Regulated cycling of mitochondrial Hsp70 at the protein import channel

Hsp70 of the mitochondrial matrix (mtHsp70) provides a critical driving force for the import of proteins into mitochondria. Tim44, a peripheral inner-membrane protein, tethers it to the import channel. Here, regulated interactions were found to maximize occupancy of the active, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-bound mtHsp70 at the channel through its intrinsic high affinity for Tim44, as well as through release of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-bound mtHsp70 from Tim44 by the cofactor Mge1. A model peptide substrate rapidly released mtHsp70 from Tim44, even in the absence of ATP hydrolysis. In vivo, the analogous interaction of translocating polypeptide would release mtHsp70 from the channel. Consistent with the ratchet model of translocation, subsequent hydrolysis of ATP would trap the polypeptide, driving import by preventing its movement back toward the cytosol.     

大功率拖拉机播种作业效率与经济性的测试分析

为了充分发挥进口大功率拖拉机的潜力和提高播种作业效率,文章在实地调查测试大功率拖拉机播种作业过程的基础上,对其作业过程进行了时间分析、作业效率分析和经济性分析,找出了影响播种作业效率和经济性的原因。目前大功率拖拉机播种作业中存在大马拉小车、拖拉机与播种机性能匹配不当、机组作业管理水平低、辅助作业时间过长、拖拉机能力没有得到充分发挥等问题。文章对如何发挥进口大功率拖拉机潜力、提高作业效率提出了建议。     

Prolonged activation of mitochondrial conductances during synaptic transmission

Although ion channels have been detected in mitochondria, scientists have not been able to record ion transport in mitochondria of intact cells. A variation of the patch clamp technique was used to record ion channel activity from intracellular organelles in the presynaptic terminal of the squid. Electron microscopy indicated that mitochondria are numerous in this terminal and are the only organelles compatible with the tips of the pipettes. Before synaptic stimulation, channel activity was infrequent and its conductance was small, although large conductances ( approximately 0.5 to 2.5 nanosiemens) could be detected occasionally. During a train of action potentials, the conductance of the mitochondrial membrane increased up to 60-fold. The conductance increased after a delay of several hundred milliseconds and continued to increase after stimulation had stopped. Recovery occurred over tens of seconds.     

贸易引力、社会环境与中国羊毛进口贸易效率——基于随机前沿引力模型的分析

运用随机前沿引力模型,分析了中国与15个主要进口来源国的羊毛进口贸易效率,并借助新经济社会学理论,从社会环境的5个维度解构了影响中国羊毛进口贸易非效率的社会环境因素。结果表明:总体来看中国羊毛进口效率在不同进口国之间存在差异,并有一定的效率损失,中国从澳大利亚和新西兰进口贸易效率较高,分别为0.72和0.68,其余大部分国家均在0.5以下;社会环境因素有力解释了造成羊毛进口效率损失的原因,贸易关系的改善、进口国贸易量份额的提高、两国认知水平差异的扩大以及伙伴国政治环境的稳定性促进了中国羊毛进口贸易效率的提升。最后围绕拓宽羊毛进口渠道、加快区域贸易协定谈判与贸易便利化建设以及推动本国优质羊毛生产等方面提出了相应的政策建议,以期为提高中国羊毛进口贸易效率、优化国内羊毛生产提供思路借鉴。     

Fission yeast Pot1-Tpp1 protects telomeres and regulates telomere length

Telomeres are specialized chromatin structures that protect chromosomal ends. Protection of telomeres 1 (Pot1) binds to the telomeric G-rich overhang, thereby protecting telomeres and regulating telomerase. Mammalian POT1 and TPP1 interact and constitute part of the six-protein shelterin complex. Here we report that Tpz1, the TPP1 homolog in fission yeast, forms a complex with Pot1. Tpz1 binds to Ccq1 and the previously undiscovered protein Poz1 (Pot1-associated in Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which protect telomeres redundantly and regulate telomerase in positive and negative manners, respectively. Thus, the Pot1-Tpz1 complex accomplishes its functions by recruiting effector molecules Ccq1 and Poz1. Moreover, Poz1 bridges Pot1-Tpz1 and Taz1-Rap1, thereby connecting the single-stranded and double-stranded telomeric DNA regions. Such molecular architectures are similar to those of mammalian shelterin, indicating that the overall DNA-protein architecture is conserved across evolution.     

基于线粒体基因ND1、COX1和Cytb的双壳贝类分子系统进化研究

为探讨双壳贝类主要类群间的系统发生关系,测定了魁蚶中国群体的ND1、COX1和Cytb基因,从Gen Bank中检索下载了双壳纲65个种类的同源序列进行分析,并用邻接法和最大似然法构建系统发育树,研究双壳纲贝类线粒体基因变异规律及其分子系统进化关系.结果显示双壳贝类的ND1、COX1和Cytb序列有插入/缺失序列,存在明显的长度多态性,A+T含量均明显高于G+C含量,具有明显的AT偏好.目内科间遗传距离为0.169~0.468,目间遗传距离在0.323~2.557之间.NJ树和ML树显示所有双壳纲的种类构成了单系发生的进化枝,不同基因构建的进化树中翼形亚纲的系统发生关系不一致,异齿亚纲是单系发生,帘蛤目和海螂目的种类没能完全聚到所属支系,彼此嵌套,缝栖蛤科的种类从海螂目中分离出来.蛏螂目位于进化树的基部,古异齿亚纲和古列齿亚纲聚为一支,二者可能具有较近的亲缘关系.     

1-MCP处理对翠冠梨贮藏效果的影响

翠冠梨是我国南方早熟梨主栽品种之一，属砂梨（Pyrus pyrifolia）系统。翠冠梨成熟予7月中下旬，其肉质细嫩松脆，汁多味甜，风味独特，深受消费者喜爱。但翠冠梨不耐贮藏，成熟期又恰逢高温季节，采后极易失水腐烂，风味变淡，影响食用价值。因此迫切需要研究出行之有效的翠冠梨贮藏保鲜技术。     

珠颈斑鸠线粒体ND1和ND2基因序列测定与特征分析

根据其他物种的线粒体基因序列设计引物,采用PCR方法扩增珠颈斑鸠（Streptopelia chinensis）线粒体基因组中编码NADH亚基基团的ND1、ND2基因片段,测序后获得了NDl和ND2基因的全序列。结果表明,NDl基因序列长度为966bp,编码321个氨基酸的多肽,A、G、C、T碱基组成分别为27．0％、12．7％、33．9％、26．4％;ND2基因序列长度为1041bp,编码346个氨基酸的多肽,A、G、C、T碱基组成分别为32．5％、9．7％、33．8％、24．0％。NDl、ND2基因的起始密码子均为ATG,但终止密码子分别为AGA、‘rAG。将珠颈斑鸠NDl、ND2基因核苷酸序列及氨基酸序列与其他11种鸟类进行比对,结果表明,珠颈斑鸠与原鸽的亲缘关系最近,与形态学分类一致。根据12种鸟类NDl和ND2氨基酸序列。采用NJ法构建了12种鸟类系统进化树。     

鸡线粒体ND1基因变异/异质性及其与性状的关联分析

【目的】探究鸡线粒体ND1基因的异质性,并在此基础上进行线粒体异质性在不同品种间和固始鸡资源群中的分布研究及其对重要经济性状的效应分析。【方法】选用固始鸡、卢氏鸡、来航鸡、白洛克鸡、白羽丝毛乌骨鸡、藏鸡、肉鸡以及河南斗鸡8种各具特色鸡种的血样DNA,利用PCR-RFLP技术进行mt.A4589G变异/异质性在自然群体的分布研究。此外,利用实验室先前构建的固始鸡资源群的血样DNA,通过PCR-RFLP技术进行mt.A4589G变异/异质性在固始鸡资源群的分布研究及其与固始鸡资源群F₂代性状的关联分析,包括腹脂、腿肌率、盲肠长度等屠体性状指标,胫长、胸深、体斜长等生长性状指标,肌纤维直径、肌肉pH、剪切力等肉质性状指标以及葡萄糖、淀粉酶、甘油三酯等血液生化指标,进而掌握鸡线粒体ND1基因异质性及其潜在效应。【结果】（1）在8个鸡品种中,从线粒体ND1基因全长检测到一个同义突变mt.A4589G,其分布具有明显的品种特性：外来品种如肉鸡、白洛克和白来航鸡的优势等位基因为A,而国内地方品种如丝羽乌骨鸡、河南斗鸡、卢氏鸡、固始鸡和藏鸡均为G;（2）通过PCR-RFLP检测到mt.A4589G在不同品种以及固始鸡资源群中皆存在异质性。在8个不同品种中,仅从固始鸡、河南斗鸡和肉鸡中检测到5个AG异质性个体,异质性发生的频率为0.063,表明mt.A4589G异质性的分布具有一定的品种特性。而在固始鸡资源群中,mt.A4589G存在较不同品种间更为广泛的异质性,在F₀、F₁和F₂代的异质性发生频率分别为0.81、0.41和0.70,表明mt.A4589G异质性具有普遍性;（3）mt.A4589G异质性与固始鸡资源群F₂代性状的关联分析表明,mt.A4589G异质性对腹脂、皮脂厚度、8周胫长、腿肌纤维直径、葡萄糖和乳酸脱氢酶等的影响都达到差异显著水平(P<0.05);（4）mt.A4589G不同的异质性等级与固始鸡资源群F₂代性状的关联分析表明,mt.A4589G异质性等级除与腹脂、腹脂率和腿肌率等屠体性状显著相关（P<0.05）外,还与生长性状（8周胫长等）、血清生化指标（葡萄糖等）均产生显著的关联（P<0.05）。【结论】mt.A4589G是一个异质性变异,其异质性的分布具有明显的品种特性,在自然群体的异质性发生频率较低,而mt.A4589G在固始鸡资源群中存在广泛的异质性。通过mt.A4589G异质性及其不同异质性等级与固始鸡资源群F₂代性状的关联分析发现,mt.A4589G变异/异质性与鸡的腹脂、血液中葡萄糖水平等性状均产生了显著的关联（P<0.05）。     

RNA required for import of precursor proteins into mitochondria

A cytoplasmic RNA moiety is necessary for posttranslational uptake of nuclear-encoded mammalian proteins destined for the mitochondrial matrix. Post-translational addition of ribonuclease to a reticulocyte lysate-programmed cell-free translation mixture inhibited subsequent import of six different mitochondrial matrix enzyme precursors into rat liver mitochondria. The required RNA is highly protected, as indicated by the high concentrations of ribonuclease necessary to produce this inhibition. The dependence of the inhibitory effect on temperature, duration of exposure to ribonuclease, and availability of divalent cations is characteristic of the nuclease susceptibility of ribonucleoproteins. The ribonuclease-sensitive component was found in a 400-kilodalton fraction which contains the mitochondrial protein precursors.     

Overexpression of MdMIPS1 enhances drought tolerance and water-use efficiency in apple

Myo-inositol and its derivatives play important roles in the tolerance of higher plants to abiotic stresses, and myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase(MIPS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in myo-inositol biosynthesis. In this study, we found that increased myo-inositol biosynthesis enhanced drought tolerance in MdMIPS1-overexpressing apple lines under shortterm progressive drought stress. The effect of myo-inositol appeared to be mediated by the increased accumulation of osmoprotectants such as glucose...     

用荧光探针JC-1检测铜对鸡肝细胞线粒体膜电位的影响

选用硫酸铜作为实验铜源,向肉鸡肝细胞悬液中加入不同剂量的铜(铜终浓度分别为5 μmol/L、10 μmol/L、20 μmol/L、30 μmol/L),孵育15 min后,利用新型荧光探针JC-1标记肉鸡肝细胞线粒体,在流式细胞仪上检测JC-1荧光强度的变化,观察铜对肉鸡肝细胞线粒体膜电位(△Ψm)变化的影响.结果显示:正常肝细胞线粒体维持较高的膜电位,JC-1在线粒体内形成聚合物的红色荧光占主导地位.用不同浓度的铜处理肝细胞可导致线粒体膜电位下降,JC-1聚合物分解成单体,红色荧光强度减弱,并具有时间依赖性.此结果表明,铜(Ⅱ)能导致肉鸡肝细胞线粒体膜电位下降,暗示铜对体细胞的毒害作用可能是通过瓦解机体细胞线粒体膜电位来实现的.     

BcDR1, a putative gene, regulates the development and pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea

Botrytis cinerea is one of the important phytopathogenic fungi. Cloning of the genes related to their development and pathogenicity is fundamental to the pathogen control. A mutant (BCt160), which produces abnormal conidia and no sclerotia, was identified from Botrytis cinerea mutant library generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation (ATMT). Southern blotting analysis showed that one T-DNA insertion occurred in the genome of the mutant. TAIL-PCR (thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR) and bioinformatic analysis indicated that the exogenous T-DNA insertion occurred in the second exon of a putative gene BC1G_12388.1, named as BcDR1 (B. cinerea development-related gene 1). The function analysis of BcDR1 gene showed that the BcDR1 was related to development, morphological differentiation, and pathogenicity of B. cinerea, suggesting that BcDR1 gene was required for the development and pathogenicity of B. cinerea.