourage green enterprises development,updating green product lists to incorporate more green procurement enterprises into government green procurement programs,establishing monitoring and execution mechanism for green procurement and enhancing the oversight of green procurement,with the aim to facilitate China's green procurement process of forest products and quicken China's pace of green socioeconomic transition.     

Object-based forest gaps classification using airborne LiDAR data

Object-based classification differentiates forest gaps from canopies at large regional scale by using remote sensing data. To study the segmentation and classification processes of object-based forest gaps classification at a regional scale, we sampled a natural secondary forest in northeast China at Maoershan Experimental Forest Farm.Airborne light detection and ranging(LiDAR; 3.7 points/m2) data were collected as the original data source and the canopy height model(CHM) and topographic dataset were extracted from the LiDAR data. The accuracy of objectbased forest gaps classification depends on previous segmentation. Thus our first step was to define 10 different scale parameters in CHM image segmentation. After image segmentation, the machine learning classification method was used to classify three kinds of object classes, namely,forest gaps, tree canopies, and others. The common support vector machine(SVM) classifier with the radial basis function kernel(RBF) was first adopted to test the effect of classification features(vegetation height features and some typical topographic features) on forest gap classification.Then the different classifiers(KNN, Bayes, decision tree,and SVM with linear kernel) were further adopted to compare the effect of classifiers on machine learning forest gaps classification. Segmentation accuracy and classification accuracy were evaluated by using Mo¨ller's method and confusion metrics, respectively. The scale parameter had a significant effect on object-based forest gap segmentation and classification. Classification accuracies at different scales revealed that there were two optimal scales(10 and 20) that provided similar accuracy, with the scale of 10 yielding slightly greater accuracy than 20. The accuracy of the classification by using combination of height features and SVM classifier with linear kernel was91% at the optimal scale parameter of 10, and it was highest comparing with other classification classifiers, such as SVM RBF(90%), Decision Tree(90%), Bayes(90%),or KNN(87%). The classifiers had no significant effect on forest gap classification, but the fewer parameters in the classifier equation and higher speed of operation probably lead to a higher accuracy of final classifications. Our results confirm that object-based classification can extract forest gaps at a large regional scale with appropriate classification features and classifiers using LiDAR data. We note, however, that final satisfaction of forest gap classification depends on the determination of optimal scale(s) of segmentation.     

Research on Chinese Labor Relations in Economic Transformation

The economic transformation in China has caused significant changes to labor relations. It has made the labor relations more complex and labor conflicts apparent and frequent. However the coordination mechanism has not been developed correspondingly. Based on the empirical research upon current domestic and overseas labor relations, it is concluded that the supply of labor force exceeding the demand of it is the fundamental reasons for explaining labor conflicts in the economic transformation in China. It also suggested that the coordination mechanism of labor conflicts has mechanical dysfunction and the structure of harmonic labor relations would take a long time.     

A PRELIMINARY SPECTRUM ANALYSIS ON TURBULENCE IN LEESIDE OF WINDBREAKS

The spectrum characteristies of turbulence such as period of fluctuation,frequencyand amplitude of oscillation were discussed by using the method of spectral analysis of turbulencein this paper.The results show that the spectrum density in the range of low frequency is sharply va-riance with the distance from the windbreaks,but it follows the power index law of-5/3 and satis-fies the theory of local isotropic turbulence in the range of high frequency.It also shows by con-necyting with Eulerium autocorrelation analysis that there are small scale,high frequency and shortperiod of turbulence near the leeside of windbreaks,but often large scale,low frequency and longperiod of turbulence far from the windbreaks.     

Projecting the potential distribution and analyzing the bioclimatic factors of four Rhododendron subsect. Tsutsusi species under climate warmingOA

Tsutsusi is one of the eight subgenera of the Rhododendron genus.Four Tsutsusi species,R.indicum,R.simisii,R.oldhamii,and R.schlippenbachii,have high ornamental and medicinal values,resulting in an increasing market demand.These species thrive in cool and humid environments and are widely distributed in Europe and Asia.Whether global climate warming will affect the distribution of these valuable resources remains unclear.Thus,this study analyzed the climatic suitability of these species for the ...