病毒受体研究进展

病毒通过与宿主易感细胞表面的特异性受体结合而启动其复制过程。宿主的组织及细胞表面特定受体是决定病毒入侵途径、扩散方式及决定宿主发病特点的主要因素：因此，开展对病毒受体的研究具有重要意义。从受体角度阐明病毒入侵机制，是预防和治疗病毒性疾病的药物及疫苗研发重要领域。     

Hedgehog、p53和NF-κB信号通路在病原微生物入侵机体时的免疫应答机制

<正>病毒、细菌等致病病原微生物一旦入侵机体,免疫系统会迅速启动抗感染免疫应答反应,但长期困扰免疫学界的问题是免疫系统通过什么样的细胞与分子机制特异性感知外源病原微生物入侵,并有效地启动免疫应答效应以杀伤、清除病原微生物,以及能否准确预测外源病原体入侵时机体做出的应答。以往的研究发现,免疫细胞识别与应答病原体时,Toll样受体(TLR)可通过病原相关分子模式     

猪氨基肽酶N不是猪德尔塔冠状病毒入侵宿主细胞的受体

猪德尔塔冠状病毒(PDCoV)是一种新出现的冠状病毒,能够引起猪只发生呕吐和水样腹泻,临床症状与猪流行性腹泻(PED)和猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)相似。相关研究表明猪氨基肽酶N(pAPN)是PED病毒(PEDV)和TGE病毒(TGEV)入侵宿主细胞的功能性受体。为研究pAPN是否是PDCoV入侵宿主细胞的受体,本研究以TGEV为指示病毒,通过BHK-pAPN细胞感染试验、pAPNRNA干扰试验、ST细胞过表达pAPN试验、可溶性pAPN阻断试验,发现BHK-pAPN细胞是PDCoV非易感细胞,在易感细胞ST上沉默和过表达pAPN对PDCoV的增殖并无影响,可溶性pAPN不能阻止PDCoV感染ST细胞。这些研究结果表明pAPN不是PDCoV入侵宿主细胞的受体,而且对PDCoV的增殖无影响。     

禽白血病病毒跨膜蛋白在膜融合及免疫抑制中的作用

禽白血病病毒（Avian leukosis virus,ALV）入侵宿主细胞的关键是病毒裳膜与宿主细胞膜的融合,AI。V在此过程中采用病毒一宿主细胞膜融合机制,这一机制的关键是病毒与细胞受体结合后跨膜蛋白一系列构象的变化。此外,ALV入侵宿主细胞后会引起严重的免疫抑制,继而引发肿瘤的产生。在对一些与ALV有相同感染机制的病毒的研究中发现,引起免疫抑制的关键区也是跨膜蛋白。因此进一步在分子水平上深入研究跨膜蛋白有助于正确认识病毒侵染的本质,做到更为有效的预防与治疗ALV感染。     

病毒的细胞受体

病毒与细胞受体结合是病毒建立感染的首要步骤。病毒与其细胞受体的相互作用启动了一连串动力学过程,使得病毒得以进入细胞。病毒(受体相互作用本身是一个多步骤的过程,可以连续地或以细胞类型特异性方式使用多个吸附受体。     

冠状病毒受体的研究进展

近年来多种感染人或家畜的冠状病毒病轮番出现,给人类社会的经济和公共卫生安全带来很大危害。特别是在2019年底出现并在全球迅速蔓延的SARS-CoV-2,由此引发的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)在2019年12月至2020年3月之间在全球范围内造成超过7万人死亡。冠状病毒感染宿主的第一步是识别宿主细胞膜受体分子并与之结合,随后启动入侵使病毒基因组进入宿主细胞内部。因此冠状病毒细胞受体的阐明对于了解病毒的宿主与组织嗜性具有重要意义,同时也有助于了解病毒的致病与传播机制以及新型抗病毒药物研发。本文介绍了近年来主要的冠状病毒受体的最新研究进展,包括血管紧张素2(the angiotensin converting enzyme 2,ACE2)、氨基肽酶N(aminopeptidase N,APN)、二肽酰肽酶4(dipeptyl peptidase 4,DPP4)、唾液酸(sialic acid,SA)和癌胚抗原相关细胞黏附分子1(carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1,CEACAM1)等。     

牛胎儿组织中牛病毒性腹泻病毒50kDa假定受体的表达

牛病毒性腹泻病毒（ＢＶＤＶ）引起的疾病，统称为牛病毒性腹泻。ＢＶＤＶ是一种普遍存在的病毒，控制ＢＶＤＶ失败的原因之一是缺乏有关感染分子机制方面的资料，其中包括病毒－细胞间的相互作用。病毒和敏感细胞间的相互作用是病毒致病机制的一个重要因素。病毒－细胞相互作用的第一步是病毒吸附于宿主细胞的受体，这种相互作用通常决定了病毒的宿主范围。现已确定的病毒受体是细胞膜的正常组成成分，并经常起着生理学配基受体的功能。碳水化合物、脂类和蛋白质分子都能作为病毒的受体，多瘤病毒和正粘病毒结合于糖蛋白和糖酯的唾液酸－低…     

犬瘟热病毒感染机制及其诊断方法研究进展

本综述介绍了犬瘟热病毒的6种结构蛋白N、P、L、F、H和M蛋白在病毒入侵宿主和宿主细胞内繁殖的功能;简要描述了犬瘟热病毒入侵动物机体感染传播的机制,其中细胞受体SLAM和PVRL4解释病毒的趋向性;介绍了临床诊断、试验动物法、血清学方法和核酸诊断等鉴别诊断犬瘟热的方法及其优缺点.通过系统了解犬瘟热病毒的感染途径及其诊断方法,有助于发现控制犬瘟热病毒传播的新方法.     

粘病毒的受体

副粘病毒感染细胞时,病毒首先是与靶细胞上的特异性受体结合,依靠膜融合进行细胞。副粘病毒与细胞结合并诱导细胞融合主要是由病毒囊膜的两个糖蛋白介导的。受体在病毒感染细胞过程中起很重要的作用。有的细胞不存在一种病毒的特异性受体,就对此种病毒有抵抗力。大多数副粘病毒共同使用唾液酸受体、无唾液酸受体、血型糖蛋白受体的和糖脂受体。无唾液酸受体是仙台病毒等病毒的受体,主要存在肝细胞的表面,它的特异性和肝细胞的位置为肝病的治疗提供新的途径。人们根据仙划性地与肝细胞无唾液酸受体结合并且诱导细胞融合,从而进入靶细胞中的作用机制,研究开发了一种新的治疗肝脏的基因载体转运系统。不仅探索一条转运药物的融合基因的途径,也探索一条治疗肝脏的新途径。深入研究副粘病毒的细胞受体,可以制作受体模拟分子、受体配体模拟分子等以阻断病毒感染,阻止病毒与受体的结合不人为一条防治新城疫、犬瘟热等传染病的可行而有效的途径。     

稳定表达山羊SLAM受体的BHK-21细胞系的建立及应用

信号淋巴激活分子(SLAM)又称为CD150,是小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)和犬瘟热病毒(CDV)等麻疹病毒属病毒感染淋巴细胞的主要受体,在病毒侵入细胞中发挥重要作用。为建立稳定表达山羊SLAM(g SLAM)的真核细胞系,本研究将人工合成的g SLAM基因克隆至真核表达质粒p IRESpuro3中,并在该基因的3'端引入Flag标签序列作为分子标记,构建了重组质粒p IRES3-g SLAM。将该重组质粒转染BHK-21细胞,经嘌呤霉素加压筛选及采用表达绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的重组PPRV病毒(r PPRV/GFP)感染鉴定后,筛选到稳定表达g SLAM基因的细胞系。r PPRV/GFP感染和western blot鉴定表明,无论是否有嘌呤霉素压力的存在,该细胞系在传代至第20代,仍能稳定表达g SLAM蛋白。由于g SLAM氨基酸序列与犬的同源性较高,以表达GFP重组CDV强毒株(r CDV/GFP)感染该细胞系,病毒可以感染且能形成明显的细胞病变,表明该细胞系可用于CDV强毒分离和致弱机制等相关研究。     

Evolutionary characteristics of morbilliviruses during serial passages in vitro: Gradual attenuation of virus virulence

The genus Morbillivirus is classified into the family Paramyxoviridae, and is composed of 6 members, namely measles virus (MV), rinderpest virus (RPV), peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV), canine distemper virus (CDV), phocine distemper virus (PDV) and cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV). The MV, RPV, PPRV and CDV have been successfully attenuated through their serial passages in vitro for the production of live vaccines. It has been demonstrated that the morbilliviral virulence in animals was progressively attenuated with their consecutive passages in vitro. However, only a few reports were involved in explanation of an attenuation-related mechanism on them until many years after the establishment of a quasispecies theory. RNA virus quasispecies arise from rapid evolution of viruses with high mutation rate during genomic replication, and play an important role in gradual loss of viral virulence by serial passages. Here, we overviewed the development of live-attenuated vaccine strains against morbilliviruses by consecutive passages in vitro, and further discussed a related mechanism concerning the relationship between virulence attenuation and viral evolution.     

Myxoma virus in the European rabbit: interactions between the virus and its susceptible host

Myxoma virus (MV) is a poxvirus that evolved in Sylvilagus lagomorphs, and is the causative agent of myxomatosis in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). This virus is not a natural pathogen of O. cuniculus, yet is able to subvert the host rabbit immune system defenses and cause a highly lethal systemic infection. The interaction of MV proteins and the rabbit immune system has been an ideal model to help elucidate host/poxvirus interactions, and has led to a greater understanding of how other poxvirus pathogens are able to cause disease in their respective hosts. This review will examine how MV causes myxomatosis, by examining a selection of the identified immunomodulatory proteins that this virus expresses to subvert the immune and inflammatory pathways of infected rabbit hosts.     

Comparison of the pathogenicity for pregnant sheep of Rift Valley fever virus and a live attenuated vaccine

A live attenuated mutant of Rift Valley fever virus, MV P12, was previously shown to be non-pathogenic in young lambs, but capable of producing protective immunity. The studies reported here show that the abortion in sheep caused by an infection with virulent virus is the result of necrosis of the maternal villi and cotyledons arising from an acute inflammation of the maternal caruncles. Pregnant ewes infected with the attenuated mutant virus MV P12 showed none of these lesions in the placenta and gave birth to healthy lambs. Colostrum from ewes infected with MV P12 virus was able to induce protective immunity in the offspring. These data along with previously published results suggest that the mutant virus MV P12 is an excellent candidate for use as a live attenuated veterinary vaccine.     

Re-emergence of bluetongue, African horse sickness, and other Orbivirus diseases

Arthropod-transmitted viruses (Arboviruses) are important causes of disease in humans and animals, and it is proposed that climate change will increase the distribution and severity of arboviral diseases. Orbiviruses are the cause of important and apparently emerging arboviral diseases of livestock, including bluetongue virus (BTV), African horse sickness virus (AHSV), equine encephalosis virus (EEV), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) that are all transmitted by haematophagous Culicoides insects. Recent changes in the global distribution and nature of BTV infection have been especially dramatic, with spread of multiple serotypes of the virus throughout extensive portions of Europe and invasion of the south-eastern USA with previously exotic virus serotypes. Although climate change has been incriminated in the emergence of BTV infection of ungulates, the precise role of anthropogenic factors and the like is less certain. Similarly, although there have been somewhat less dramatic recent alterations in the distribution of EHDV, AHSV, and EEV, it is not yet clear what the future holds in terms of these diseases, nor of other potentially important but poorly characterized Orbiviruses such as Peruvian horse sickness virus.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒致病机制研究进展

牛病毒性腹泻（bovine viral diarrhea,BVD）和黏膜病（mucosal disease,MD）均是由牛病毒性腹泻病毒（bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV）感染引发的传染病,严重威胁世界养牛业的发展。文章概述了BVDV分型及其分子生物学特征,并从急性感染、经胎盘或子宫感染、持续性感染和黏膜病4个方面总结了近期国内外BVDV致病机制的研究进展。根据序列保守性及是否致细胞病变可将BVDV分为两种基因型和两种生物型,其中,新发现的"HoBi"株归类为瘟病毒属。BVDV基因进化很快,基因组编码4种结构蛋白和8种非结构蛋白,编码蛋白在病毒的复制、翻译及在宿主致病过程中发挥重要作用。BVDV致病机制复杂,急性感染会造成病毒血症、繁殖障碍、免疫抑制等,急性感染牛发生腹泻的原因与BVDV感染胃肠道的肌层、黏膜下层并干扰肠道神经的正常功能相关,非致细胞病变型（NCP）BVDV是造成急性感染的病因。胚胎感染BVDV取决于病毒首次侵袭时胎儿在子宫内的生长阶段。NCP型BVDV具有抑制胎儿体内产生Ⅰ型干扰素的能力,致使该病毒在宿主中得以生存并形成持续性感染牛,当持续性感染牛再次感染与NCP型BVDV高度同源的致细胞病变型（CP）毒株时直接诱发黏膜病。两种生物型的产生是发生持续性感染和黏膜病的重要因素,NCP型可向CP型BVDV进行转化。本综述有助于发现控制BVD-MD传播的新途径,为消灭该病和新型疫苗的研制提供参考。     

病毒受体研究技术进展

病毒受体是生物体内与病毒结合的受体分子,与病毒的感染密切相关.在病毒感染的过程中,受体起着至关重要的作用.因此,对病毒受体的研究是明确病毒致病机理的关键.论文简要介绍了几种传统的研究受体的方法,并对一些研究受体的新方法进行了重点介绍.     

甲型疱疹病毒亚科的疱疹病毒囊膜糖蛋白gC对病毒感染复制的影响

甲型疱疹病毒亚科的疱疹病毒宿主广泛,能感染哺乳类、两栖类和禽类,主要侵害宿主的皮肤、黏膜和神经组织,病毒还会在宿主神经组织潜伏感染,一经感染,难以清除。gC是甲型疱疹病毒亚科的病毒囊膜糖蛋白之一,在病毒感染复制过程中发挥了重要作用。gC与细胞上受体结合帮助病毒吸附至宿主细胞表面、介导低pH条件下病毒入侵上皮细胞、影响病毒基因组的复制。此外,gC帮助病毒逃避补体和抗体的中和,促进病毒的吸附入侵。本文就gC影响病毒感染复制的相关功能进行综述,旨在为研究gC和深入了解甲型疱疹病毒亚科病毒的生命周期,以及gC亚单位疫苗和mRNA疫苗的研究提供参考。     

Calf pneumonia

Infectious calf pneumonia is a high-mortality pneumonia of housed dairy-type calves. Viruses are important etiologic agents and infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza type 3 virus (PI-3 virus) may result in extensive, and sometimes fatal, lung damage. Respiratory viral infections are frequently followed by mycoplasmal and secondary bacterial invasion of the lower respiratory tract, which increases the extent and severity of lung damage. Bad housing, particularly bad ventilation, will increase the severity of pneumonia outbreaks. Although the source of respiratory viral infections is not always obvious, it is likely that a proportion of calves acquired infection from their dams early in life. The possibility of cross-infections from other domestic animals and from humans must also be considered. Diagnosis of respiratory virus infections necessitates submission of suitable respiratory tract specimens that are taken at an early stage in the outbreak together with paired sera. Various therapeutic and prophylactic regimens for the control of calf pneumonia are described.     

Measles virus infection induces interleukin-8 release in human pulmonary epithelial cells

Measles virus (MV) infection primarily targets epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, which have the potential to synthesize a variety of cytokines. In this report, we studied the effect of MV infection on the production of interleukin (IL)-8 by the pulmonary epithelial cells. A549 cells, a lower airway epithelial cell line, produced IL-8 after MV inoculation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The IL-8 production was little affected by UV-inactivation of MV and scarcely suppressed by cycloheximide treatment. These results indicated that MV particle binding to and/or incorporation into cells stimulated IL-8 expression in A549 cells.     

Torque teno virus infection in the pig and its potential role as a model of human infection

Torque teno viruses (TTVs), of the genus Anellovirus, are single-stranded circular DNA viruses that infect many vertebrate species. Although viruses of this type have quite a stable genome, they exhibit low nucleotide homology. Torque teno virus infection has not been consistently linked to specific diseases, although there is epidemiological evidence of an association with disease in humans. The recent recognition of naturally occurring TTV infection in swine and its epidemiological resemblance to human TTV raises the possibility of using the pig as a model to study human TTV infection. Such an approach will require the development of novel investigative tools to study the epidemiology, transmission, immune responses and potential pathogenesis of TTV infection. The present review summarises research on animal TTV infection, focussing in particular on TTV infection in the pig, and considers how a porcine experimental infection model might assist in the study of human TTV infection.