甘肃省苹果蠹蛾不同地理种群遗传多样性分析

为探明苹果蠹蛾不同地理种群的遗传变异、种群分化及传播扩散情况,利用9对微卫星引物对甘肃9个不同苹果蠹蛾地理种群的遗传多样性进行了研究。应用POPGENE 1.32和NTSYSpc 2.1软件分析表明:9对引物共检测到21个多样性位点,多态性百分比为95.45%;9个不同地理种群的观测等位基因为1.954 5,有效等位基因为1.741 3,Nei氏指数为0.411 3,Shannon指数为0.592 7±0.147 2;遗传相似度在0.325 8~0.817 0范围内。UPGMA聚类分析表明甘州、金塔种群聚为一支,与肃州种群合为一支;临泽种群与总寨种群聚为一支;七里河与敦煌种群聚为一支;高台与民勤种群聚为一支,各分支间的遗传分化系数Fst分别为0.795 0、0.531 4、0.857 9、0.598 0。Mantel检测表明,种群间的遗传距离与地理距离无显著相关性。研究表明,甘肃苹果蠹蛾种群的遗传多样性较低,遗传变异主要来自种群内部,种群之间的基因交流较少,在甘肃省的传播以人为被动传播扩散为主。     

山东省不同地理种群棉铃虫的遗传结构

为明确棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera（Hübner）在山东省不同地理种群的遗传分化及遗传多样性，对采集得到的山东省14个棉铃虫种群共109个样本进行线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基（I mito‐chondrial cytochrome oxidase I，mt COI）及亚基II (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I，mt COII）基因片段测序，并进行遗传多样性分析，探究其在山东省的种群遗传变异情况。结果表明，棉铃虫mt COI及mt COII基因拼接（1 306 bp）共有18个单倍型Hap1~Hap18，其中Hap2和Hap3单倍型包含的个体数量最多，分别为37个和20个。莱阳种群的单倍型多样性最高，为1.000，莱西种群的核苷酸多态性最高，为0.004 5，14个棉铃虫种群的总体固定系数F_ST值为0.028，说明棉铃虫种群之间几乎没有遗传分化。GENEPOP分析表明种群间遗传距离和地理距离无显著相关性。表明山东省不同地区棉铃虫遗传分化较低，各地区种群间没有显著的遗传差异。     

内蒙古亚洲小车蝗种群遗传多样性和遗传分化的ISSR分析

亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus Bei-Bienko是我国北方草原和农牧交错区的主要害虫。为评价内蒙古地区亚洲小车蝗种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化,应用ISSR标记方法对内蒙古15个亚洲小车蝗种群遗传多样性及遗传分化进行了分析。结果表明,7条引物扩增出85条ISSR条带,均为多态性条带。多态性比例（P）、Nei''s遗传多样性指数（H）和香农多样性指数（I）分别为82.59%、0.2319和0.3421,表明亚洲小车蝗种群具有较高的遗传多样性。基因流（Nm）和基因分化系数（Gst）分别为1.2298和0.3352,表明亚洲小车蝗不同地理种群具有明显的遗传分化。遗传距离与地理距离呈极显著正相关关系。表明地理距离和地形差异可能是形成亚洲小车蝗种群遗传分化的主要原因。     

基于DNA条形码技术的湖南省柑橘主产区实蝇幼虫分子鉴定

为明确湖南省柑橘主产区的实蝇入侵为害现状,从该省7个市(自治州)22个地点收集柑橘蛆果中的幼虫,利用DNA条形码技术对其进行分子鉴定,并以DNA条形码序列作为分子标记探究橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax的20个中国地理种群(湖南省6个组群共16个种群、其它3省市4个种群)以及1个印度地理种群间的亲缘地理关系,分析橘大实蝇在我国的遗传进化关系。结果表明,仅采集自邵阳市城步苗族自治县柑橘蛆果中的5头幼虫被鉴定为蜜柑大实蝇B. tsuneonis,其余21个地点采集的595头幼虫均被鉴定为橘大实蝇。21个橘大实蝇地理种群的平均单倍型多样性为0.75,核苷酸多样性为0.0032,核苷酸差异数为2.13,中国所有地理种群均具有较高的遗传多样性;单倍型网络进化图显示湖南、重庆、贵州种群共享的单倍型H3为原始单倍型,表明其为比较原始的种群;AMOVA分析结果显示种群内个体间遗传变异占总体变异的59.04%,是遗传变异的主要来源;遗传分化结果表明湖南省6个组群间均出现了中度至高度的遗传分化,FST在0.0521～0.7795之间。表明DNA条形码技术可用于蜜柑大实蝇和橘大实蝇幼虫的分子鉴定及其种群遗传进化分析。     

基于线粒体COI基因序列的大豆食心虫不同地理种群遗传分化

为揭示大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella不同地理种群间的遗传分化情况,通过测定19个地理种群214头老熟幼虫的线粒体COI基因序列,利用MEGA 6.0和Dna SP 5.0软件对不同地理种群间序列变异和遗传分化进行分析。结果表明,在214条408 bp的COI基因序列中发现46个变异位点,获得49种单倍型。总群体单倍型多样度为0.8277,固定系数为0.59,基因流为0.17。总群体Tajima’s D检验结果不显著,说明在较近时间内大豆食心虫未经历群体扩张。大豆食心虫不同地理种群间基因交流较少,贵阳种群、都安种群与其它地理种群分化明显,整体的遗传多样性和遗传分化程度较高,地理距离是影响不同地理种群间遗传距离的重要因素。     

福建省烟粉虱不同地理种群遗传结构特征

为明确福建省烟粉虱种群遗传结构特征,基于福建省烟粉虱不同地理种群中40个代表性的线粒体COI基因序列,分析了种群遗传多样性、遗传分化及分子变异情况,并构建了单倍型系统发育树与网络图。结果显示:在590 bp长度的mt COI基因序列中有效位点558个,其中187个核苷酸位点存在变异;序列核苷酸中A、T、C、G含量分别为42.32%、24.36%、20.25%、13.06%,其中A+T的含量为66.68%,表现出明显的A+T偏向性;共检测出11个单倍型,其中Hap3、4、7、9、11为特殊单倍型;种群多样性指数为0.838,核苷酸多样性指数为0.093,表明遗传多样性水平较高;AMOVA分析表明种群遗传变异主要来自种群内,总种群遗传分化系数仅为0.027,种群遗传分化较低。表明福建烟粉虱种群基因交流未受地理距离明显影响,种群遗传分化不显著。     

基于mtDNA-COⅠ的云南西花蓟马的遗传分析

西花蓟马是我国重要的入侵害虫之一, 为了解其不同地理种群的遗传分化, 测定了云南6个地理种群141个个体的mtDNA-COⅠ基因片段。结果表明：在比对的433 bp基因片段中, 变异位点19个, 共检测出5个共享单倍型, 单倍型间出现了明显的遗传分化, 证实了云南西花蓟马为一个复合种群。地理种群间的遗传距离较低, 遗传距离与地理距离无显著相关性。各地理种群西花蓟马的遗传分化指数 Fst 为-0.021 19, 种群间变异多为负值, 表明云南西花蓟马种群遗传变异主要来自于种群内部, 种群间未发生明显的遗传分化。     

中国疫区内苹果蠹蛾微卫星位点的扩增稳定性及遗传多样性

为揭示欧洲苹果蠹蛾微卫星位点在中国苹果蠹蛾群体遗传学研究中的有效性,以12对微卫星引物对采自中国主要疫区新疆、甘肃、黑龙江的8个苹果蠹蛾地理种群的120头个体在各位点的遗传多样性及扩增稳定性进行研究。所选取的12个微卫星位点中,有8个能够稳定扩增,各位点在大多数种群中均显示偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡,各位点上的平均等位基因数量为3.750～12.500,平均观察杂合度Ho为0.025～0.783,平均期望杂合度He为0.284～0.892。位点Cp2.P和Cp4.56分别具有较低的观察杂合度(0.109、0.025)和较高的近交系数Fis(0.806、0.954),说明这2个位点上的杂合子非常缺乏,其余6个位点均具有较高的杂合度水平和等位基因数量,适用于中国疫区内苹果蠹蛾微卫星分子标记研究。     

基于线粒体和初级共生菌基因序列的荻草谷网蚜6个地理种群的遗传多样性研究

荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi)(在中国长时间学名误用为麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae Fabricius)是我国小麦的主要害虫,为小麦蚜虫优势种。该蚜虫因繁殖速度快、发育历期短、适应能力强且能随着气流远距离迁飞等特性,对小麦安全生产构成严重威胁。目前关于蚜虫种群遗传结构的研究主要基于线粒体基因开展。然而,初级共生菌布赫纳氏菌Buchnera aphidicola几乎存在于所有蚜虫中,其在研究蚜虫种群遗传结构多样性方面的潜在作用报道很少。本研究基于前期收集的荻草谷网蚜6个不同地理种群(苏州、武汉、昆明、廊坊、泰安、银川),对其线粒体COⅠ基因与初级共生菌B.aphidicola的两个单拷贝基因gnd与trpA进行PCR扩增、测序和群体遗传结构分析。根据对3个遗传标记基因聚类分析,荻草谷网蚜6个不同地理种群分为3组,分别为银川种群、苏州种群和其他种群(COⅠ: FCT= 0.364 2,P <0.05;gnd:FCT= 0.403 3,P <0.05;trpA:FCT= 0.222 9,P <0.05),3组间存在显著的遗传差异。银川种群和泰安种群间有相同的稀有单倍型H8(trpA),苏州种群和武汉种群也有相同的稀有单倍型H2与H23 (COⅠ),3组之间仍存在基因交流。因此我们推测在4、5月份东南季风盛行的情况下,银川种群迁入了外来虫源。蚜虫线粒体基因和初级共生菌基因的遗传结构分析结果基本一致,表明共生菌基因在研究蚜虫种群遗传结构和多样性具有潜在应用意义。综上所述,基于线粒体和共生菌基因序列的荻草谷网蚜不同地理种群的遗传结构解析可为蚜虫的迁飞提供分子证据。     

上行效应与下行效应在番茄潜叶蛾防控中的应用

番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta源自南美洲,是一种具有恶性入侵性、暴发性和毁灭性的害虫。该害虫自2017年入侵我国新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州,目前已在我国云南、贵州和四川等近20个省（区）相继发生,对番茄等茄科类作物造成严重威胁,亟需开展害虫综合治理研究与田间应用。该文基于土壤-作物-害虫-天敌互作系统中上行效应与下行效应的生态学原理,综述土壤氮素、根际微生物、作物抗性、作物和非作物多样性以及天敌昆虫在番茄潜叶蛾种群控制中的作用,对番茄潜叶蛾综合防控进行展望。     

苹果蠹蛾在中国的适生性分析

苹果蠹蛾是严重危害全球水果生产的一种重要害虫。本研究根据中国760个气象站点的气象数据和苹果蠹蛾生物学数据,综合运用CLMEX模型和ArcGIS分析相结合的方法,对苹果蠹蛾在中国的适生性进行分析。分析结果表明:苹果蠹蛾在我国的适生区域较为广泛。中高度适生区主要包括黑龙江、内蒙古、山西、宁夏、甘肃,吉林、北京、陕西、新疆、西藏的大部分地区,辽宁西部、河北西部和北部、青海北部、云南北部、四川西部、贵州西部及山东沿海地区。     

Potential of Heterorhabditis zealandica (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) for the control of codling moth,Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in semi-field trials under South African conditions

Infection of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), larvae by the entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis zealandica, was studied under semi-field conditions. Late-instar diapausing codling moth larvae, coccooned in perforated cardboard strips, were used in all trials to evaluate the nematode treatments involved. A morning application of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 MM infective juveniles (IJs) per tree resulted in 85%, 95% and 100% codling moth larval infection, respectively. Contrasting results were obtained for an evening application, with low levels of codling moth infection (<50%). Nematode treatment strips placed in direct sunlight resulted in almost no infection (<10%), opposed to strips attaining 67% infection placed in the shade.     

苹果蠹蛾在辽宁省彰武县梨树上的发生规律

为明确辽宁省苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(Linnaeus)的发生规律,于2014—2016年连续3年对辽宁省彰武县哈尔套镇10个村59个不同梨园采用三角屋胶粘式诱捕器进行了雄成虫数量消长动态的监测,并对幼虫蛀果率、老熟幼虫数量及化蛹行径、蛹期进行调查。结果表明,在辽宁省彰武县,从4月下旬至9月下旬,苹果蠹蛾成虫共有2次发生高峰:第1次为5月下旬,第2次为7月中下旬;苹果蠹蛾在2016年全年内有3次明显的蛀果高峰期:第1次为6月下旬至7月上旬,第2次为8月上旬,第3次为8月下旬。老熟幼虫更趋向于脱果后直接掉落到地上再从地上沿着树干往上爬并在老翘皮下寻找合适位置化蛹;苹果蠹蛾经人工饲养的蛹期为9.95 d。研究表明,苹果蠹蛾在辽宁省彰武县1年发生2代,第1代从5月中旬到9月下旬,越冬代从7月中旬到翌年6月下旬。     

Cross‐resistance between azinphos‐methyl and acetamiprid in populations of codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), from Washington State

BACKGROUND: Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), has been intensely managed with the organophosphate insecticide azinphos‐methyl for 50 years, and populations have developed resistance. New management programs have been developed and implemented that rely more heavily on other classes of insecticides. A prerequisite for developing effective resistance management strategies for these compounds is to establish their current levels of effectiveness. Adult and neonate larval assays were conducted to assess the response of field‐collected codling moth populations from apple in Washington State. RESULTS: Male codling moth populations exhibited a range of responses to a discriminating concentration of azinphos‐methyl in a survey of 20 populations. Populations from certified organic orchards were more susceptible than those from conventional orchards. Mean fecundity was inversely related to azinphos‐methyl tolerance. Male responses to azinphos‐methyl and acetamiprid varied significantly among populations and were correlated. The residual effectiveness of field applications of both insecticides varied significantly against neonate larvae. Neonate bioassays with insecticide‐dipped fruit found significant differences among populations with azinphos‐methyl, acetamiprid, methoxyfenozide and spinosad, but not with esfenvalerate. CONCLUSION: These results support a concern that alternation of insecticides with different modes of action may not be a sufficient strategy to avoid the evolution of broad‐spectrum insecticide resistance by codling moth. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial analysis of pheromone trap catches of codling moth (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cydia pomonella</Emphasis>) in two heterogeneous agro-ecosystems,using geostatistical techniques

From 2000 to 2002, local distribution and dispersion patterns of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), captured in pheromone traps were investigated in two heterogeneous agro-ecosystems (A and B) of the Molise region, in central Italy. The main objectives of this study were to determine the temporal and spatial variations in distribution and abundance of codling moth inside and outside apple orchards located in these study areas, and to evaluate the importance of the presence of several host plants in relation to the observed distribution. Trap catches of male moths were clumped during almost all sampling weeks. Spatial characterizations obtained by means of geostatistical methods illustrate that the high trap capture foci were confined to the productive apple orchards for both agro-ecosystems or in small groups of apple trees, and in the case of study area B, in a zone containing pear trees, service trees and walnut trees. Occasionally moths were found in traps installed outside these zones. Furthermore, the position of high male population foci seems not to change during a single flight period. The results obtained are discussed with respect to the improvement of Integrated Pest Management programs employed in apple orchards situated in heterogeneous landscapes. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004.     

Control of the codling moth (cydia pomonella) in apple and pear orchards in Israel by mating disruption

Control of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), by pheromone-mediated mating disruption, was studied in Israel using two types of dispensers: Shin-Etsu twist-tie (normal and long-life) and TNO matrix formulation (square wafers). Factors affecting mating disruption: initial pest population density, timing of the pheromone application, early season insecticide treatments and monitoring of the pest, were evaluated. Efficacy of mating disruption was assessed by comparing catch of males in pheromone traps located in pheromone-treated and chemically sprayed control plots. Fruit infestation during the season and at picking time was the major criterion to assess mating disruption. The preferred time for pheromone application was before the first flight of the moth. When pheromones were applied at a later stage, one or two early insecticide sprays had to be used to reduce the initial level of the codling moth population. In all tests, trap catch in pheromone-treated plots was drastically reduced as compared with respective control plots. In pheromone-treated plots where total seasonal trap catch (after pheromone application) was less than 12 males/trap, fruit infestation was less than 1.5%; zero trap catch resulted in 0.1-0.3% infestation. At high population levels, mating disruption was ineffective, with the rate of infestation at picking-time being similar in pheromone-treated and control plots. All the field tests indicated that mating disruption with either Shin-Etsu ropes or TNO squares can control codling moth infestations in apple and pear orchards, at relatively low densities of the pest, as efficiently as commercial insecticide sprays.     

Genetic Structure and Variation in Aggressiveness in European and Australian Populations of the Grapevine Dieback Fungus, Eutypa lata

Eutypa lata is an ascomycete fungus causing a severe dieback in grapevine. The genetic structure of populations of E. lata from seven regions in Australia, France, Italy and Spain was examined using 20 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. In some regions, populations were subdivided and a total of 14 samples were analysed. A total of 231 RAPD haplotypes were found among the 240 isolates. Vegetative compatibility testing further demonstrated that isolates of the same haplotype were genetically distinct. Gene diversity was the highest in the population from northern Italy and lowest in the Alsace region in France. Linkage disequilibrium between pairs of putative loci was very low and most of the multilocus analyses were consistent with the hypothesis of random association of the loci. This suggests that random mating occurred in every population and that the sexual stage shapes the genetic structure of E. lata populations in the regions sampled. Only 6% of the total variability was attributable to differences between populations. Nevertheless, significant differences in allele frequency appeared with respect to six RAPD markers indicating some genetic differentiation between populations. This differentiation appeared attributable to differences between the Italian and Spanish populations and the other populations. We thus hypothesize that a restriction of gene flow exists within Europe. The population from Australia was genetically closer to the French and Spanish populations than to that from Italy. Genetic diversity is associated with considerable variation in aggressiveness, which was assessed on cuttings in the greenhouse in six populations. All populations included a range of isolates differing in aggressiveness, but the Italian population seemed to have more isolates with low aggressiveness.     

Development of a rapid resistance monitoring bioassay for codling moth larvae

BACKGROUND: The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is one of the most important pests of apple worldwide. Use of insecticides for management of this insect has been extensive and has resulted in resistance development. There are a number of different bioassay methods to monitor for codling moth resistance; however, many are not applicable to new insecticides and most are time consuming. A novel 16‐well plasticware bioassay plate containing lyophilized diet was developed for rapid resistance monitoring of codling moth. RESULTS: The contact insecticides acetamiprid and azinphosmethyl were significantly more toxic to neonates than to fourth instars. However, there was no significant difference in LC₅₀ values between neonates and fourth instars to the ingestion insecticides chlorantraniliprole, methoxyfenozide, novaluron and spinetoram. Field colonies of codling moth were significantly more resistant to methoxyfenozide than susceptible populations. A diagnostic dose of 20 µg mL^?1 (LC₉₉) was established to monitor for codling moth resistance to methoxyfenozide. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented here demonstrate that a novel and rapid bioassay can be used to monitor for codling moth resistance to methoxyfenozide. The bioassay method is relevant to both ingestion and contact insecticides, but a single diagnostic dose, regardless of larval age, is only relevant to ingestion insecticides. Age‐dependent diagnostic doses are likely necessary for contact insecticides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

北京及周边地区九个地理种群的亚洲小车蝗mtDNA ND6基因及其部分侧翼序列分析

为明确北京地区亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus Bey-Bienko的迁飞来源,选取包含完整线粒体DNA的ND6、tRNA-Thr基因及侧翼ND4L、CYTB基因部分序列作为目的片段,采用DNA序列法分析来自北京及周边省市9个地理种群155个亚洲小车蝗样本的序列碱基组成、种群遗传多样性、种群结构及单倍型网络进化等。结果表明:在目的序列中共检测到多态性位点16个,鉴定出单倍型20种,分别占碱基总数和总样品量的1.88%和12.90%;核苷酸多样性为0.0012,单倍型多样性为0.66,种群间遗传分化系数绝对值≤0.51,种群内个体间遗传变异占总变异的86.88%,各种群遗传变异与空间距离间无显著相关性,供试样本总体上遗传变异程度相对较低。北京密云种群鉴定出的独享单倍型H14由单倍型H10经2次突变获得,H10被锡林郭勒和乌兰察布种群共享;北京密云与河北滦平、围场及内蒙古乌兰察布种群间基因流Nm绝对值分别为3.749、1.387和0.912,均高于密云种群与其它种群间的Nm绝对值;结合亚洲小车蝗在北京及周边地区出现的先后时序可知,内蒙古锡林郭勒、乌兰察布及河北滦平、围场是北京地区亚洲小车蝗的最主要迁飞来源。