Genetic gains in Nordic spring barley breeding over sixty years

Accurate assessments of genetic gains ensuing from plant breeding for the most important agronomic characteristics in Nordic spring barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) are not available. Hence this research was aimed to determine the rate of genetic improvement in the Nordic barley breeding pool. This study included 90, 2-row spring barley cultivars released (1942–1988) and29, 6-row spring barley cultivars released(1930–1991) adopted by Nordic farmers that were tested in four Nordic locations for three consecutive years. Relative genetic gain owing to plant breeding was 13% in2-row barley and 34% in 6-row barley for grain yield. The absolute gain for this characteristic was 13 ± 3 kg ha^-1 year ^-1 in 2-row barley, and22 ± 3 kg ha^-1 year^-1 in6-row barley. Improved yield was achieved in Nordic barley by reducing plant height(0.20 ± 0.04 cm year^-1 for 2-rowbarley and 0.16 ± 0.06 cm year^-1for 6-row cultivars), thereby reducing significantly lodging (0.5 ± 0.1%year^-1 and 0.4 ± 0.1year^-1), and increasing significantly the harvest index (0.0008 ± 0.0002year^-1 and 0.0018 ± 0.0002year^-1). Additionally, in 2-row spring barley cultivars resistance to powdery mildew (0.19 ± 0.08% year^-1)and thousand-kernel weight (0.07 ±0.03 g year^-1) were also significantly enhanced, whereas hectoliter weight was improved (0.06 ± 0.02 kg year^-1)in 6-row barley cultivars in the period investigated. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic improvement of yield responsiveness to nitrogen fertilization and its physiological determinants in barley

Traditionally, barley in Argentina has been cultivated in low-yielding environments. A study was conducted to test whether breeding for improved performance under these conditions would have also improved the responsiveness to nitrogen availability. Four cultivars of two-rowed malting barley (released in 1944, 1960,1982 and 1998) were grown under 4 rates of nitrogen fertilizer at sowing (20, 50, 110and 160 kgN ha^-1). All cultivars increased their yield with the increase in soil nitrogen. But yield of modern cultivars responded more strongly than yield of old ones. For modern cultivars, increase in grain yield was of 12 ± 0.6 kgha^-1 for each 10 kg ha^-1 of increase in the mean yield (environmental index). Absolute values of genetic gain were related to nitrogen availability: 1.59, 2.58, 4.52 and 4.29 g m^-2 year^-1 for the N₂₀, N₅₀, N₁₁₀ and N₁₆₀ treatments, respectively. Grain yield was associated with grain number m^-2, which was dependent on spikes m^-2 and grains spike^-1. Total biomass at maturity also explained the changes in yield. It is concluded that selection under stress conditions was, in this case, beneficial to identify cultivars with high yields under a wide range of nitrogen availabilities. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

钾肥用量对甬优籼粳杂交稻物质积累及其产量的影响

为探究甬优籼粳杂交稻的适宜钾肥用量及其对产量的影响,以籼粳杂交稻甬优12和甬优538为试材,设不同钾肥用量(0、75、150、225、300 kg hm^-2)的大田试验。结果表明: (1)与对照(0 kg hm^-2)相比,两年中施钾处理使甬优12增产9.2%~14.0%,甬优538产增产9.8%~15.0%,以钾肥用量225 kg hm^-2处理的产量最高。施钾处理显著增加了群体有效穗数和每穗粒数。(2)随钾肥用量的增加,拔节、抽穗和成熟期的植株干物重和叶面积指数均增加,拔节至抽穗期阶段的干物质积累量和光合势、抽穗至成熟期阶段光合势亦递增;抽穗至成熟期干物重呈先增后降趋势,以钾肥用量225 kg hm^-2处理最高。(3)与对照(0 kg hm^-2)相比,施钾处理显著增加了花后各时期的剑叶叶绿素含量、光合速率以及根系伤流强度。(4)与对照(0 kg hm^-2)相比,施钾处理显著增加了拔节、抽穗和成熟期氮素和钾素吸收量。随钾肥用量增加,植株抽穗至成熟期的氮素和钾素积累量呈先增后降趋势,以钾肥用量225 kg hm^-2处理下最高。施钾处理下,钾素偏生产力、钾素籽粒生产率和钾素农艺效率均随钾素用量的增加而降低。     

超级稻甬优12不同产量水平群体的钾素营养特性

2013-2014年,以超级稻甬优12不同产量群体为研究对象,系统比较研究甬优12高产(10.5~12.0 t hm^-2)、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm^-2)、超高产(>13.5 t hm^-2)3个产量群体的钾素吸收与积累特征差异。结果表明：(1)甬优12超高产、更高产和高产群体的两年平均产量分别为13.9、12.6和10.8 t hm^-2。(2)拔节期植株含钾量呈高产群体>更高产群体>超高产群体;抽穗期和成熟期植株含钾量呈超高产群体>更高产群体>高产群体;拔节期3个产量群体间钾素吸收量差异不显著,超高产群体抽穗期和成熟期钾素吸收量分别为364.1 kg hm^-2和374.6 kg hm^-2,显著高于更高产(326.7 kg hm^-2、331.1 kg hm^-2)和高产群体(282.8 kg hm^-2、284.1 kg hm^-2)。(3)随产量上升,植株钾素积累量播种至拔节期随之下降,而拔节至抽穗期随之增加。播种至拔节期钾素积累量与产量呈极显著线性负相关,拔节至抽穗期钾素积累量与产量呈极显著线性正相关。(4)与对照相比,甬优12超高产群体抽穗期和成熟期茎鞘、叶片和穗部钾素吸收量较高且与产量呈显著或极显著线性正相关。(5)与对照相比,尽管甬优12超高产群体钾素吸收总量较高,但其籽粒生产率和钾素偏生产力较低,表明甬优12超高产群体钾素利用率较低,在今后甬优12超高产栽培管理中应重视钾肥的高效利用。最后就提高甬优12超高产群体钾素吸收利用的措施进行了探讨。     

水稻甬优12产量13.5t hm~(–2)以上超高产群体的磷素积累、分配与利用特征

为探明甬优12超高产群体的磷素吸收与积累特征,2013—2014年,对高产(10.5~12.0 t hm~(–2))、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm~(–2))、超高产(13.5 t hm~(–2))3个产量群体的磷素吸收与积累特征等进行了系统比较研究。结果表明:(1)生育期植株含磷量,不同产量水平群体间无显著差异;拔节期磷素吸收量呈高产群体更高产群体超高产群体;而抽穗期和成熟期磷素吸收量则呈超高产群体更高产群体高产群体。播种至拔节期的磷素积累量与产量呈极显著负相关;拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期的磷素积累量与产量呈极显著正相关。(2)甬优12超高产群体抽穗期茎鞘、叶片和穗部磷素积累量分别为41.4、8.5和8.9 kg hm~(–2),高于更高产群体(37.9、7.6和8.1 kg hm~(–2))和高产群体(32.3、6.8和7.0 kg hm~(–2))。抽穗期植株叶片、茎鞘和穗部磷素积累量与产量呈极显著正相关;甬优12超高产群体成熟期茎鞘、叶片和穗部磷素积累量分别为14.5、4.4和62.3 kg hm~(–2),高于更高产群体(13.6、3.3和55.9 kg hm~(–2))和高产群体(11.2、2.7和48.7 kg hm~(–2))。成熟期植株叶片、茎鞘和穗部磷素积累量与实产呈极显著正相关。此外,花后茎鞘磷素转运量亦与产量呈极显著正相关。(3)两年中,甬优12超高产群体磷素籽粒生产率(kg grain kg~(–1))和偏生产力(kg kg~(–1))分别为171.5、92.7,低于更高产(173.2、99.6)和高产群体(173.5、100.4);超高产群体磷收获指数为0.768,显著高于更高产(0.761)和高产(0.758)群体。与对照相比,甬优12超高产群体磷素吸收具有拔节前较低、拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期高的特点。播种至拔节期磷素积累量与产量呈极显著负相关;拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期磷素积累量与产量呈极显著正相关。甬优12超高产群体磷素利用效率较低,在其超高产栽培管理中应重视磷素的高效利用。在本研究基础上探讨了提高甬优12超高产群体磷素利用效率的措施。     

施硅量对甬优系列籼粳交超级稻产量及相关形态生理性状的影响

以籼粳交超级稻甬优12和甬优15为试材,比较研究了不同硅肥施用量(0、75、150、225、300 kg hm^-2)对甬优籼粳交超级稻产量及其形态生理特征的影响。结果表明: (1)甬优12和甬优15产量均随硅肥施用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,且均以硅肥用量225 kg hm^-2处理的产量最高。产量构成因素穗数随硅肥施用量增加而递增,结实率和千粒重则随之递减。(2)甬优12和甬优15在拔节、抽穗和成熟期的茎蘖数均随硅肥施用量的增加而增加,茎蘖成穗率则呈先增加后降低的趋势,以225 kg hm^-2处理最高。(3)与对照(0 kg hm^-2)相比,施硅处理显著增加了拔节、抽穗和成熟期的干物重和叶面积指数,拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量和光合势也随硅肥施用量增加而递增。(4)随硅肥施用量的增加,倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶长和叶宽随之递增,倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶基角和披垂度随之递减。此外,与对照(0 kg hm^-2)相比,施硅处理显著提高了茎、鞘干重及单位节间干重。文章还讨论了甬优籼粳交超级稻硅肥高效施用技术。     

不同年代中籼水稻品种的产量与氮肥利用效率

本研究旨在探明中籼水稻在品种改良过程中产量与氮肥利用效率的变化特点。以江苏省近70年来不同年代在生产上广泛应用的12个代表性中籼水稻品种(含杂交稻组合)为材料,依据应用年代将其分为20世纪40—50年代、60—70年代、80—90年代和2000年以后4个类型,设置0 N(全生育期不施氮)、MN(全生育期施氮210 kg hm–2)和HN(全生育期施氮300 kg hm–2)3个施氮量处理,研究其产量、氮肥利用效率及其生理特性。结果表明,随品种应用年代的演进,不同年代中籼水稻品种的产量和氮肥利用效率均获得较大提高。2000年以后的品种(超级稻)产量和氮肥利用效率较高,根系性状和叶片光合特性以及氮代谢相关酶活性强是其重要生理基础。超级稻抽穗后根系氧化力和剑叶光合速率下降的幅度较大可能是导致超级稻结实率较低的一个重要原因。提高灌浆中后期超级稻的根系氧化力和剑叶光合速率,有望提高超级稻的结实率。     

Wheat Cultivars Adapted to Post-Heading High Temperature Stress

The existence of genetic variation in wheat for tolerance to high temperature stress has been reported but cultivars released for a particular production system often are not characterized. The objective of this study was to identify and describe the characteristics of wheat cultivars adapted to production systems with risks of high temperature during the post‐heading period. Fifteen diverse wheat cultivars and one unreleased genotype were evaluated at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX, during two seasons characterized by daily maximum temperatures as high as 36 °C. Measurements during both seasons included days to heading, days to physiological maturity and grain yield. Large and significant (P < 0.05) grain yield differences were measured among cultivars within each season. Yield varied between 2979 and 4671 kg ha^?1 in the first season and between 1916 and 5200 kg ha^?1 in the second season. Late planting in the second season delayed heading date resulting in the post‐heading period to coincide with periods of high temperatures. Cultivars that headed early, in general, yielded better than cultivars that headed later within each season with yield reduction of 35.3 kg ha^?1 in the first season and 91.0 kg ha^?1 in the second season for every 1 day delay in heading after mid‐March. Early‐heading cultivars outperformed later‐heading cultivars because of two distinct advantages: the early‐heading cultivars had longer post‐heading and, therefore, longer grain filling period than the later‐heading cultivars. In addition, early‐heading cultivars completed a greater fraction of the grain filling earlier in the season when air temperatures were lower and generally more favourable. The advantage of earlier‐heading cultivars was also manifested in the amount of green leaves retained to anthesis. Earlier‐heading cultivars produced fewer total leaves per tiller but retained more green leaves and lost fewer leaves to senescence at anthesis than later‐heading cultivars. The results suggest that early heading is an important and effective single trait defining wheat cultivars adapted to production systems prone to high temperature stress during the post‐heading period.     

超高产栽培杂交中籼稻的生长发育特性

以5个杂交中籼稻品种(含品系)扬两优6号、P88S/747、珞优8号、珞优234和天两优2号为材料,研究大田条件下超高产水平(产量≥12.0 t hm^-2)的物质生产、产量构成及养分吸收特性。试验结果表明,与高产水稻(产量≥9.0 t hm^-2)相比,超高产水稻具有以下特征,幼穗分化期、齐穗期和灌浆结实期(齐穗后10 d) LAI大,分别为6.5~7.2、8.5~8.9和6.5~7.0;齐穗期的高效叶面积比率高,为60.0%~66.5%;齐穗期、灌浆期和成熟期积累较多的干物质,分别为13.5~15.0、15.0~16.0和25.0~28.0 t hm^-2;分蘖盛期对氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)吸收利用优势不明显,而幼穗分化期、齐穗期和成熟期对N、P、K 吸收利用高而且积累速度快。此外,具有穗数多(有效穗数介于250×10⁴ ~290×10⁴ 穗 hm^-2)、结实率高(88.2%~92.3%)、千粒重大(29.0~31.0 g)的特点。     

水稻甬优12产量13.5t hm~(–2)以上超高产群体的氮素积累、分配与利用特征

为探明甬优12超高产群体的氮素吸收与积累特征,2013—2014年,对高产(10.5~12.0 t hm–2)、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm–2)、超高产(13.5 t hm–2)3个产量群体的氮素吸收与积累特征等进行了系统比较研究。结果表明,与高产和更高产群体相比:(1)超高产群体拔节期植株含氮率较低,抽穗期和成熟期植株含氮率高于对照。超高产群体拔节期氮素吸收量较低,抽穗和成熟期氮素吸收量较高。(2)超高产群体播种至拔节期氮素积累量和积累比例低于对照;拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期植株氮素积累量和积累比例高于对照。播种至拔节期氮素积累量与产量呈极显著线性负相关,拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期植株氮素积累量与产量呈极显著线性正相关。(3)超高产群体抽穗期和成熟期茎鞘、叶片和穗部氮素吸收量较高,且花后茎鞘氮素转运量和穗部氮素积累量也较高。花后茎鞘氮素转运量与实产呈显著线性正相关;穗部氮素积累量与实产呈极显著线性正相关。(4)甬优12超高产群体氮素吸收利用参数为,籽粒生产率50.8 kg grain kg~(–1)、百千克籽粒吸氮量1.97 kg、氮肥偏生产力42.1 kg kg–1、氮收获指数0.552。本研究表明,与一般高产群体相比,甬优12超高产群体氮素吸收具有拔节前较低、拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期高的特点;促进花后茎鞘氮素转运量有利于提高水稻产量。甬优12超高产群体百千克籽粒吸氮量2.0 kg左右,其氮素利用效率较低,在其超高产栽培管理中应重视氮素的高效利用。     

杂交粳稻13.5t hm~(-2)超高产群体动态特征及形成机制的探讨

选用杂交粳稻甬优8号,以国家粮食丰产工程兴化、姜堰实施基地1.0hm2连片与6.67hm2连片超高产攻关方为依托,研究了13.5thm-2超高产群体特征,并探讨了群体形成机制。结果表明,较之12.0thm-2左右群体,13.5thm-2群体的穗型大,群体颖花量多(60000×104hm-2以上),有效穗数、结实率和千粒重与之相当;群体茎蘖于生育前期稳步增长,至有效分蘖临界叶龄期达适宜穗数,高峰苗出现在拔节期,数量少,为预期穗数的1.3倍左右,此后群体平缓下降,至抽穗期达适宜穗数,成穗率高(75%);群体叶面积指数前期增长相对较缓慢,最大值出现在孕穗期,为8.5左右,此后下降缓慢,成熟期仍保持在4.0以上;群体光合势生育前期较小,中、后期较大,总光合势为675×104m2dhm-2以上,抽穗至成熟期的光合势占总光合势的45.0%以上;群体拔节前干物质积累速度相对较缓、积累量略低,拔节后积累速度较快,至抽穗期群体生物量为13.5thm-2以上,抽穗后积累量亦高,一般为9.75thm-2以上,总干物重高达23.25thm-2以上。13.5thm-2超高产群体形成机制为,依靠精苗,发大蘖,及时够苗,提高够苗期群体质量(有效分蘖临界叶龄期),为中期高质量群体结构的培育奠定生物学基础;依靠合理的群体动态及其规模,培育适宜数量的壮秆大穗,于抽穗期形成具有强抗倒力和巨量安全库容的高光效群体;依靠平稳消退的光合系统,提高抽穗后群体光合物质生产力,增大群体库容的总充实量,并维持较大的茎鞘强度,增强群体的安全抗倒力。     

Changes over time in the adaptation of barley releases in north-eastern Spain

The objective of this study was to characterize grain yield and adaptation of barley cultivars released in recent decades in north-eastern Spain. Ten six-rowed and 10 two-rowed barley genotypes were grown in eight environments. Mean yields varied among environments between 1.7 and 5.8 tha^?1. New releases showed higher mean yields and were specifically adapted to nonlimiting growing conditions. The average genetic advances were estimated as 40.7 and 32.9 kg ha^?1 years^?1 for two- and six-rowed genotypes, respectively, in the four most productive environments. Old genotypes, with lower overall grain yields, were specifically adapted to the poorer sites. A negative genetic gain, estimated as -14.8kg ha^?1 years^?1. was reorded for six-rowed culiivars in the four poorest sites. No significant association was observed between heading date and year of release. Variations in carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) were examined to assess whether changes in adaptation could be partially explained by shifts in the genoiypic transpiration efficiency (TE) over time, in the most favourable environments, new releases showed the highest grain yields and carbon isotope discrimination values (Δ). By contrast, older cultivars had constitutively? lower Δs and therefore higher TEs. These results suggest a genetic association between low TE and yield potential and specific adaptation to stress-free conditions so that selection for yield under favourable conditions could have resulted in an indirect downward genetic shift in the TE of modern cultivars.     

Molecular assessment of genetic diversity in winter barley and its use in breeding

Summary During the last decades extensive progress has been achieved in winter barley breeding with respect to both, yield and resistance to fungal and viral diseases. This progress is mainly due to the efficient use of the genetic diversity present within high yielding adapted cultivars and – with respect to resistance – to the extensive evaluation of genetic resources followed by genetic analyses and introgression of respective genes by sexual recombination. Detailed knowledge on genetic diversity present on the molecular level regarding specific traits as well as on the whole genome level may enhance barley breeding today by facilitating efficient selection of parental lines and marker assisted selection procedures. In the present paper the state of the art with respect to virus diseases, i.e. Barley mild mosaic virus, Barley yellow mosaic virus, and Barley yellow dwarf virus is briefly reviewed and first results on a project aiming on a genome wide estimation of genetic diversity which in combination with data on yield and additional agronomic traits may facilitate the detection of marker trait associations and a more efficient selection of parental genotypes are presented. By field tests of 49 two-rowed and 64 six-rowed winter barley cultivars the genetic gain in yield for the period 1970–2003 was estimated at 54.6 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (r² = 0.567) for the six-rowed cultivars and at 37.5 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (r² = 0.621) for the two-rowed cultivars. Analysis of 30 SSRs revealed a non-homogenous allele distribution between two and six-rowed cultivars and changes of allele frequencies in relation to the time of release. By PCoA a separation between two and six-rowed cultivars was observed but no clear cut differentiation in relation to the time of release. In the two-rowed cultivars an increase in genetic diversity (DI) from older to newly released cultivars was detected.     

Effectiveness of early-generation testing applied to upland rice breeding

A plant breeding program is a long-term investment. Therefore, periodic assessment of the effectiveness of a breeding strategy is essential to maximize genetic gains per unit of time and resource invested. In this work, we assessed the effectiveness of the early-generation testing (EGT) approach used in the upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding program at Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), Brazil, estimating the genetic progress achieved for three traits in two distinct phases, spanning 15 years. In the first phase (from 2003 to 2010), it was used the bulk method within F₃ progenies with prior testing of F₂ crosses, while in the second phase (from 2010 to 2017), it was used the bulk method within F₂ progenies. The dataset comprised 70 yield trials, involving 1884 F_3:5 progenies (phase I) and 925 F_2:4 progenies (phase II) from an elite population, and 10 check cultivars, evaluated for grain yield (GY), plant height (PH) and days to flowering (DTF). For estimating the genetic gain, we adapted a generalized linear regression method to compute bi-segmented linear regression coefficients. Desirable genetic gains were achieved only for GY in both phases of the breeding program, with 78.75 kg ha^?1 year^?1 (2.68%) in the first phase, and 53.78 kg ha^?1 year^?1 (1.54%) in the second phase. These results show the effectiveness of EGT, especially via bulk method within F₃ progenies with prior testing of F₂ crosses, applied to upland rice breeding. Some refinements are discussed in the method to make it more cost-effective and more efficient in achieving genetic gains.     

水稻甬优12产量13.5t hm~(–2)以上超高产群体的生育特征

以籼粳交超级稻甬优12为试材、四叶一心期带蘖小苗移栽,超稀植(12.45×104穴hm–2)栽培,对高产(10.5~12.0 t hm–2)、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm–2)、超高产(13.5 t hm–2)3个产量群体的产量及其结构、茎蘖动态、叶面积动态及干物质的积累与运转等进行了系统比较研究。结果表明,产量由高产(10.5~12.0 t hm–2)到更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm–2)再到超高产(13.5 t hm–2),群体的颖花量不断提高,结实率和千粒重略微下降。与高产和更高产群体相比,超高产群体茎蘖数起点较高,在有效分蘖临界叶龄期及时够苗,至拔节期群体茎蘖数稳步增长,达高峰苗,此后群体茎蘖数平缓下降,成穗率近60%;群体叶面积指数生育前期较小,最大值出现在孕穗期,为9.17,此后平缓下降,成熟期在4.0以上;群体干物质积累量在拔节期略低,此后各生育时期均升高,抽穗期为14.38 t hm–2,抽穗至成熟期为9.73 t hm–2,成熟期为24.11 t hm–2;群体根系干重、根冠比及单茎伤流强度在后期(抽穗至成熟期)均较高。     

南方粳型超级稻物质生产积累及超高产特征的研究

以超级粳稻品种武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号为材料,对高产(8.25~9.75 t hm^-2)、更高产(9.75~11.25 t hm^-2)和超高产(＞11.25 t hm^-2) 3个产量等级群体的物质生产与产量的关系、干物质积累、输出与转运等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明,4个超级稻品种成熟期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质重与产量呈极显著正相关,抽穗期干物质重均与产量呈抛物线关系,拔节至抽穗期的干物质重与产量呈极显著正相关(高产—更高产、更高产—超高产以及将3个产量等级综合起来);从高产到更高产再到超高产,4个超级稻品种的生物学产量不断提高(差异显著),而超高产群体的经济系数则与更高产水平相当(0.5000以上),显著高于高产水平;较之更高产、高产群体,超高产群体在生育中期(拔节至抽穗期)干物质积累量大,抽穗期叶面积指数高、株型挺拔、群体质量优[有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、总颖花量与颖花/叶(cm²)、基部节间粗、单茎茎鞘重均高],在生育后期(抽穗至成熟期),光合能力强(叶面积衰减率小,光合势、群体生长率、净同化率高)、干物质积累量高(占生物学产量的40.0%以上)、茎鞘物质的输出与转运协调[实粒/叶(cm²)、粒重(mg)/叶(cm²)均高]。     

超高产常规粳稻宁粳1号和宁粳3号群体特征及对氮的响应

2007—2008年对宁粳1号和宁粳3号的丰产示范方进行调查,2008年以宁粳3号为材料进行氮肥用量和前后比例试验,研究常规粳型超级稻超高产群体特征及对氮的响应。结果表明,常规粳型超级稻宁粳1号和宁粳3号抽穗后干物质积累占籽粒产量的70%~80%,茎叶等营养器官的表观转运率少,易高产稳产。足够的颖花量是高产稳产的保证,要达到11.0 t hm^-2以上的产量,颖花数要 ≥ 42 000 m^-2;要达到11.7 t hm^-2以上的产量,颖花数要 ≥ 45 000 m^-2,同时结实率 ≥ 90%,粒重 ≥ 26 mg。超高产群体抽穗期适宜叶面积指数(LAI)为7.0~7.5,叶色呈“黑黄”节奏变化,后期生长速率(CGR)高,收获指数(HI)≥ 0.5。氮肥的适量施用和适当后移,不仅可以保证宁粳1号和宁粳3号生育期“黑黄”节奏变化,建立抽穗期适宜LAI的群体,还可以保持超高产株型特征,提高抽穗后LAI、叶面积维持期、CGR和HI,最终实现超高产量。     

甬优系列籼粳杂交稻氮肥群体最高生产力的优势及形成特征

以长江下游地区大面积种植的4种类型(籼粳杂交稻、常规粳稻、杂交粳稻和杂交籼稻)水稻品种中有代表性的品种为材料,设置6个氮肥水平(0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm–2),比较研究其氮肥群体最高生产力及其产量构成、关键生育阶段天数、主要生育时期的叶面积指数和干物重。结果表明:(1)杂交籼稻获得最高生产力对应的施氮量为225.0~262.5 kg hm–2,常规粳稻为300.0 kg hm–2,杂交粳稻和籼粳杂交稻为262.5~300.0 kg hm–2。(2)氮肥群体最高生产力以籼粳杂交稻最高,达12.2(12.0~12.3)t hm–2,较杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻分别高出6.6%、9.8%和19.6%(两年平均值)。群体颖花量和每穗粒数均以籼粳杂交稻最高,但其每穗粒数年度间波动较大。穗数和结实率以常规粳稻最高。(3)播种至抽穗期天数以杂交粳稻最长,抽穗至成熟期天数则以籼粳杂交稻最长,达60 d左右。全生育期天数呈杂交粳稻常规粳稻籼粳杂交稻杂交籼稻。两年中日产量以籼粳杂交稻最高。(4)籼粳杂交稻在抽穗、抽穗后20 d和成熟期的叶面积指数和干物重均显著高于另外3种类型品种,且抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量也最高。此外,籼粳杂交稻在拔节至抽穗期以及抽穗至成熟期的光合势显著高于另外3种类型品种。较多的每穗粒数、较长的灌浆期天数以及较高的日产量、生育后期(抽穗至成熟期)较强的光合物质生产能力是籼粳杂交稻氮肥群体最高生产力形成的重要原因和基础。     

超高产常规粳稻宁粳1号和宁粳3号群体特征及对氮的响应

2007-2008年对宁粳1号和宁粳3号的丰产示范方进行调查,2008年以宁粳3号为材料进行氮肥用量和前后比例试验,研究常规粳型超级稻超高产群体特征及对氮的响应。结果表明,常规粳型超级稻宁粳1号和宁粳3号抽穗后干物质积累占籽粒产量的70%~80%,茎叶等营养器官的表观转运率少,易高产稳产。足够的颖花量是高产稳产的保证,要达到11.0 t hm^-2以上的产量,颖花数要 ≥ 42 000 m^-2;要达到11.7 t hm^-2以上的产量,颖花数要 ≥ 45 000 m^-2,同时结实率 ≥ 90%,粒重 ≥ 26 mg。超高产群体抽穗期适宜叶面积指数(LAI)为7.0~7.5,叶色呈“黑黄”节奏变化,后期生长速率(CGR)高,收获指数(HI)≥ 0.5。氮肥的适量施用和适当后移,不仅可以保证宁粳1号和宁粳3号生育期“黑黄”节奏变化,建立抽穗期适宜LAI的群体,还可以保持超高产株型特征,提高抽穗后LAI、叶面积维持期、CGR和HI,最终实现超高产量。     

低氮密植栽培对超级稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

为了研究低氮密植栽培对水稻分蘖发生及成穗率、干物质积累及其转化、氮素利用率和产量的影响,2012—2013年以超级稻Y两优1号为材料,在湖南长沙和海南澄迈进行了施氮量(75、150、225 kg N hm–2)与栽插密度(68、40、27、19穴m–2),每穴苗数(单、双、三本穴–1)与栽插密度(40、27、19、14穴m–2)的大田栽培试验。结果表明,在基本苗数相同或相近的条件下,减苗增密在齐穗期和成熟期的干物质量及产量分别比增苗减密高10.5%、5.2%和2.9%,有效穗数对产量的贡献最大,达到显著水平;在低氮密植条件下,有效分蘖期缩短6 d左右,分蘖成穗率、表观转化率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素籽粒生产效率分别提高10.9%、21.0%、150.6%和19.6%。在施氮量为75 kg N hm–2的密植(40~68穴m–2)条件下,齐穗期和成熟期的干物质量及长沙点产量分别比中、高氮(150~225 kg N hm–2)常规密度(19~27穴m–2)低3.2%、7.5%和1.2%,但差异不显著,而澄迈点产量在2012年和2013年分别比之低5.2%和高9.1%,且差异均达显著水平。在施氮量为150 kg N hm–2的密植条件下,成熟期干物质量比高氮常规密度低1.7%,但齐穗期干物质量和产量比高氮常规密度高10.3%和3.3%。因此,超级稻采用低氮密植栽培,在100~150 kg N hm–2和40穴m–2条件下提早了够苗期,增加了有效穗数,提高了分蘖成穗率和结实率,加之齐穗期适宜的干物质积累和较高的表观转化率,有利于高产的形成和氮肥利用率的提高。