小麦—野燕麦蓝粒新种质的初步研究

野燕麦具有对小麦遗传改良有益的基因,将其遗传物质导入到小麦中对丰富小麦的种质资源具有重要意义。对小麦—野燕麦杂交获得的蓝粒新种质的染色体进行了初步鉴定,其染色体数目为2n=42。用蓝粒新种质蓝粒与白粒小麦进行正反杂交,其F1均表现为蓝色,表明蓝粒对白粒为显性,且具有花粉直感现象。然而,当用红粒小麦中国春为母本与其杂交时,杂种粒色为红粒,通过谷蛋白电泳进一步证实了该红粒杂种的真实性。这表明蓝粒在遗传过程中有母本效应。     

部分新的硬质白皮小麦的蛋白质成分和品质

小麦国际市场竞争激烈。国外小麦市场特别是面条制造业对高品质小麦的需求使得人们偏爱白粒小麦。这就使得像美国这样的小麦出口国转向生产更多的白粒小麦。红粒和白粒小麦间的主要差异是因红粒小麦中存在色素导致的种皮颜色的差异。麸色是由一个、二个或者三个主效基因控制。     

一种小麦小染色体的产生及遗传分析

染色体观察结果表明,小偃5号和小偃6号4E(4D)蓝粒单体代换系自交后代分离的二体、单体和白粒4D缺体中均不存在小染色体;这种白粒4D缺体进一步自交获得的自花结实4D缺体(HN5和HN6)中均产生了一对小染色体。HN5和HN6中的这两种小染色体在细胞减数分裂中期能发生配对的频率为77.4%,HN6中的小染色体与小麦4D染色体配对的频率为55.4%,HN5和HN6中的两种小染色体均不能与长穗偃麦草中的4E染色体发生配对。     

野生二粒小麦与野生燕麦族间杂交研究——Ⅱ、杂种 F_2成株期形态学和细胞学研究

野生二粒小麦与野生燕麦杂交F_2共61株,其中抽穗前(?)亡和黄化未能抽穗的共21株。分离出野生二粒小麦型、硬粒小麦型、斯卑尔脱小麦型、燕麦型和普通小麦型。野生二粒小麦型结实率11.2～63.5%,PMC染色体数为27～36。硬粒小麦型结实正常,PMC染色体数为2n=14″。斯卑尔脱小麦型结实率2.7～43.4%,PMC染色体数为37～50。燕麦型结实基本正常,PMC染色体数为41～43,出现1～2个单价体。普通小麦型的护颖包裹籽粒较松,不断穗节,容易脱粒,染色体数为39～45,结实率1.2～68.2%。杂种F_2不同类型植株的PMC染色体数为27～50,每株能抽穗扬花的植株都能结实,结实率1.2～92.3%。杂种F_2的小麦型中有一部分植株的芒长在外颖背上,表现出燕麦族的分类特征性状。     

黑粒小麦子粒色素的遗传研究

河东乌麦526、黑粒小麦76、漯珍1号为3个黑粒小麦新品种，富含天然黑色素，蛋白质和18种氨基酸以及对人体有利的各种微量元素的含量都显著高于普通小麦，具有特殊的调节和保健功能。通过这3个黑粒小麦品种与京411(白粒)杂交，分析其粒色遗传。研究结果表明河东乌麦526的色素分布在糊粉层中，黑粒性状是胚乳性状，受两对互补基因控制，F2代符合9(黑色)：7(白色)的分离规律。漯珍1号、黑粒小麦76的色素分布在果皮和种皮中，黑粒性状是种皮和果皮性状，均为不完全显性，漯珍1号的黑粒性状受一对基因控制，F3代符合3(黑色)：1(白色)的分离规律，黑粒小麦76的黑粒性状受两对互补基因控制，F3代符合9(黑色)：7(白色)的分离规律。     

野生二粒小麦与野生燕麦远缘杂交研究

野生二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccoides Con,2n=4X=28)与野生燕麦(Avena fatua L、2N=6X=42)直接杂交成功。F_1代优势强,主穗和一、二次分蘖穗基本不结实,愈到以后分蘖结实率愈高,所结种子饱满和基本饱满,F_1的穗子不断节,颖壳包裹籽粒不太紧。F_1花粉母细胞镜检表明,野生二粒小麦的2组染色体与野生燕麦3组染色体中的2组基本配对。杂种F_2分离出5株燕麦型植株,经过氧化物同工酶研究表明,它们具有野生燕麦的特征谱带,又具有野生二粒小麦的特征谱带,大部分小麦型植株均具有野生燕麦谱带。     

恢复的遗传分析

 该研究选用3个高恢复度K型小麦杂交种的F2群体、1个化杀杂交种F2群体、1个K型杂交种F3高恢复度株系及1个常规品种群体,以自交结实率作为育性判断标准,通过对分离群体的田间育性调查,对小麦K型不育系的育性恢复机理进行研究。结果表明：在三个K型胞质雄性不育的F2群体中,可育单株与不育单株的比例经卡方检验符合63：1的理论比例,因此可以推断小麦K型胞质雄性不育的恢复由3对主效恢复基因控制,并表现为孢子体不育类型。     

普通小麦川农16与圆锥小麦杂交后代分析

对小麦川农16与圆锥小麦地方品种杂交后代进行了分析。结果表明,杂种F_1均含有35条染色体,减数分裂时出现多种配对形式,染色体组成上存在差异。F_1植株株高和小穗数普遍介于双亲之间,穗长表现出了超亲优势,穗粒数不同组合间存在差异,同时F_1正常结实。F_2代表现出较大分离,单株间差异较大,同时育性发生分离。采用优异品种回交可以有效控制远缘杂种后代分离。     

K型杂交小麦恢复基因的遗传研究

用Ｋ型小麦雄性不育系Ｋ１４９Ａ,保持系１４９（Ｂ）和３个恢复材料Ｌ７８３、太１０６和ＰＨ８５－４（Ｒ）及其杂交后代群体Ｆ１（Ａ／Ｒ）,Ｆ２,Ｂ２（Ａ／Ｆ）,Ｂ２′（Ａ∥ＢＲ）作为试验材料,对育性指标进行了比较,以恢复性遗传研究的最佳指标－套代自交结实率为育性指标,对Ｋ型小麦雄性不育系的育性恢复的遗传特点进行了初步分析,结果表明Ｋ型小麦雄性不育系是配子体不系,三个恢复材料的育性恢复受一对显性基因控制     

小麦籽粒颜色与抗氧化作用

以抗活性氧活力单位、抗超氧阴离子活力单位和总抗氧化活力单位为指标，研究了白、红、紫、深紫、紫黑、蓝等不同颜色小麦籽粒的抗氧化能力，并分析了其与色素、黄酮等抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化酶活性之间的关系。结果表明，小麦籽粒颜色与其抗氧化活性之间存在着非常密切的关系，蓝、紫黑、深紫、紫等黑粒小麦籽粒的抗氧化能力高于白粒和红粒小麦。黑粒小麦的总黄酮、氨基酸、Vc、类胡萝卜素等抗氧化物质含量和SOD等抗氧化酶活性高于普通白粒和红粒小麦；并且籽粒色素含量、总黄酮含量、总氨基酸含量以及SOD活性与3个抗氧化能力指标显著或极显著正相关，Vc和类胡萝卜素含量与3个抗氧化指标之一或之二显著或极显著正相关，说明色素、黄酮、SOD、Vc和氨基酸等是蓝、紫黑、深紫、紫等黑粒小麦的抗氧化能力强于白粒和红粒小麦的主要物质基础。     

Influence of Tetracycline on the Expression of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (cms) in Chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.)

To influence the expression of cytoplasmic male sterility (cms), different clone members of male sterile genotypes of chives were treated with different chemicals, especially antibiotics which are known to act as protein synthesis inhibitors. A remarkable number of male sterile plants turned to partial or full male fertility after the treatment with tetracycline HCl and tetracycline base. Pollen grains produced by tetracycline on male sterile plants were viable and able to fertilize the egg cells. By using the perennial nature of Allium schoenoprasum L. it could be shown that the fertility induced on male sterile plants by tetracycline is reversible. This could be of practical importance for the multiplication of male sterile parents in hybrid breeding. None of the chemicals had any effect on the fertility of male fertile plants. Differences in reaction indicated that genetic differences exist between male sterile plants responding to tetracycline and those which do not. The results are discussed in view of the influence of tetracycline on the mitochondrial protein biosynthesis.     

部分高粱转换系与不同高粱细胞质的育性反应

利用部分高粱转换系与具相同核背景不同细胞质的高粱不育系杂交,调查F_1代植株花粉育性和主要农艺性状,结果表明4种细胞质之间育性反应存在着明显的差异,A_1与A_2型细胞质之间差异较小;A_1、A_2与A_3、A_4型之间差异较大。A_1和A_2型细胞质与部分高粱转换系杂交F_1代的自交结实率之间的相关达极显著水准。A_2、A_3型细胞质对F_1代主要农艺性状的影响与A_1型对这些性状的影响无显著差异。A_2型细胞质可以在高粱杂交种生产中加以利用。A_3型细胞质与前两种细胞质的育性反应截然不同。找到了A_3型细胞质的恢复源和能同时恢复A_1、A_2、A_3型细胞质的材料。初步确定了能够鉴定高粱4种不同细胞质的鉴定系。通过对同核异质,异核同质育性反应的研究,表明4种细胞质完全不同,细胞质对育性反应起着决定性的作用,育性反应不因核背景的改变而发生显著变化,不同细胞质育性恢复机制不同。     

Improving male fertility restoration of common wheat for Triticum timopheevii cytoplasm

The fertile pure line R3‐37 of common wheat with cytoplasm of Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. is an R‐line (restorer) that can restore the male fertility of A‐lines (male sterile lines) with T. timopheevii cytoplasm. In breeding hybrid wheat, the hybrid of the cross R3‐37/ Baimian3 was found to be completely male sterile, indicating that Baimian3 has some genes that are epistatic to the Rf genes in R3‐37. In order to elucidate the essence of this phenomenon, the male fertilities of the hybrids of 27 crosses including R3‐37 and/or Baimian3 were studied. The results show that inheritance of male fertility of the hybrid R3‐37/Baimian3 involves interactions among Rf alleles, male fertility‐inhibiting genes and genetic background. Although more than 70 different kinds of male sterile cytoplasm to common wheat have been discovered, the systems of hybrid wheat production based on male sterile cytoplasm are all the A‐line/R‐line type and all have similar problems of hybrid fertility restoration. This study confirmed that there is a new model (A‐line/R*‐line//R‐line) for producing hybrid wheat with high fertility restoration. In the new model, the completely male sterile hybrids of A‐line/R*‐line can act as common A‐line.     

Inheritance of male sterility mutations induced in haploid sorghum tissue culture

Summary A high frequency of male sterile mutants regeneration was shown in callus cultures derived from leaves and panicles of haploid sorghum (Ms_c1, A1 cytoplasm) and a spontaneous autodiploid obtained from this haploid. The cultures derived from the embryos of this autodiploid yielded significantly fewer mutants. Absolutely or partially male sterile mutants appeared among the regenerants or in the progeny of fertile regenerants. In the self-fertilized progenies of partially male sterile mutants and in the hybrids of sterile mutants with autodiploid line (i.e. under one and the same nuclear genome) male sterility mutations were inherited as cytoplasmic. Non-Mendelian segregation of sterile, partially male sterile and fertile plants was observed in these progenies. Partially male sterile plants were characterized by somatic segregation of male sterility genetic factors. In test-crosses with some CMS A1 fertility restorers, mutations were manifested as nuclear recessive while with others as nuclear dominant. These differences are supposed to be the result of interaction of fertility restorer genes of these testers with the novel cytoplasm. Male sterility mutations accompanied with female sterility were inherited as nuclear recessives.Abbreviations f fertile - ps partially male sterile - s male sterile plants     

Development of CGMS system in ridge gourd [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Luffa acutangula</Emphasis> (Roxb.) L.] for production of F<Subscript>1</Subscript> hybrids

Cytoplasmic male sterile system in ridge gourd has been converted to cytoplasmic genetic male sterile (CGMS) system through the development of analogues of male sterile (MS) line, maintainer line and fertility restorer line. These lines were developed by crossing the MS mutant, regenerated through in vitro culture, with monoecious pollen parents Deepthi, Haritham, LA 101, CO 2, IC 92761 and IC 92685. All hybrids and the BC₁ generation developed by crossing with the recurring pollen parents Deepthi, Haritham and LA 101 were male sterile. Male sterile BC₁ plants have been advanced to BC₆ generation and the parental line LA 101 was proved to be a successful maintainer line, producing male sterile progeny in successive back cross generations. Analogue of cytoplasmic male sterile line, MS LA 101, was developed through back crossing and on crossing with fertility restorer lines Arka Sumeet and LA 102, this line excelled as female parent, resulting heterotic combinations. Mitochondrial marker rpS14 and SCAR Tm-53 were identified to yield male sterility specific markers whereas SSR marker 18956 has generated the male fertility specific marker. These primers are recommended for marker assisted selection of ridge gourd, for utilizing male sterility for hybrid seed production and for developing A, B and C lines in CGMS system.     

小麦K、V型胞质雄性不育系F2群体育性分离多态性

利用４个不育系与７个恢复系对Ｋ、Ｖ型不育系育性恢复遗传进行了分析。结果表明,Ｆ１育性恢复表现为显性遗传,Ｆ２群本育性分离呈现多态性。Ｋ８３（２１）３５Ａ、Ｋ１４９Ａ、Ｖ１４９Ａ三个不育系的育性恢复均受两对基因控制,Ｖ８３（２１）３５Ａ的育性恢复所需基因数目在不同遗传背景中不同,同一恢复系在Ｋ８３（２１）３５Ａ和Ｖ８３（２１）３５Ａ两种不同遗传背景中表现不同的育性分离。分析Ｆ２育性分离多态性的原因。     

Effect of temperature on the expression of male sterility in Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var. Gemmifera DC.)

Summary The effect of temperature on the expression of male sterility was studied in clones of partially male sterile and completely male sterile plants of Brussels sprouts.At a low temperature (10°C) most clones of male sterile plants developed normal fertile flowers, but some clones showed an opposite reaction. The female fertility of the clones of the male sterile plants did not differ much from that of the fertile clones.These results point to a possibility of propagating male sterile lines of cole crops by selfing or sib-mating them at low or high temperatures.     

Towards a more efficient utilization of genic male sterility in breeding hybrid barley and wheat

The author suggests that in nature cytoplasms may occur which can restore fertility in male sterile lines in which male sterility is based on one recessive gene ms. If indeed such a fertilizing cytoplasm should be found a male sterile (S) ms ms-line could be increased using the male fertile counterpart (F) ms ms as a male. Thus the female rows in hybrid seed production fields consist of male sterile plants only. A method is outlined to trace a fertility restoring cytoplasm and to introduce it into a male sterile line.     

白菜型油菜双显性核不育896AB恢复系基因型的鉴定

以白菜型油菜双显性核不育896AB为材料，采用成对兄妹交和相应可育株自交，验证显性不育基因的遗传;用恢复系与全不育系测交，测交一代与临保系复交，验证显性恢复基因的抑制作用，并区分F2代育性分离为3:1和13:3的遗传类型。经4个年度的研究认为，育性是由一对显性不育基因MSMS和一对显性可育基因RfRf互作控制，且显性可育基     

一个超低临界温度温敏核不育系的选育

以在高海拔地区进行育性转换彻底性鉴定为特点，通过诱变、花药组织培养育成超低临界温度温敏型水稻不育系。实现了花粉育性双向彻底转换——在制种基地“终年不育”，同时在繁殖基地像常规稻一样自交结实。