赣榆县黑莓桥夜蛾的发生为害及其防治方法

赣榆县从1990年开始引种黑莓.已有近20年的种植历史.笔者对黑莓病虫害的发生与为害进行了多年的调查观察.其中桥夜蛾[ANOMIS mesogona (Walker)]的幼虫是重要的叶、梢部害虫.而它的成虫是黑莓的重要吸果夜蛾.     

锯木长蠹属4个近似种的鉴别

2011年7月,深圳出入境检验检疫局从阿根廷进口多刺苏木(Caesalpinia spp.)原木中检出我国未有分布记载的林木重要害虫——尖齿锯木长蠹(Xyloprista hexacantha(Fairmaire))。本文介绍了尖齿锯木长蠹、弯齿锯木长蠹(Xyloprista arcellata Lesne)、菲希锯木长蠹(Xyloprista fisheri Rai)、钝齿锯木长蠹(Xyloprista praemorsa Erichson)成虫的形态特征,并列出了这4个种的鉴别特征检索表。     

警惕检疫性有害生物亚利桑那齿小蠹入侵中国

亚利桑那齿小蠹Ips leconte为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,对松属等植物的危害性很大。本文主要介绍了亚利桑那齿小蠹的分类地位、形态特征、生物性特性等信息。并与亚利桑那齿小蠹的近似种进行了简要的鉴别比较。该虫在我国尚无分布,对进一步研究亚利桑那齿小蠹具有重要的参考意义,并对其入侵我国的威胁提出预警。     

新疆阿尔金山真藓属植物蒴齿结构和孢子的形态观察

为探讨真藓属植物的蒴齿结构和孢子形态特征的分类学价值,本文通过扫描电子显微镜观察了采自阿尔金山国家级自然保护区18种真藓属植物的成熟孢蒴。结果表明：（1）外齿层齿片的形态、齿片外侧表面的纹饰、内齿层齿条的穿孔大小、基膜高低和齿毛发育程度等蒴齿结构特征以及孢子纹饰在真藓属的部分类群间具有较稳定的差异,又是种内相对稳定的性状,在属下类群的划分中具有重要的参考价值。（2）真藓属中发育较完全的蒴齿具相对较长的齿片、较高的基膜、较宽的齿条和带节瘤的齿毛,而较简单的蒴齿具较短的齿片、较低的基膜、较狭的齿条和退化的齿毛或无。（3）真藓属在阿尔金山较为丰富的物种多样性与该类群植物适于干燥环境中孢子散布和传播的蒴齿结构及孢子特征有密切关系。     

蚤凹胫跳甲随苗木传播蔓延的调查

黑莓(ｂｌａｃｋｂｅｒｒｙ)是悬钩子属Ｒｕｂａｓ的一种浆果植物。1993年世界粮农组织和卫生组织推荐为第3代小果类保健果品。1994年在南京钟山南麓的江苏省植物研究所的黑莓园中,发现一种很小的深蓝色叶甲,经中国科学院动物研究所虞佩玉教授鉴定,学名为蚤凹胫跳甲Ｃｈａｅｔｏｃｎｅｍａｔｉｂｉａｌｉｓ(Ｉｌｌｉｇｅｒ)。作者在江苏省赣榆县、南京市、溧水县的黑莓示范基地和大面积栽培地区,连续8年进行巡逻检查,此虫仅在南京的江苏省植物所的黑莓园中发生,其它地方从未查到过。说明它的地域分布很局限。蚤凹胫跳甲以成虫危害,从3月中下…     

台湾进境罗汉松根际土壤中锐尾剑线虫的鉴定

2010年1月,广东检验检疫技术中心从台湾进境的罗汉松根际土壤中分离到一种剑线虫。该虫虫体长度中等,约1.8mm,齿尖针长82.6~88.6μm,齿托长45.8~50.7μm;生殖腺对生、回折,子宫内无任何特殊分化,阴门横裂;尾圆锥形,向腹面弯曲,尾尖尖锐。对其rDNA-ITS序列进行扩增、克隆、测序,结果获得1455bp的序列(HM990158),与Xiphinema oxycaudatum(AY359859)的同源性达99.9%。根据形态及测序结果,该虫鉴定为锐尾剑线虫(Xiphinema oxycaudatum Lamberti et Bleve-Zacheo,1979)。     

不同生境/萌发类型尖喙牻牛儿苗生物量分配特征

短命植物是荒漠生态系统重要的植物类群，其具有多样化的生境，且很多种类还具有异时萌发特性。植物生物量积累和分配能体现其对环境的响应与适应性特征，因此，研究不同环境条件下短命植物生物量分配格局有助于进一步了解短命植物的生存策略。以裸沙春萌（Bare Sand-Spring Germination,BS）、藻结皮春萌（Algal-Spring Germination,AS）、地衣结皮春萌（Lichen-Spring Germination,LS）3种自然结皮生境中萌发的尖喙牻牛儿苗春萌株及裸沙区夏季萌发（Summer Germination in Bare Sand,SG）的尖喙牻牛儿苗夏萌株为研究对象，采用全株挖掘法获取地上和地下生物量，系统对比分析了4个类型间植株生物量分配及异速生长关系的差异性，以探究其资源分配策略的变异性和保守型。结果表明：（1）尖喙牻牛儿苗单株地上、地下及总生物量总体表现为BS>AS>LS=SG的格局，其根冠比则呈SG=LS=AS>BS的特征。（2）BS和SG类型植株地上与地下生物量间为等速生长关系，而AS和LS生境为异速生长关系，但4个类型具有共...     

深色有隔内生真菌甘瓶霉对番茄抗枯萎病的作用

本文以深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophyte,DSE)甘瓶霉Phialophora mustea不同来源的2氧化酶的影响。研究表明,在尖孢镰刀菌胁迫下,与不接种DSE的对照相比,DSE接种可以显著缓解尖孢镰刀菌抑制番茄生长的症状,接种菌株K36和Z48后,植物株高分别增长了46.4%、53.2%,地上、地下部分干重分别增长了60.6%、50%和63.7%、65.9%,明显促进番茄生长和生物量的增加。进一步研究发现DSE接种显著激活番茄叶片SOD、POD等抗氧化酶活性进而降低尖孢镰刀菌导致的细胞脂质过氧化胁迫,发现在尖孢镰刀菌胁迫下,与不接种DSE的对照相比,接种菌株K36和Z48后番茄叶片SOD的酶活性分别增加19.3%和8.1%,POD的酶活性分别增加14.0%和4.4%,而MDA含量则显著减少了22.3%和9.1%。DSE接种增强了植物抗氧化酶活性,缓解由尖孢镰刀菌导致的脂膜过氧化胁迫,从而提高植物对真菌病害的抗性,促进宿主植物生长。     

洛阳局截获四齿长小蠹

洛阳检验检疫局由来自美国的木包装内截获到四齿长小蠹Platypus quadridentatus Olivier.该虫体长4.0～4.3mm.暗红褐色,鞘翅后部近黑色.额区刻点浅而密,疏生长毛.雄虫每鞘翅的第3、5、7行间向后延伸成齿,位于鞘翅斜面之上,斜面的侧下缘有1侧扁的大型齿突,由第9行间发出;腹部第4腹板有1对粗壮的刺突,末端尖.区别于雄虫:雌虫前胸背板中部稍后有1对大孔;鞘翅斜面侧下缘无发达的齿状突.     

典型荒漠植物凋落物分解及养分动态研究

采用分解网袋法,对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘粗柄独尾草(Eremurus inderiensis)、尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)和沙漠绢蒿(Seriphidium santolinum)3种荒漠植物叶、茎和根的分解、养分释放特性进行了研究。结果表明：叶片、茎、根系的质量损失过程均符合指数衰减模型。经过364 d的分解,粗柄独尾草叶、粗柄独尾草根、尖喙牻牛儿苗叶、尖喙牻牛儿苗茎、尖喙牻牛儿苗根、沙漠绢蒿茎、沙漠绢蒿根的失重率分别为41.96%、81.94%、42.18%、29.32%、47.02%、20.66%和20.71%;3种植物根、茎、叶的分解速率存在显著差异,分解速率依次为：粗柄独尾草根>叶;尖喙牻牛儿苗根>叶>茎;沙漠绢蒿根>茎。在整个分解过程中,N和P含量总的趋势表现为释放,叶、根凋落物质量损失与初始N、P含量显著负相关,非生物因素对其分解有重要影响。     

ECOLOGY AND CONTROL OF BLACKBERRY (RUBUS FRUTICOSUS L. AGG.)

Summary. The growth and vegetative reproduction of eighteen taxa in the genus Rubus was investigated to determine the biological characters that distinguish weedy from non-weedy Rubus spp. in Australia. Thickets of European blackberry ( R. fruticosus L. agg.), 21 months old, were distinguished by their low height and many rooting cane apices, from non-weedy Rubus spp. R. fruticosus agg. thickets had large radii, but this character was shared by thickets of some non-weedy taxa, namely Scoresby selection, youngberry and boysenberry. Most Rubus spp. had few adventitious shoots on lateral roots and there were no Rubus seedlings near the thickets. It is suggested that R. fruticosus agg. has a higher weed status than the other taxa because of its ability to produce a high frequency of rooting at its cane apices.
Ecologie et destruction des ronces. I.     

Infection of Australian and New Zealand Rubus subgenera Dalibarda and Lampohatus by the European blackberry rust fungus Phragmidium violaceum

Laboratory inoculations of native Australian and New Zealand Rubus spp. showed that R. gunnianus (subgenus Dalibarda ) from Tasmania and R. schmidelioides and R. cissoides (subgenus Lampobatus ) from New Zealand were moderately susceptible to the European blackberry rust fungus Phragmidium violaceum. Although the rust infected all species of subgenus Lampobatus tested. R. australis. R. parvus. R. squarrosus and R. moorei were more resistant and unlikely to be adversely affected when the rust reaches their area of distribution.     

葫芦科杂草小马泡危害玉米

小马泡(Cucumis bisexualis)属于葫芦科黄瓜属的一年生匍匐草本植物,属于我国特有植物,主要分布于江苏、山东和安徽等地,喜生于山坡、田边和路旁。2014年作者在河北省沧州市南皮县玉米田间调查时发现了小马泡的危害。目前,小马泡对玉米的生长构成严重影响,常规的防除技术很难防治,因此,亟须制定小马泡的综合防治技术体系。     

迁飞性害虫草地贪夜蛾在我国的潜在地理分布

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,又称秋黏虫,起源于美洲,两年内扩散至非洲撒哈拉以南地区,自2018年底入侵我国云南以来,5个月内已扩散至我国十余个省、市(自治区)。本研究基于MaxEnt分别利用草地贪夜蛾目前在全球的所有分布点以及全年分布点(去除季节性分布点)两套分布数据分别预测该虫在我国的潜在地理分布,以期为有关部门对草地贪夜蛾的监测防控提供理论依据。结果表明,我国海南、云南、广西、广东、福建、浙江、江西、湖南、贵州、四川、重庆、湖北、安徽、江苏等省需对草地贪夜蛾进行全年监测及防控,在春、夏、秋季,山东、河南、河北、北京、天津、山西、陕西、宁夏、甘肃、青海、内蒙古、新疆、辽宁等省、市(自治区)也需对该虫进行监测防控。关于该虫的潜在地理分布及潜在经济损失的相关研究仍需进一步开展。     

Susceptibility of invasive taxa of European blackberry to rust disease caused by the uredinial stage of Phragmidium violaceum under field conditions in Australia

European blackberry ( Rubus fruticosus agg.) is an aggregate of closely related taxa, with at least 15 taxa naturalized in Australia. Biological control of this Weed of National Significance, using the nonindigenous rust fungus Phragmidium violaceum , is effective when the weather is conducive to multiple cycles of infection, but some blackberry taxa escape severe disease. Thirty-one taxa of naturalized R. fruticosus agg. from southeastern Australia were isolated, their DNA phenotype determined and clones of each taxon inoculated with P. violaceum isolate SA1. Disease development was monitored for at least four generations of uredinia on large potted plants under field conditions. Although variation in mean disease severity appeared continuous over the range of Rubus clones tested, counts of uredinia and telia enabled identification of eight resistant taxa. Fine scale variation in susceptibility to rust disease was observed when different clones of R. leucostachys with the same DNA phenotype were found to express either resistance or susceptibility to P. violaceum (SA1). There were significant differences among 23 Rubus taxa rated as susceptible to rust disease in the mean number of leaves emerging per latent period of uredinia (LELPU). Mean LELPU appeared to account for some of the variation in two measures of mean disease severity observed among susceptible Rubus clones, although the correlation was insignificant (0·10 <  P  > 0·05).     

Pathogenicity of Phragmidium violaceum isolates on European blackberry clones and on leaves of different ages

Phragmidium violaceum (Pv) isolate F15 was released for biological control of invasive European blackberry in Australia in 1991–1992. This study reports variation in the pathogenicity of isolate F15 and Pv isolates SA1, V1 and V2, collected in southeastern Australia in 1997 or 1998, on a broad sample of genetically variable European blackberry clones collected in 1996–2000. The use of whole shoots or detached leaflet discs led to the same conclusions about the relative susceptibility of a blackberry clone to a particular Pv isolate. Moderate to relatively high numbers of uredinia developed on all 25 blackberry clones inoculated with isolate V1, whereas no or few uredinia of isolates V2 and SA1 developed on Rubus erythrops clone EB20, three clones of Rubus leucostachys (EB9, EB19 and 960804) or Rubus sp. clone SR43. Pv isolate F15 differed from the three isolates collected in Australia in that no or few uredinia of F15 developed on Rubus polyanthemus clone 961107 or three clones of Rubus laciniatus (EB22, KE1, SR14). Isolate F15 also differed from isolates V1 and V2 for the density of uredinia as a function of leaf age in a clone of Rubus anglocandicans found widely in Australia. Isolates V1 and V2 ceased production of uredinia on leaves older than 16 days, whereas Pv isolate F15 continued production of uredinia beyond this leaf age. This study informed selection of additional Pv isolates from Europe for release in Australia in 2004.     

Eop1 from a Rubus strain of Erwinia amylovora functions as a host-range limiting factor

Strains of Erwinia amylovora, the bacterium causing the disease fire blight of rosaceous plants, are separated into two groups based on host range: Spiraeoideae and Rubus strains. Spiraeoideae strains have wide host ranges, infecting plants in many rosaceous genera, including apple and pear. In the field, Rubus strains infect the genus Rubus exclusively, which includes raspberry and blackberry. Based on comparisons of limited sequence data from a Rubus and a Spiraeoideae strain, the gene eop1 was identified as unusually divergent, and it was selected as a possible host specificity factor. To test this, eop1 genes from a Rubus strain and a Spiraeoideae strain were cloned and mutated. Expression of the Rubus-strain eop1 reduced the virulence of E. amylovora in immature pear fruit and in apple shoots. Sequencing the orfA-eop1 regions of several strains of E. amylovora confirmed that forms of eop1 are conserved among strains with similar host ranges. This work provides evidence that eop1 from a Rubus-specific strain can function as a determinant of host specificity in E. amylovora.     

In situ potential for rehabilitation of sites dominated by blackberry (Rubus polyanthemos Lindeb.)

Soil samples were taken along transects cut through thickets of Rubus polyanthemos at three sites, the seeds were extracted by flotation, and the viability of filled seeds of R. polyanthemos determined by staining with tetrazolium chloride. Exotic annual species were the dominant component of the soil flora at two sites formerly undercultivation and a change in seed bank composition, both in number of individuals and numberof species, was evident from the exterior to the interior of the thickets. This was not observed in a relatively undisturbed native community. The apparent absence of suitable replacement species in the seed bank at all three sites means that they must be introduced if the sites are to be rehabilitated after the thickets are removed. Viable seeds of R. polyanthemos were present in relatively low numbers (mean 179 m^?2:), so that loss of viability appears to be fairly rapid.     

Use of a trap garden to find additional genetically distinct isolates of the rust fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmidium violaceum</Emphasis> to enhance biological control of European blackberry in Australia

Biological control agents can be more effective if their populations are genetically diverse, particularly when the target invasive plant comprises a range of genotypes with different susceptibilities and occurs across various microclimates. We report on the use of an efficient approach to find, in the native range, diverse isolates of a rust fungus for biological control. An outdoor trap garden containing various clones of invasive European blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg.) collected in Australia, each with a different DNA phenotype, was established in France. Within 4 weeks of establishment, the leaf-rust fungus Phragmidium violaceum was recovered from all clones in the garden. Molecular analyses of eight recovered and purified isolates of the fungus from the garden revealed that they were genetically distinct from each other and from isolates already present in Australia. These garden isolates also represented a subset of the population existing in Europe, when compared to isolates collected about 30 years ago. Two pathogenicity phenotypes were observed among the garden isolates in bioassays consisting of representative blackberry clones from Australia, and together the isolates were capable of infecting all clones. Results from host-specificity tests on key non-target plant species closely related to European blackberry concurred with previous findings that the leaf-rust fungus does not pose a threat to commercial blackberry cultivars and Rubus species native to Australia. The release and establishment of the garden isolates in Australia has potential to increase the genetic diversity and evolutionary potential of the leaf-rust fungus for more effective biological control.     

安徽省玉米主要害虫种类与发生为害初探

系统调查了安徽省不同地区、玉米不同生育期害虫种类及发生为害情况。调查发现:安徽省全境玉米适生期长,玉米种植结构复杂,北部地区以连片种植夏玉米为主,南部地区以插花式播种春玉米为主。与为害夏玉米的害虫相比,南部春玉米害虫种类更为多样。亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)是全省玉米的主要害虫,其中铜陵地区春玉米苗期受亚洲玉米螟为害最重,被害株率达25.6%。蜗牛在夏玉米穗期和春玉米苗期为害严重,部分田块被害株率达100%。桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis(Guenée)是春、夏玉米穗期的另一主要害虫,常与亚洲玉米螟、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)和黏虫Mythimna separata(Walker)混合发生,但在淮北地区玉米秸秆中未发现冬后存活的桃蛀螟幼虫。