盐度对斑节对虾蜕壳、存活、生长和饲料转化率的影响

对平均体重1.20±0.05g的斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）稚虾进行为期30d的养殖试验,分别测定其在不同养殖盐度条件下的蜕壳间期、成活率、特定增长率和饲料转化率。斑节对虾的成活率在盐度5时最低,低于60%,与其它盐度试验组差异显著,而其它试验组之间差异不显著。在5～25盐度范围内,蜕壳间期随着盐度升高而延长,盐度达30以上后又缩短,25时为最大值;盐度5、10和15之间差异显著,15、20、30和35之间差异不显著。特定增长率和饲料转换率随盐度升高呈现双峰的波浪式变化趋势;特定增长率在盐度20（3.18±0.14）%·d^-1和25（2.98±0.26）%·d^-1时达到最高。蜕壳间期与生长率存在极显著的正相关关系（P〈0.001）。在盐度20、25、30时饲料转化率高,分别为（52.76±3.06）%、（54.90±5.14）%和（51.56±7.58）%,与其它盐度试验组之间差异显著。因此,斑节对虾养殖的适宜盐度应为20～30,在此条件下可实现较高的成活率、特定增长率和饲料转换率。     

中草药对斑节对虾生长、饲料利用和肌肉营养成分的影响

研究了中草药对斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon(初始体重0.30g.尾-1)生长性能、饲料利用以及肌肉营养成分和氨基酸的影响。6种实验饲料(按顺序分别为1,2,3,4,5和6)中中草药的添加量分别为0,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0和8.0g·kg-1饲料。除了饲料2之外,斑节对虾的成活率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率都显著(P<0.05)优于对照组(饲料1)。投喂饲料3的斑节对虾增重率与对照组相比,虽然统计学上不存在显著差异,但有较大幅度的提高。投喂添加中草药的饲料对斑节对虾肌肉的水分和蛋白质含量无显著影响,但脂肪含量明显下降。结果表明,斑节对虾饲料中添加适量的中草药能够促进生长、显著提高成活率和降低饲料系数,并改变斑节对虾肌肉中脂肪含量和氨基酸组成。     

Evaluation of Arthrospira fusiformis as a Protein Source in the Diet of Penaeus monodon Fabricius

The cyanobacterium Arthrospira fusiformis (AF) has a high protein content of 60%-65% and is rich in vitamins, minerals, fatty acids (gamma-linolenic acid), carotenoid, and other antioxidant pigments. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted using postlarval Penaeus monodon (0.041 g mean initial weight) to evaluate the efficacy of six isonitrogenous (40% protein) test diets containing various inclusion levels of AF. Clam meat was replaced with AF at an inclusion level of control, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The diet with 20% AF produced a significantly greater weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio than all other diets (p<0.05). Further increase in the AF inclusion levels significantly decreased growth and feeding performance. Percentage survival and water stability of diet was significantly higher at inclusion levels of 10% and 20%. The results suggest that AF cannot serve as the sole protein source in the diet of P. monodon postlarvae, but can be effectively used as a supplementary protein source.     

The use of passive acoustics to measure feed consumption by Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn) in cultured systems

The feeding inefficiencies associated with intensively cultured prawn systems have a significant financial cost and environmental impact. Initial trials of a commercial system using sound to manage feeding within cultured systems have achieved promising results with an impressive food conversion (food weight/biomass) ratio of 1.42. Whilst these results demonstrate the potential benefit of employing passive acoustics for feed management, the underlying technologies are not well understood by industry or the research community. Consequently, a sound based study of feeding tiger prawns is conducted to investigate the key challenges associated with passive acoustic approaches; sound detection and feed demand estimation. The study finds that tiger prawns produce impulsive sound signatures during feeding that can be used as a proxy of feeding activity. Spectral features of the feeding signatures can be used to detect feeding activity within acoustically complex farm ponds (feeding signal to noise ratios less than −40 dB), given they are largely disjoint from the background noise spectrum (aerators) across all farm recordings. One of the potential challenges identified with sound based feed detection is that other sources of event driven interference arise (i.e. rain and faulty aerators), which can be misclassified as feeding. Whilst our investigation indicates that sound based detection of feed events are plausible, it is unclear how accurate it is to estimate the quantity of consumed pellets from feeding sound. Our study provides evidence to support its feasibility, given the temporal evolution of feeding sounds and pellet consumption were linearly related across tank and pond based feeds, respectively (R² = 0.95 and R² = 0.96).     

Formulated Feeds Containing Fresh or Dried Artemia as Food Supplement for Larval Rearing of Black Tiger Shrimp,Penaeus monodon

Supplementation of microalgae and Artemia nauplii with practical formulated feeds containing fresh or dried Artemia biomass for larval rearing of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, was assessed. Five feeding treatments were carried out in a recirculating seawater system with fifteen 30-L fiberglass tanks. Shrimp nauplii were stocked at a density of 150 L^?1 for 23 days. In the control treatment, live feed was supplemented with commercial formulated feed (Inve Aquaculture NV, Belgium). In two other treatments, live feed was supplemented with a pelleted feed based on either fresh or dried Artemia. In the remaining two treatments live feed was supplemented with a combination of 50% commercial feed and 50% fresh or dried Artemia feeds. Overall, performance of PL in the combination treatments (commercial feed and Artemia diets) were equal to or better than those fed commercial feed alone as seen by the better growth rate and higher resistance to formalin stress. The results indicate that feed containing fresh or dried Artemia biomass can partially supplement live feeds for larval rearing of P. monodon.     

斑节对虾溶菌酶基因的原核表达与产物活性检测

采用PCR方法对所克隆的斑节对虾溶菌酶基因的cDNA进行改造，并克隆至含温控启动子PRPL的大肠杆菌表达质粒pBV220，构建斑节对虾溶菌酶表达载体pBV220-lyz。该质粒转化大肠杆菌后经42℃诱导表达。SDS-PAGE电泳表明，表达产物中有16kD左右的特异性条带，与预期斑节对虾溶菌酶分子量相符。薄层扫描显示，重组斑节对虾溶菌酶约占全菌总蛋白的32％，纯化后的重组斑节对虾溶菌酶占全菌可溶性蛋白的90％左右。比浊法检测复性后产物的生物活性，结果表明重组斑节对虾溶菌酶的最适pH为6．0，最适温度为40℃。测定了重组斑节对虾溶菌酶对溶壁微球菌和几种鱼病原菌菌株的溶菌活力，结果表明，重组斑节对虾溶菌酶对溶壁微球菌、溶藻弧菌和鳗弧菌有较强的溶菌活力，对爱德华氏菌有一定的溶菌活力，对嗜水气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌和大肠杆菌DHSa溶菌活力较弱。     

Evaluation of potential of lupin meal as an alternative to fish meal in juvenile Penaeus monodon diets

An indoor feeding trial in a flow-through marine water system was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using dehulled lupin Lupinus albus seed meal as a protein source to replace fish meal in diets for the juvenile Penaeus monodon. Five isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) diets formulated by replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fish meal protein by lupin meal protein were fed to shrimp (mean initial weight of 4.32 ± 0.23 g) three times daily at a feeding allowance of 5% body weight per day for 42 days. Shrimp fed diets with 0, 25, 50 and 75% replacement had similar (P > 0.05) weight gain, dry matter feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU). Shrimp fed the highest dietary inclusion level of lupin meal (100% replacement) had significantly (P < 0.05) lower responses for all the above parameters than shrimp fed all other diets. Survival was high (87–100%) and similar for all diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) of diets with 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement of fish meal with lupin meal was similar (75.6–76.6%) and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of diet with 0% replacement (73.9%). Diets containing the two highest lupin inclusion levels (75 and 100% replacement) had significantly (P < 0.05) better apparent protein digestibility (APD) than those containing the two lowest lupin meal inclusion levels (0 and 25% replacement). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in whole-body composition (dry matter, protein, lipid and ash) of shrimp fed on the various diets. Pellet water stability was inversely related to level of lupin meal inclusion. It was found, in this study, that up to 75% protein of fish meal can be replaced with the protein of dehulled lupin seed meal in diets for juvenile P. monodon. The diet with total replacement of fish meal containing 40% lupin meal was utilized very poorly by the shrimp.     

EM在水泥池封闭、半封闭式生态养虾中的应用

本实验以EM作为饲料添加剂和水质净化剂,采用全封闭、半封闭与传统养殖方式—对照组在实验室水泥池(118d)养殖实验。结果表明:EM能改良水质条件,促进对虾生长。全封闭和半封闭实验组成活率分别比对照组提高了48 7%,24 1%;饵料系数则降低了21 2%,14 1%;全封闭和半封闭实验组DO含量与对照组相比分别提高了9 4%,12 6%;COD含量与对照组相比分别降低了0 25%,0 48%;NH 2-N含量与对照4-N含量与对照组相比分别降低了19 2%,19 2%;NO 组相比分别降低了15 2%,21 1%。     

Pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, and the effect of cooking on residues

This study examined the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oxolinic acid (OA) in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius, in brackish water (salinity 10 g L^?1) at 28–29°C, after intra‐sinus (10 mg kg^?1) and oral (50 mg kg^?1) administration and also investigated the net changes of OA residues in the shrimp after cooking (boiling, baking and frying). The haemolymph concentrations of OA after intra‐sinus dosing were best described by a two‐compartment open model. The distribution and elimination half‐lives were 0.84 and 17.7 h respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at a steady state and the total body clearance were estimated to be 2061 mL kg^?1 and 90.1 mL kg^?1 h^?1 respectively. The bioavailability of OA after an oral administration was 7.9%. The peak haemolymph concentration, the time to peak haemolymph concentration and the elimination half‐life after oral administration were 4.20 μg mL^?1, 4 h and 19.8 h respectively. Oxolinic acid muscle and shell levels increased to a maximum (muscle 1.76 μg g^?1 and shell 8.17 μg g^?1) at 4 h post administration and then decreased with the elimination half‐life value of 20.2 and 21.9 h respectively. Residual OA in muscle and shell was reduced by 20–30% by each cooking procedure examined.     

Integration of substrate in biofloc based system: Effects on growth performance,water quality and immune responses in black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon culture

To evaluate effect of substrate integration in biofloc based system, a 52‐day growth experiment was conducted using black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon juveniles (3.32 ± 0.07 g). The factorial design consisted of floc, F (with or without) as first factor and substrate (bamboo mat, B; nylon mesh, N; and without substrate) as second factor. This resulted six treatments; F + B, F + N, F, B, N and a control without biofloc and substrate. Shrimps were stocked at 110 nos. m^–3 in Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) tanks and, rice flour was used as carbon source in biofloc based treatments. Incorporation of nylon mesh and bamboo mat in biofloc system trapped 31.3%–38.6% and 8.5%–13.5% total suspended solids respectively and reduced bottom solid deposition. Among the substrate based groups, significantly better development of biofilm with higher microbial population noticed in F + B compared with nylon mesh. Similarly, significantly higher final growth (p < 0.01) was recorded in F + B system followed by F + N while no significant difference in body weight recorded among floc, F or substrate based groups (B, N). Biofloc and substrate integration (F + B and F + N) resulted significantly (p < 0.01) lower feed conversion ratio compared to control and floc. Incoporation of bamboo substrate in biofloc, (F + B) improved shrimp immune responses through higher hemocyte counts and prophenoloxidase activity compared to other treatments. The study revealed that integration of substrate in the biofloc system improved growth performance, FCR and immune parameters in shrimp by trapping the suspended biofloc particles, better water quality parameters, enhanced biofilm growth and provision of quality natural food.     

Influence of Enriched Live Prey and Other Artificial Diets on RNA and DNA Concentration in the Ovary of Tiger Prawn,Penaeus monodon

Abstract

Separate batches of tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, were fed three different diets, and the effect of these nutritional treatments on RNA and DNA concentrations in the ovary was examined. The given diets did not produce any significant difference in the concentrations of the nucleic acids. DNA remained remarkably stable. RNA/DNA ratio varied from 2.18 to 3.62 and largely followed the pattern similar to that of RNA. Differences in the RNA/DNA ratio did not suggest actual quantitative change in DNA per cell. Cause and effect relations need to be differentiated by analysis of nucleic acid contents at cell level for further insights into the possible link between the dynamics of change in the nucleic acids and broodstock nourishment.     

不同蛋白水平饲料对斑节对虾家系生长及生长相关基因mRNA表达量的影响

研究了选育出的生长速度不同的9个斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)家系在蛋白含量为34%、38%和42%饲料的饲喂下,其生长、生长激素基因(GH)、组织蛋白酶-L(Cathepsin-L)、胰蛋白酶(Trypsin)等基因的表达量及生长和基因表达量之间的相互关系。结果表明:1)斑节对虾的生长、3种基因的表达量与饲料中蛋白质含量均呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05);2)随着饲料蛋白质含量的增加,不同斑节对虾家系之间的生长差异和3种基因表达量的差异减小,相同斑节对虾家系在不同蛋白含量饲料的饲喂下,其特定生长率和基因表达量均具有显著性的差异(P0.05);3)选育的9个家系斑节对虾的生长在家系和蛋白质含量这两个因素间没有显著性的交互作用(P0.05),但是肝胰腺和肠道中3种基因的表达量在家系和蛋白质含量这两个因素间具有极显著的交互作用(P0.01),其中,饲料蛋白质含量因素对GH和Trypsin两个基因表达量的贡献率是家系因素的1.31~3.66倍,而饲料蛋白质含量因素对Cathepsin-L基因表达量的贡献率是家系因素的0.06~0.54倍。     

锯缘青蟹和斑节对虾北移养殖试验

本文对锯缘青蟹和斑节对虾北移养殖的可行性进行研究.在水温20～32℃,比重1.006～1.022和pH8.2～8.7的条件下,锯缘青蟹和斑节对虾的放苗密度及其规格分别为7500只/ha,甲宽1～3cm和9.89×104尾/ha,体长0.8～1.2 cm,在河北省唐海县经历90d的养殖,锯缘青蟹养成存活率为31.7%,规格为175～850g/只,斑节对虾养成存活率为7.8%,规格为20～25g/尾.结果表明,锯缘青蟹和斑节对虾在我国北方地区养殖是可行的.     

Beneficial influences of germination and subsequent autoclaving of grain legumes on proximate composition,antinutritional factors and apparent digestibility in black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon Fabricius

This study tested influences of germination and germination in combination with autoclaving on antinutritional factors (ANFs) and digestibility of four grain legumes (field pea, chick pea, black gram and lentil) in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (8 ± 0.5 g). Germination resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in crude protein and decrease in crude lipid content, irrespective of seed variety. Reductions in ANFs were observed to varying extents depending on treatment process, except germination which substantially (P < 0.05) increased trypsin inhibitor levels (TI). However, a significant reduction in TI was observed on subsequent autoclaving. Highest reductions for all the three ANFs were seen in seeds processed by germination in combination with autoclaving. Higher apparent digestibility co‐efficients (ADCs) for dry matter (73.4–84.5%) and crude protein (89.1–99.6%) were obtained in seeds processed by germination in combination with autoclaving, and the trend was similar for all tested seeds. ADCs for crude fibre and nitrogen‐free extract were ranged between 32.43–46.46 and 75.49–82.13, respectively. To conclude, irrespective of type, seeds processed by germination in combination with autoclaving were low in ANF and showed improved proximate composition as influenced by germination. Both of these positive influences were reflected in higher ADCs.     

Effect of Sargassum wightii fucoidan on growth and disease resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Penaeus monodon post‐larvae

The polysaccharide – fucoidan was extracted from brown seaweed Sargassum wightii and its antibacterial activity was screened by agar well diffusion method. The maximum zone of inhibition observed was 15.66 mm in 20 mg mL^?1 concentration against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the fucoidan was 12 mg mL^?1 against V. parahaemolyticus. The fucoidan was then enriched with Artemia nauplii at four different concentrations such as 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L^?1 for 12 h. The enriched Artemia nauplii were fed to Penaeus monodon post‐larvae for 20 days and the growth performance was assessed. The weight gain and SGR of the control group were 0.2432 g and 15.78%, respectively. But, in experimental groups fed with fucoidan enriched Artemia nauplii, the weight gain and SGR were increased and were respectively ranged from 0.2602 to 0.3161 g and from 16.11 to 17.05%. The P. monodon post‐larvae were challenged with V. parahaemolyticus for a period of 30 days showed a reduction in mortality percentage of experimental groups over the control group and it was ranged between 36.97 and 89.86%. During the challenge test, the V. parahaemolyticus load was also enumerated from the infected shrimp at every 10 day intervals. In the control group, the Vibrio load showed a linear increase in hepatopancreas and muscle tissues from 10th to 30th days of challenge test, whereas in the experimental groups, the Vibrio load established a declining trend with the advancement of challenged test.     

头孢氨苄对斑节对虾幼体发育及育苗水体细菌数量的影响

研究了不同浓度头孢氨苄(Cefalexin)对斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon幼体发育以及对斑节对虾育苗水体中异养菌总数和弧菌数量的影响。在试验初期,无论是对照组还是施用头孢氨苄的各试验组,育苗水体中的总异养菌数量和弧菌数量都呈现出较为明显的上升趋势;在第二次施用头孢氨苄后,各试验组的异养菌总数和弧菌数量的增幅明显低于对照组(或出现异养菌总数和弧菌数量缓慢下降),而对照组异养菌总数和弧菌数量则呈现显著的上升。施用0.5～1.0μL·L-1头孢氨苄对育苗水体中的总异养菌有显著的杀灭及抑制作用,但对弧菌数量杀灭及抑制作用并不显著;施用1.5μL·L-1头孢氨苄对育苗水体中的总异养菌和弧菌数量的杀灭及抑制作用显著。当幼体变态发育至仔虾第8天(P8)时,对照组异养菌总数和弧菌数量分别达6.33×105和3.55×104CFU·mL-1,均远远高于试验组的异养菌总数和弧菌数量增长的幅度。试验组的幼体变态到P1期的时间,比对照组缩短了10h以上;试验组的成苗率也比对照组提高了3.2%～13.1%。     

斑节对虾体长与中肠腺细胞数相关性研究

通过现场测定养殖日龄为１６～１８ｄ的斑节对虾的体长、体重和全长,并应用石蜡切片技术对被测虾的中肠腺中部进行细胞计数,研究了斑节对虾体长与中肠腺细胞数的相关性。结果表明,对虾体长与中肠腺中部每个高倍视野的平均细胞数呈密切负相关（ｒ＝－０．９４７）,公式为：Ｃ＝３３０．３６２３２３ｅ－０．０８７３８４Ｌ。对虾体长与体重密切相关（ｒ＝０．９４８）,可用对数回归方程描述：ｌｇＷ＝－１．９２３５７８＋３．０８２８３２ｌｇＬ。对虾体长与全长密切相关（ｒ＝０．９９５）,其线性回归方程为：Ｙ＝－０．１８７１３７＋１．３１６７０５Ｘ。通过这些公式,中肠腺中部每个高倍视野的平均细胞数可由体长直接推算出或由体重和全长间接算出,使斑节对虾杆状病毒感染度的计算更加简单和准确。     

Dietary biofloc supplementation in black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon: effects on immunity,antioxidant and metabolic enzyme activities

A 60‐day indoor experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of biofloc on metabolic enzyme activities and immune responses in Penaeus monodon juveniles. Biofloc developed in indoor fibreglass‐reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks (1000 L) was used as dietary supplement in P. monodon (2.90 ± 0.10 g) reared in 1000‐L FRP tanks. Graded level of dried biofloc was included in shrimp basal diets, 0% (control, B0), 4% (B4), 8% (B8) and 12% (B12). The level of metabolic enzymes like malate dehydrogenase (MDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was not significantly different with control up to 8% dietary supplementation. A higher level of total haemocyte count (THC) was noticed in B8 (22.16 ± 2.17 × 10⁶ cells mL^?1) and B4 (21.11 ± 0.56 × 10⁶ cells mL^?1) compared with control, C (14.61 ± 2.74 × 10⁶ cells mL^?1). Biofloc‐supplemented groups recorded significantly higher (P < 0.05) serum SOD and catalase activity (P < 0.01) in comparison with control. The groups fed with 4% dietary biofloc supplement recorded highest relative percentage survival (RPS), 45% after challenge with Vibrio harveyi followed by 36% and 27% RPS in B8 and B12 groups. Based on these results, it can be concluded that supplementation of biofloc even at 4% level in the feed improves immune responses and metabolic activities in black tiger shrimp juveniles.