奶牛病理性乏情的诊断与治疗

奶牛性成熟之后或产后长时间不发情称之为病理性乏情。奶牛产后一般40～60天发情,只有及时配种,才能保持一年一胎。在生产中,奶牛产后长期不发情较常见。从而导致母牛不能及时配种,产犊间隔延长,繁殖率下降．不能正常产奶,使牛场的经济效益大大降低。技术人员对14月龄以上的不发情后备牛和产后60天不发情的母牛。应及时进行生殖器官检查和分析．     

奶牛高产养殖技术

一、奶牛的繁殖 1.发情和配种。母牛的发情周期为18～24天,发情持续时间为18～36小时。奶牛发情时食欲减退,产奶量下降,神态不安,阴户流出稀薄透明粘液。当其接受别的牛爬跨时,正是配种的好时机。     

一例奶牛宫外孕的诊断报告

2005年1月到2005年5月,笔者对一例疑似宫外孕的奶牛进行跟踪检查,根据奶牛不同月龄子宫发育情况及最后剖检,确诊该奶牛为宫外孕,并且妊娠成功。1发病情况丁某的一头奶牛,配种70天后,配种员对该牛进行妊娠检查,诊断为空怀,后用催情散、促孕宝、雌二醇等药物处理仍不发情。笔者对该奶牛进行直肠检查后,初步诊断为宫外孕。随后笔者对该牛跟踪进行了四次直检。配种后8个月该牛被畜主卖给屠宰户,宰杀后腹内有8月龄胎儿,确诊该奶牛为一例宫外孕奶牛。2临床症状笔者分别于该奶牛配种后94天、125天、180天、210天进行直肠检查。临床症状如下:2.194天…     

奶牛病理性乏情的诊断与治疗

奶牛性成熟之后或产后长时间不发情称之为病理性乏情。奶牛产后一般40～60天发情,只有及时配种,才能保持一年一胎。在生产中,奶牛产后长期不发情较常见。从而导致母牛不能及时配种,产犊间隔延长,繁殖率下降,不能正常产奶,使牛场的经济效益大大降低。技术人员对14月龄以上的不发情后备牛和产后60天不发情的母牛,应及时进行生殖器官检查和分析,采取改善饲养管理和应用生殖激素等措施,使其恢复性机能。1临床表现形式1.1后备牛达到性成熟年龄时,没有发情周期出现,或达到性成熟年龄后出现一两次发情,以后又长时期不发情。1.2母牛分娩后长期不见发…     

奶牛高烧性疾病后继发卵巢静止的治疗试验

用传统中兽医理论组方,配制一种中药散剂——奶牛催情促孕散,对奶牛高烧性疾病后继发卵巢静止病例进行治疗试验。2个疗程后试验组发情率达80％,发情牛配种爱胎率达87．5％,明显高于对照组。     

酶免疫分析法诊断家畜妊娠研究进展(续上期)

1．2水牛黄右军等（1994）采用EIA法测定了87头杂种水牛，对头摩拉水牛的脱胎乳孕酮含量，初步掌握了水牛发情、配种、妊娠、空怀和流产等不同生殖状态孕酮变化规律。将配种后第21d和27d次取奶样测定孕酮浓度均达到或超过1．7×10~(-9)g／mL者判为妊娠牛，前高后低者（不达者）为空怀牛，对64头配种水牛进行测定，1个月后直检复查，空怀确诊率为97.390（36／37），妊娠确诊率为88．9％（24／27）。与国内外EIA法诊断奶牛妊娠结果基本一致。[11]1．3羊李学斌等（1993）应用ELISA法测定绵羊血清中干扰体液免疫反应的因子，发现在配种后48…     

改良奶牛群体的繁殖力

奶牛群体繁殖力改良的指标有:1.犊牛死亡率低于10％;2.培育母牛可在24月龄时分娩;3.母牛保持有良好的体况,在产犊后40天内就能发情;4.母牛在初次发情后50天,或产犊后120天内经1～3次授精,受胎率达90％;5.一次配种有50～60％母牛怀孕,或1.7次配种有一头怀孕;6.母牛产犊间隔时间为12～13个月;7.因繁殖原因淘汰的牛不超过牛群的10％。实现上述指标的     

母牛早期妊娠检查的几点体会

妊娠检查是提高牛繁殖率的重要环节.虽然是常年发情的家畜,但往往因饲养管理和生殖器疾病的影响,使性周期停止循环,即配种后既未妊娠也不能发情,造成妊娠率降低,从而影响繁殖率.因此,在奶牛配种工作中必须进行早期妊娠检查.     

母牛的最佳配种和输精时间

大约80％的母牛发情盛期持续15～18小时,发情结束后10～17小时排卵。所以母牛的适宜配种时间应该是在发情结束或即将结束时。根据经验,早上发情的牛在当天下午配种．下午发情的牛在第二天早上配种较合适。年龄小的牛要配早,老龄牛要配晚。     

21天妊娠率的应用对奶牛繁殖率的影响

<正>21天妊娠率概念的提出与奶牛的生理特性有关。众所周知,奶牛产后机体恢复正常后,按生理规律会在21天发情一次,因此应以21天为一个阶段计算母牛的妊娠率。21天妊娠率的计算包括了两个指标,一个是受胎率,另一个是配种率,即21天怀孕率(PR)=配种率(SR)×情期受胎率(CR),其中配种率即每隔21天配种牛占总准配牛的比例,也就是我们通常讲的发情鉴定率;情期受胎率是指在这21天中妊娠牛占所配牛的比例。21天妊娠率同时兼顾了受胎率和受配率两个繁殖指标。受胎率可以很好地表现出当前配种员的技术水平及牛场的饲     

Synchronized estrus and fertility of beef cows after weaning calves for short intervals

In Exp. 1, the objective was to determine if interval of separating calves from cows (24 or 48 h) immediately before insemination affects detection and precision of estrus and pregnancy rates of lactating beef cows implanted with norgestomet. Separation of calves from cows for 24 h (n = 418) lengthened intervals to estrus, did not affect precision of estrus, reduced success of detecting estrus and lowered pregnancy rates relative to positive controls (48 h separation, n = 508). Cows with poor body condition, and not suckled for 24 h, conceived at lower rates than cows with similar condition that were not suckled for 48 h. Adverse effects of separation for only 24 h on fertility are apparently due to inadequate intervals between estrus and insemination at 48 h after removing implants. In Exp. 2, the objective was to determine effects of separating calves from cows for 48 h immediately before insemination on detection and precision of estrus and on pregnancy rate of ovulatory lactating beef cows injected twice with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). Weaning increased detection of estrus but overall pregnancy rates did not differ between suckled (n = 256) and nonsuckled (n = 221) cows. But, weaning calves improved pregnancy rates of young (2 to 3 yr) cows and reduced fertility among middle (4 to 6 yr)-aged cows. Increased pregnancy rates after weaning calves for 48 h are due largely to greater detection of estrus and inseminating more cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Greater participation by veterinarians in the reproductive management of dairy cattle

A program involving greater veterinary participation in detection of estrus and artificial insemination of cattle was evaluated in a 700-cow dairy herd from January 1987 through August 1988. Previous reproductive performance was below normal. First-service pregnancy rate from artificial insemination was 42%, and mean number of nonpregnant days for the cows was 120. Between postpartum days 55 and 62, all cows with functional corpus luteum assessed by rectal palpation were administered prostaglandin each Monday morning. Return visits were made to the herd each Thursday and Friday to observe cows and to inseminate those in estrus. On the other 5 days of the week, the owner or his employees inseminated all cows in estrus. The first-service pregnancy rate for 842 cows observed in estrus and inseminated by the veterinarian was 59%. The pregnancy rate for cows inseminated by the owner and his employees increased from 42% to 50%. The mean number of nonpregnant days for all 700 cows decreased from 120 to 98 days, resulting in approximately $46,000 of increased income for the dairyman or approximately a 4 to 1 return on investment in veterinary service. Results indicate that veterinarians could improve herd reproductive performance and solve chronic herd breeding problems by more actively participating with their clients in estrus detection and artificial insemination programs in cattle. The program allows practicing veterinarians an opportunity to observe cows for estrous behavior, establish their own pregnancy rate data, demonstrate to owners the importance of observing primary signs of estrus, and teach expert artificial insemination techniques.     

基于UHPLC-QTOF-MS代谢组学方法筛选奶牛不同妊娠状态时的候选生物标志物

旨在筛选人工授精后第17天奶牛在不同妊娠状态时的候选生物标志物。本研究以宁夏某奶牛场体重为（550±50） kg,体况评分相近的经产（2~3胎次）健康荷斯坦奶牛为试验对象。同期发情后,在人工授精后第17天晨饲前对奶牛进行尾静脉采血,后期采用计步器和B超仪诊断出奶牛的妊娠状态。根据诊断结果将奶牛分为妊娠组（A组,n=12）和未妊娠返情组（B组,n=24）,将这两组血样进行代谢轮廓及代谢物变化分析。主成分分析（PCA）和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析（OPLS-DA）结果显示,A、B两组血浆代谢轮廓均发生了明显变化,A、B两组之间共检测出8种ROC （Receiver operating characteristic curve）曲线下面积（area under the ROC curve,AUC）＞0.8的差异代谢物。丙氨酸-亮氨酸、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、L-正亮氨酸、DL-苯丙氨酸、肌氨酸、吡咯-2-羧酸和缬氨酸-蛋氨酸有望成为识别妊娠组（A组）和未妊娠返情组（B组）的差异代谢物。综上表明,血浆中的这8种代谢物有望成为奶牛妊娠识别阶段潜在的生物标志物,为配种早期妊娠识别提供新思路。     

Accuracy of Trans-abdominal Ultrasound Pregnancy Diagnosis in Sows using a Linear or Sector Probe

The assessment of an early and reliable pregnancy diagnosis in sows is very important for limiting the number of non-productive days in sow herds. The aim of the present study was to investigate the accuracy of trans-abdominal ultrasound detection for early pregnancy diagnosis in sows under field conditions. Particular attention was paid to the time when a reliable diagnosis can be made, and to possible differences between two commonly used types of scanners. In total, 202 sows from two herds were tested daily with scanners A (linear transducer of 5 MHz) and B (sector transducer of 3.5 MHz) from day 16 until 25 after insemination. Ninety-three percentage of the sows were pregnant 36 days after insemination. Using ultrasound, the first pregnancy could be detected already 18 days after insemination. The sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy were higher than 95% from day 24 (scanner A) or day 23 (scanner B) post-insemination onwards. The positive predictive values from day 19 onwards were consistently higher than 95% with both types of scanners, whereas the negative predictive values were consistently low for both scanners during the entire period. The sensitivity of testing tended to be slightly lower in sows with a litter size of <10 total born piglets, compared to sows with 10 or more piglets. In conclusion, pregnancy diagnosis in sows using trans-abdominal ultrasound testing can be assessed quickly and reliably under field conditions from day 23 of gestation onwards. Predictive values of positive test results were high in these herds, whereas those of negative test results were low. This implies that sows with a negative test result early in pregnancy should be retested later.     

Electronic monitoring of mounting behavior in beef cattle on pasture

An automated heatmount detection system was employed to detect estrus for artificial insemination in 57 beef cows. First service conception rate was 84.2% and the pregnancy rate was 89.5% for a 42-day breeding season. Duration of estrus was 9.6 h, sx = 0.5 h and mounting activity was lowest during the dark part of the day.     

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF BEEF CATTLE

A system for the artificial insemination fo beef cattle was described. The system involved preparation of the cattle and facilities, visual oestrous detection twice a day, drafting each morning and insemination of oestrous cows twice a day. The AI program was evaluated during the course of the program and at pregnancy test 35 to 90 days after the end of the insemination period. The insemination period was from 25 to 60 days depending on efficiency, with programs from 25 to 35 days being favoured. Results for 12218 first inseminations (65.9%) and 2222 second inseminations (57.8%) in 56 AI programs compared favourably with results in dairy AI. Pregnancy rates in lactating cows (70.5%) were significantly higher than in nonlactating cows and heifers (66.1%). Overall efficiency of well-managed AI programs were represented by 63% of cows put into a program becoming pregnant in a 29-day insemination period. Seventy-two per cent of the cows put into the program were inseminated yielding an 88% pregnancy rate. The efficiency of visual oestrous detection was 95% but this estimate did not include false positives. Efficiency of AI programs were effected by management, nutrition, infection, inseminators, facilities and the origin and type of cattle put into a program. Environmental factors such as handling, stress and thunderstorms did not effect efficiency except via a nutritional effect.     

The use of milk progesterone and electronic vaginal probes as aids in large dairy herd reproductive management

In a large herd 427 cows were examined for reproductive condition 26 to 34 days after calving. Progesterone profiles were obtained from a total of over 5000 milk samples which were taken twice weekly for 4 weeks, starting at the time of examination, and again 21, 23, and 25 days later. Researchers lived on the farm during the experiment to sample cows and record all data. Electronic probe measurements of cervical-vaginal mucus also were obtained. All cows were inseminated artificially with frozen semen from one organization. Eleven percent of the cows were not inseminated in the estrual phase as determined by substantial concentrations of progesterone in milk (MP), and 2% were pregnant and aborted following insemination. The MP 23 to 25 days after insemination essentially was 100% accurate in predicting nonpregnancy and was preferable to day 21. When used in conjunction with MP on the day of insemination pregnancy prediction 23 to 25 days after insemination was 84% accurate. Non-return rate 60 days after insemination was 7% higher than palpated pregnancy rate. The use of electronic probes under large herd conditions was labor intensive and did not give repeatably distinctive values at estrus.     

Methods to reduce or eliminate detection of estrus in a melengestrol acetate-PGF2alpha protocol for synchronization of estrus in beef heifers

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate methods to decrease or eliminate the detection of estrus inherent to a melengestrol acetate (MGA)-PGF2alpha (PGF) protocol for synchronization of estrus in heifers. In each experiment, all heifers received 0.5 mg of MGA x animal(-1) x d(-1) for 14 d (d -32 to -19) and PGF (25 mg, i.m.; d 0, 0 h) 19 d after the last feeding of MGA (MGA-PGF protocol). In Exp. 1, heifers (n = 709) were assigned to each of the following protocols: 1) the MGA-PGF protocol with AI 6 to 12 h after detection of estrus (estrus AI; MGA-PGF); 2) MGA-PGF plus 100 microg, i.m. of GnRH on d -7 (1x GnRH) and estrus AI; or 3) MGA-PGF, GnRH on d -7, and GnRH (100 microg, i.m.) at 48 h after PGF, coincident with insemination (2x GnRH-TB48). In Exp. 2, heifers (n = 559) received the MGA-PGF protocol and were inseminated by either estrus AI or fixed-time AI (TAI) at 60 h, coincident with an injection of GnRH (GnRH-TB60). In Exp. 3, all heifers (n = 460) received the MGA-PGF protocol and were inseminated by estrus AI when detected up to 73 h. Heifers not observed in estrus by 73 h received TAI between 76 and 80 h. Half the heifers inseminated by TAI received no further treatment (TB80), and the remaining half was injected with GnRH at insemination (GnRH-TB80). Variance associated with the interval to estrus and the proportion in estrus from d 0 to 5 was similar for 1x GnRH and MGA-PGF treatments in Exp. 1. Pregnancy rate (d 0 to 5) did not differ for the MGA-PGF and 1x GnRH treatments (62.5 and 60.4%, respectively), and both were greater (P < 0.05) than TAI pregnancy rate in the 2x GnRH-TB48 treatment (42.3%). In Exp. 2, the peak estrous response occurred 60 h after PGF. Pregnancy rate during the synchrony period was greater (P < 0.05) for the MGA-PGF (255/401; 63.6%) than the GnRH-TB60 (74/158; 46.6%) treatment. In Exp. 3, 75.7% of heifers (348/460) were detected in estrus by 73 h and were inseminated, with a conception rate of 74.4%. Pregnancy rates after TAI did not differ between TB80 and GnRH-TB80 (14/56 = 25% and 19/ 56 = 33.9%, respectively). Total pregnancy rate was 63.5% for heifers inseminated after detected estrus and by TAI. Collectively, these data indicate that the exclusive use of TAI for heifers treated with the MGA-PGF protocol resulted in lower pregnancy rates than when AI was performed after detection of estrus. However, estrus AI for 3 d and TAI at the end of d 3 could result in pregnancy rates similar to those achieved after a 5-d period of detecting estrus.     

Early pregnancy diagnosis by means of ultrasonography as a method of improving reproductive efficiency in goats

Eighteen cyclic Shiba goats were used in this study. Estrus was synchronized with a single injection of 125 microg of a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F(2)alpha (PGF(2)alpha) after detection of at least one corpus luteum by B-mode ultrasonography. Blood samples were collected from each animal on days 0, 7 and 21 post-mating for progesterone assay. Animals in estrus were either allowed to be mated by fertile bucks twice during estrus (group I; n=12) or not at all (group II; n=6). Ultrasonographic examinations were performed transrectally or transabdominally using a real-time B-mode scanner equipped with a 7.5 or 5 MHz transducer. All animals exhibited estrus 56.0 +/- 2.7 h after injection of PGF2alpha. The results show that the accuracy of the progesterone assay in diagnosing pregnancy on day 21 after mating was 80% for pregnancy and 100% for non-pregnancy, retrospectively. Ultrasonographic examinations showed that gestational sac and embryos heartbeats were detected on days 20.2 +/- 0.6 and 24.3 +/- 0.7 of gestation, respectively. Placentomes were detected on day 35.4 +/- 1.0 of gestation as small nodules (0.7 +/- 0.2 cm in size). At two months pregnancy, skeletal structures like skull, thorax and long bones were clear. Biparietal diameter of the skull and length of long bones could be used as an estimate of gestational age. The accuracy of detection of fetal number using real-time B-mode ultrasonography was 91.7% on day 60 of gestation. In conclusion, progesterone assay at day 21 post-mating (cut-off value, 1 ng/ml) can be used for pregnancy diagnosis in goats. However, B-mode transrectal ultrasonography was more efficient due to detection of embryo and confirmation of its viability by heartbeats. In addition, fetal number and gestational age could be determined only by ultrasonography.     

Effects of progesterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin administration five days postinsemination on plasma and milk concentrations of progesterone and pregnancy rates of normal and repeat breeder dairy cows.

Treatment with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device between days 5 and 12 after estrus elevated (p less than 0.05) plasma progesterone concentrations between days 6 and 8 in comparison with controls. Treatment with injectable progesterone (200 mg) on days 5, 7, 9 and 11 postestrus did not increase plasma progesterone concentrations over controls. The administration of 1500 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) on day 5 after estrus resulted in a sustained increase (p less than 0.01) in plasma progesterone concentrations from day 8 until day 20 when measurements ceased. Pregnancy rates, as a result of artificial insemination (AI) at the pretreatment estrus, in these treatments (n = 12-14 each), were unaffected by any of the treatments and ranged from 57.1 to 75.0% at 45-60 days post-AI. In a field trial, of 36 repeat breeder cows treated with 1500 IU hCG 5.5 days after insemination, 47.2% were pregnant at 60 days, whereas 39.5% of saline-treated controls were diagnosed pregnant. Treatment with hCG significantly (p less than 0.05) increased milk progesterone concentrations over controls on days 14 and 20 after insemination.