衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段土壤理化特征

以衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段的典型植被为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列方法,选用立地条件基本一致、植被恢复阶段迥异的裸荒地、草地、灌木林和森林,通过调查取样和实验分析,探讨了衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段及同一恢复阶段不同土层土壤理化特征的时空变化;分析了不同植被恢复阶段的植被类型和土壤理化特性变化的内在联系及其互作效应。结果表明:随着植被恢复演替的进行,土壤黏粒含量总体增加,其中表层增加较多,亚表层、下层增加不明显;土壤容重逐渐减小,表层土壤容重小于亚表层与下层;土壤有机质逐渐增加,但随土层深度的增加而递减,表现出明显的表聚性;土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均呈上升趋势,由于植物根系及枯落物数量的差异,各营养成分的垂直分布各异。这将丰富该地区植物生态学与恢复生态学的内容,为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地生态系统的恢复与重建提供了重要依据。     

Root tensile strength of three shrub species: Rosa canina, Cotoneaster dammeri and Juniperus horizontalis: Soil reinforcement estimation by laboratory tests

The presence of vegetation increases soil burden stability along slopes and therefore reduces soil erosion. The contribution of the vegetation is due to mechanical (reinforcing soil shear resistance) and hydrologic controls on stream banks and superficial landslides. This study focused on the biotechnical characteristics of the root system of three shrub species: Rosa canina (L.), Cotoneaster dammeri (C.K. Schneid) and Juniperus horizontalis (Moench). The aim of this paper is to increase our understanding on root biomechanical properties of shrubs species and their contribution to soil reinforcement. The considered shrubs grew up in wood containers, exposed to natural conditions in a village near Asti (Northern Italy) for 2 years. Laboratory tests were conducted to measure the ultimate root tensile strength and to estimate the root density distribution with depth (root area ratio), in order to quantify the soil mechanical reinforcement. Root tensile strength measurements were carried out on single root specimens and root area ratio was estimated analyzing the whole root system. The improvement of soil mechanical properties obtained by the presence of shrubs was estimated using two different models. The first model, based on a simple force equilibrium model, considers that the tensile strength of all roots crossing the shear plane is fully mobilized. This classical approach is implemented by the Fiber Bundle Model concept, to account for non-simultaneous root breaking. C. dammeri roots presented the highest tensile strength and soil reinforcement values, while R. canina and J. horizontalis were characterized by lower values. Similarly at each considered depth C. dammeri showed the highest soil reinforcement effect.     

针叶与阔叶树根系对土壤抗剪强度及坡体稳定性的影响

重庆缙云山地处三峡库区,是国家重点自然保护区。由于地势特点,坡面极易发生土壤侵蚀及浅层滑坡,因此,在不破坏原有生态环境的前提下,有效防止灾害发生是该地区的重点防治工作。选取了同种根构型的针叶树种(马尾松Pinus massoniana Lamb)和阔叶树种(四川大头茶Gordonia acuminate),比较其提高土壤抗剪强度的作用强弱,并分析根面积比率、剪切带根系径级比、根系位置范围,以及根系角度等因素对土壤抗剪强度的影响。结果表明,针叶树种对土壤抗剪强度增强效果强于阔叶树种;针叶树种根系平均抗拉强度较大,其对土壤抗剪强度的增量更大;针叶树种根系分布范围较广且存在更多与剪切方向成60°的根系,表现出更好的固坡作用;根面积比率对土壤抗剪强度影响不明显。     

中国南北方植物对土壤加固机制的差异性

为深入分析植物对土壤加固的影响效益和机制,该研究选取重庆缙云山地区和陕西延安黄土丘陵区种植一年的乔木（火炬树、榆树）和灌木（荆条、酸枣）,该测定其根系形态、力学参数和土壤的抗剪强度,通过RBM_w模型计算根系固土效益,综合评估不同植物种的固土效能和贡献度。结果表明：2地种植的物种平均根直径的差异不显著（P > 0.05）,重庆种植的乔木(火炬树、榆树)的根长、分叉数和根尖数显著高于延安,灌木未出现显著差异（P < 0.05）。根系的抗拉强度与直径都符合负幂函数关系,其中平均抗拉强度最大的为荆条。除荆条外,同种植物根系的抗拉强度并未因不同地区的种植产生显著差异。4个植物种根系的固土效率为0.65～4.12 kPa,各物种间存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。重庆2种乔木种植下的根土复合体有效黏聚力高于裸地（约10%）,灌木种植下则普遍略低于裸地。除酸枣外,种植于重庆的4种植物的根系固土作用和效率都显著的高于延安（P < 0.05）。研究结果可为不同地区固土护坡的树种选择提供理论依据。     

Soil enzyme activity in an old-growth northern hardwood forest: Interactions between soil environment,ectomycorrhizal fungi and plant distribution

Plants and soil microbes produce extracellular enzymes (EE) that catalyze the hydrolysis of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) containing compounds in soil and other enzymes involved in degradation of lignin and cellulose. We explored whether soil enzyme activity involved in carbon (C), N and P cycling were correlated with plant distribution, soil chemical conditions and the identity of fungi colonizing tree roots in an old growth forest remnant. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) was used to determine the presence of root fungi and standard fluorometric analysis was used to determine soil enzyme activities. Soil enzymes were consistently positively correlated with soil C and N, but not CN ratio. Soil P was also correlated with enzyme activity during both June and September sampling. We saw no significant relationships between herbaceous plant cover and enzyme activity in June, but there were significant positive correlations between α-glucosidase and herbaceous plant coverage in September. We also found that some enzymes were significantly correlated with the identity of fungi colonizing tree roots separated from the soil cores. Chitinase and β-glucosidase were positively correlated with the genera Russula and Piloderma while chitinase was negatively correlated with Amanita and Entoloma. In addition, phosphatase was positively correlated with Russula, Meliniomyces and Solenopezia. Our results suggest that enzyme activity in old growth forest soils are affected by a variety of environmental factors, and that herbaceous plants and some root fungi may be associated with sites of elevated or decreased decomposition potential and nutrient cycling.     

Root Characteristics of Herbaceous Species for Topsoil Stabilization in Restoration Projects

Quarries are highly heterogeneous and constraining environments because of man‐induced disturbances associated with soil erosion and shallow mass movements. Recognizing the importance of plant root systems to overcome stability problems, we investigated the contributions of three different herbaceous species typical of calcareous grasslands, that is, Anthyllis vulneraria , Bromus erectus and Stachys recta , to the stability of the superficial layers of dump deposits at limestone quarries in the Botticino extractive basin (Lombardy, Italy). We analysed (i) the root mechanical properties and root diameter distributions of the selected species and estimated (ii) the lateral root reinforcement they can provide through the fibre bundle model. To assess the effective contribution of a species to the topsoil stabilization, we implemented the results obtained in a stability model based on the ordinary method of slices. Our results showed that using species such as B. erectus and S. recta with a density of 100 plants per square metre guarantees a better stability of the superficial layers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三种植被类型植物根系对崇明岛海岸带稳定性的影响

Coastal erosion is currently a major problem along the southern coast of Chongming Island, Shanghai. To enhance the erosion protection ability of coastal shelterbelts, two woody tree species, Taxodium ascendens and Salix babylonica, were planted separately into Phragmites australis + Scirpus mariqueter communities in 2006. Two years later, we investigated whether either of these experiments reduced erosion and increased stability in the native herbaceous plant community. We also examined soil stability and root length density under T. ascendens added, S. babylonica added and native herbaceous vegetation conditions along an intertidal gradient from the soil surface to a depth of 40 cm in each experiment, thus to determine the capacity of T. ascendens and S. babylonica to contribute to shoreline stabilization. Topsoil under the native vegetation had greater stability at the middle and higher intertidal zones because its soil stability index and root length density were significantly higher than in the T. ascendens or S. babylonica planted communities. The effect of T. ascendens on soil stability was not generally better than that of the native vegetation. Only at the 20-30 cm soil depth of the middle intertidal zone and in the 10-20 cm layer of the higher intertidal zone the soil stability index and root length densities under the T. ascendens added condition were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the native vegetation. The S. babylonica planted soil had greater stability in the deeper soil layer than the soil under either the native vegetation or the T. ascendens added condition, and its soil stability index and root length density were significant higher (P < 0.05) than those of other vegetation conditions at the 30-40 cm soil depth for the lower intertidal zone and at the 20-40 cm layer for middle and higher intertidal zones.     

Changes in tree growth resulting from simulated browsing have limited effects on soil biological properties

Herbivores can indirectly affect ecosystem productivity by modifying feedbacks that occur between dominant plants and below-ground properties, especially through altering nutrient availability in soil. The aim of this study was to examine, under controlled conditions, the effect of simulated browsing by large herbivores on the growth characteristics of downy birch (Betula pubescens), a dominant tree species of native regenerating forests in northern Britain, and to determine how effects of browsing on tree growth cascaded through to soil microbial communities, thereby affecting nutrient availability in soil. Downy birch seedlings were grown in mesocosms for 2 years and subjected to simulated browsing in the form of defoliation and clipping treatments. Upon destructive harvest, a number of measures of both tree growth characteristics and soil biological and nutrient properties were made. Clipping of birch trees significantly reduced total root biomass (27%), fine root biomass (29%), coarse root biomass (27%) and above-ground biomass (18%), whereas defoliated trees were significantly shorter than non-defoliated trees. Despite these significant and negative effects of browsing on tree growth, soil biological properties remained largely unaffected, other than rates of N mineralisation, which were greater under defoliated trees. We conclude that other factors, such as herbivore effects on litter quantity and quality which feedback to soil biological properties in the longer-term are more important in determining ecosystem responses to browsing.     

Land surface roughness impacted by typical vegetation restoration projects on aeolian sandy lands in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley,southern Tibetan plateau

Aeolian sandy lands are widespread and desertification is recognized as one of the main environmental issues in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley, southern Tibetan plateau. The surface microtopographic variations induced by the near soil surface characteristics of plant communities are important compositions of land surface roughness, which likely influence wind erosion. This study was conducted to quantify the effects of typical vegetation restoration on land surface roughness on the aeolian sandy lands, and to identify the main influencing factors of land surface roughness in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley. Two bare sandy lands (as controls) and eight vegetated sandy lands with different restoration communities and ages were selected, and land surface roughness (LSR), as represented by surface microtopographic variations in this study, was measured by photogrammetric surveys. The results showed that LSR significantly increased by 7.9–16.8 times after vegetation restoration on the aeolian sandy lands, and varied among different restoration communities and ages. The mostly restored communities of Sophora moorcroftiana and Populus L. had greater LSR as compared to Artemisia wellbyi and Hedysarum scoparium. With succession from 6 to over 30 years, LSR gradually increased in the Sophora moorcroftiana restored sandy lands, but decreased in the Populus L. restored sandy lands. The variations of LSR were mainly attributed to the differences in near soil surface characteristics of vegetation (plant stem diameter and coverage, and plant residue density) and biological soil crusts (coverage and thickness). Mixed plantation of Populus L. and Sophora moorcroftiana was considered as the best restoration communities because of their effectiveness in increasing land surface roughness on the aeolian sandy lands in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley. The results would facilitate the understanding of the benefits of vegetation restoration in controlling wind erosion on the aeolian sandy lands.     

内蒙古中西部3种乡土植物根系抗拉力学特性的对比研究

[目的]研究内蒙古中西部地区3种乡土植物种根系的抗拉机理,为该区水土保持的树种选择提供依据。[方法]以内蒙古中西部地区3种常见植物柠条、沙棘和紫花苜蓿根系为对象,进行室内单根瞬时极限拉伸试验研究。[结果](1)3种植物单根极限抗拉力随着直径的增加而增大,单根极限抗拉强度随直径的增加均呈幂函数递减。(2)当直径在0.19mm~2.89mm范围内相同径级时,3种植物单根极限抗拉强度和弹性模量均值大小顺序相同,依次为:柠条沙棘紫花苜蓿,3种植物根径≤0.5mm的细根具有较大的极限抗拉强度和弹性模量;(3)同一树种当根系直径相同时,土壤含水率高则其单根平均极限抗拉强度小。[结论]根系的力学特性与形态结构特征的结合,是选择适宜的水土保持树种非常重要的因素。从根系抗拉性能方面评价3种植物根系固土抗蚀能力大小则柠条优于沙棘和紫花苜蓿。     

Influence of forest cover and herbaceous vegetation on the microbiological and biochemical properties of soil under Mediterranean humid climate

The effects of different Mediterranean vegetation cover on the biological and biochemical quality of soil is not well understood. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effects that different types of vegetation (forestry plots, mainly dominated by Spanish black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. ssp salzmannii) and herbaceous plots, where overstorey density is lower and natural herbaceous percentage is higher than in forestry plots) have in the biological properties of soil in Mediterranean humid climate. The impact of these plant communities on the biological soil quality was determined by several sensitive parameters related to the microbial activity of the soil such as soil respiration and some enzyme activities (urease, phosphatase and dehydrogenase). Development of vegetation (herbaceous and pines) was also determined and correlated with microbiological and biochemical indicators. Organic matter content in herbaceous sites was significantly higher than in forestry sites, ranging from 5.27 to 6.70 g 100 g^?1 in herbaceous sites to 1.64–2.81 g 100 g^?1 in forested areas. Herbaceous sites showed higher values of basal respiration and dehydrogenase activity than pine areas. However, the decrease of organic carbon content in pine areas led microbial activity enrichment per unit of carbon. These results conclude that vegetation cover significantly impacts soil microbial processes in Mediterranean humid climates, herbaceous vegetation having a more positive influence than forest vegetation on the biochemical and microbial activity of the soil, principally due to the higher accumulation of organic matter from plant remains.     

Growth and competitiveness of the New Zealand tree species Podocarpus cunninghamii is reduced by ex-agricultural AMF but enhanced by forest AMF

The composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities found in agricultural systems has been found to be very different to that of forest. The implications of this, if any, for the restoration of indigenous forest on ex-agricultural land is poorly understood. This study investigated the effect that AMF communities isolated from ex-agricultural and forest soils have on the growth of an indigenous New Zealand tree species (Podocarpus cunninghamii). The forest AMF community was isolated from a remnant stand of P. cunninghamii forest and the ex-agricultural AMF from a retired grazing grassland. In addition, the study examined how the two AMF communities affected the competitiveness of P. cunninghamii when grown in competition with an invasive grass species (Agrostis capillaris), which is frequently dominant on ex-agricultural land in New Zealand. P. cunninghamii growth was significantly decreased by inoculation with ex-agricultural AMF compared to forest AMF. Furthermore, the forest AMF community was able to significantly increase P. cunninghamii root production when in competition with A. capillaris. The findings suggest that when attempting to restore indigenous forest on ex-agricultural land, inoculation of tree seedlings with appropriate forest AMF may improve their growth and survival.     

东莞低效荔枝林林下植被结构和多样性

对东莞大岭山撂荒的荔枝林(品种为“妃子笑”)林下植被进行样方调查, 分析了荔枝林林下植物群落的结构、多样性及生态位特征, 并提出撂荒荔枝林未来发展的对策。共记录到林下植被102 种, 隶属于50 科85 属。其中, 蕨类植物13 种, 隶属于9 科9 属; 双子叶植物65 种, 隶属于31 科52 属; 单子叶植物24 种, 隶属于10 科24 属。林下植被以灌木和乔木(幼苗)为优势生活型。灌木层与草本层物种多度分布差异不显著, 其物种丰富度、均匀度、Shannon-Wiener 指数、Simpson 指数差异亦均不显著。林下层优势物种中有春花(Raphiolepis indica)等8 种灌木, 芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)等7 种草本, 玉叶金花(Mussaenda pubescens)等5 种藤本。灌木层主要种群的生态位宽度与生态位重叠值变化范围分别为0.909~1.450、0.567~0.955, 草本层分别为0.945~1.566、0.270~0.984。所调查的荔枝林林下自然演替的植被物种丰富, 区系成分为亚热带地带性种类, 结构亦较为复杂。因此, 在荔枝产业面临转型的阶段, 对于立地条件或荔枝品质较差不再经营的林分,可维持植被现状, 或向生态公益林方向改造, 以利于东莞荔枝产业的可持续发展。     

Soil Erosion Assessment in Kondoa Eroded Area in Tanzania using Universal Soil Loss Equation,Geographic Information Systems and Socioeconomic Approach

Soil conservation measures including cutoff drains, tree planting, Crops diversifications and destocking were implemented in Kondoa eroded area (KEA) for decades. This study assessed soil erosion changes in KEA and examined drivers of changes using Universal Soil Loss Equation, Geographic Information Systems and socioeconomic survey. Soil erosion was predicted by using data on soil, digital elevation model, rainfall and land use/cover visually interpreted from multitemporal satellite imageries. The predicted average soil erosions were 14·7, 23 and 15.7 Mg ha⁻¹y⁻¹ during 1973, 1986 and 2008, respectively. The area under very high soil erosion severity that was 30% in 1973, 26% in 1986 and 25% in 2008, whereas the area with high erosion severity was 26% in 1973 changed into 49% in 1986 and 2008 indicating recent stabilization. The area with moderate erosion increased from 15%, 16% and 18% during the same period. Field survey confirms a decrease of soil erosion in KEA compared with the past showing better soil conservation. Age of farmers, long‐term adoption of conservation practices and on‐farm tree planting were found to be the major factors contributing toward reduced soil erosion. Major limitations in soil conservation were poor mainstreaming of conservation activities on local production systems and lack of institutions promoting conservation at the community level. The study concluded that long‐term conservation investment for restoration, protection and socioeconomic support contributes significantly in land rehabilitation in KEA. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

喀斯特峡谷区不同恢复阶段土壤微生物量及呼吸商

土壤微生物生物量、土壤微生物呼吸及微生物商值（微生物商qMB、微生物呼吸商qCO2）是土壤质量的敏感性指标。对喀斯特峡谷区不同植被恢复阶段土壤微生物生物量、土壤微生物呼吸及其qMB、qCO2进行研究,结果表明：在植被恢复过程中,土壤微生物生物量、土壤微生物呼吸及qMB均表现为从退耕地到草本群落下降,从草本到灌木群落上升,从灌木到乔木群落略微上升或者趋于稳定;qCO2的变化规律与它们相反。在同一恢复阶段,土壤微生物生物量,土壤微生物呼吸,qMB值均随土层加深而减小。土壤微生物生物量、微生物呼吸及其qMB、qCO2与土壤总有机碳、全氮、全磷具有显著的线性相关关系（p〈0.05）,可用来评价土壤质量。     

模拟降雨条件下林木裸露根系分布方式对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

为探究喀斯特地区林木根系分布方式对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响,采用人工模拟降雨方法,研究林木根系3类分布方式：根系横坡方向局部裸露（横向）、根系顺坡方向局部裸露（顺向）、根系垂直坡面（垂直）的土壤侵蚀特征。降雨强度为75 mm/h,降雨历时为90 min,坡度为25°。结果表明：（1）降雨过程中,横向和垂直生长根系影响土壤入渗,壤中流和地下径流产流时间表现为顺向>横向>垂直;顺向坡面地表径流初始产流时间比横向和垂直坡面略有提前,但差异不显著（p>0.05）;（2）横向、顺向及垂直坡面地表径流总量大小表现为顺向>垂直>横向,壤中流与地下径流产流速率在降雨过程中缓慢增加,降雨停止后急剧减小;（3）林木根系3类分布方式坡面间的地表减沙效益表现为横向>垂直>顺向。综上所述,顺向坡面的汇流作用促使地表产流产沙增加,垂直坡面增加土壤降雨入渗并减少侵蚀,横向坡面对坡面径流泥沙的拦蓄作用最为明显。研究结果对认识喀斯特石漠化坡地土壤侵蚀机理和水土流失防治措施提供了参考。     

Study on Vegetation Root Strength of Pioneer Plants for Forest Areas in Taiwan

Forest plant roots may restrain the occurrence of shallow landslides for forest land and pioneer tree species can also reduce runoff and soil erosion;thus they are useful practical ecological materials for landslide control and erosion control. In this study, two important pioneer plant species ; Formosan Alder （Alnus formosana Makino） and Roxburgh Sumac （Rhus chinensis Mill. Var, roxburghi i（DC. ） Rehd. ） were selected at landslide areas under vegetation treatments for soil and water conservation. In order to obtain the root strength model for the factors affecting pulling resistance and root tensile strength, experimental materials were tested and the data were analyzed using regression techniques. These models could be used to provide the index of slope stability and to quantify the root-strength using non-destructive methods.     

鲁中山区不同水土保持生态修复措施对土壤侵蚀的影响

 为探索水土保持生态修复工程对区域土壤侵蚀的影响,运用3S技术手段,研究鲁中水土保持生态修复区土壤侵蚀的时空变化及4种生态修复措施下土壤侵蚀强度与面积的变化特征。结果表明:生态修复工程实施后,区域土壤侵蚀状况明显改善;各种生态修复措施都具有明显降低区域土壤侵蚀强度、减少土壤侵蚀面积的作用;不同生态修复措施类型防治土壤侵蚀作用最大的是残疏林补植,其他的依次为经济林退耕、荒坡造林和有林地封禁措施。研究成果可为科学评价生态修复工程效益和合理确定生态修复措施类型提供参考。     

热带地区不同土地利用系统土壤种子库的研究

本文从种类组成,种子数量,物种多样性,种子分布规律和物种相似性等方面比较了研究了海南１０种不同土地利用系统的土壤种子库特点。     

Effect of vegetation changes on soil erosion on the loess plateau

Vegetation is one of the key factors affecting soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. The effects of vegetation destruction and vegetation restoration on soil erosion were quantified using data from long-term field runoff plots established on the eastern slope of the Ziwuling secondary forest region, China and a field survey. The results showed that before the secondary vegetation restoration period （before about 1866-1872）, soil erosion in the Ziwuling region of the Loess Plateau was similar to the current erosion conditions in neighboring regions, where the soil erosion rate now is 8 000 to 10 000 t km^-2 year^-1. After the secondary vegetation restoration, soil erosion was very low; influences of rainfall and slope gradient on soil erosion were small; the vegetation effect on soil erosion was predominant; shallow gully and gully erosion ceased; and sediment deposition occurred in shallow gully and gully channels. In modern times when human activities destroyed secondary forests, soil erosion increased markedly, and erosion rates in the deforested lands reached 10 000 to 24000 t km^-2 year^-1, which was 797 to 1682 times greater than those in the forested land prior to deforestation. Rainfall intensity and landform greatly affected the soil erosion process after deforestation. These results showed that accelerated erosion caused by vegetation destruction played a key role in soil degradation and eco-environmental deterioration in deforested regions.