基层动物流行病学调查工作存在的问题及建议

<正>动物疫病流行病学调查是通过及时评价、预测、预警及风险评估,提出科学有效的动物疫病防控措施,为疫病的及时有效控制、扑灭和前瞻性预防提供技术支撑。因此,认真开展好动物疫病流行病学调查工作,对动物疫病预防和控制有着及其重要的意义。本文通过对基层动物流行病学调查工作中存在的问题提出一些建议,以供有关动物疫病预防控制机构参考。1动物疫病流行病学调查的重要性开展动物疫病流行病学调查能够及时了解本地区疫病     

浅谈动物疫病风险评估和流行病学调查系统建设

建立科学的风险评估和流行病学调查系统,形成行政管理人员、专家学者、利益相关团体相结合的风险分析机制,不仅能及时分析和评估动物及动物产品对生物安全的影响,形成动物疫病风险分析的实用性准则,还能有效地分析流行病学数据及相关的风险因素。     

青年专家文库

研究成果2001年11月起组建了动物疫病流行病学研究室,从事动物疫病流行病学与外来病的研究工作。主要进行国内外重要传染病的流行病学及病原学研究,主要任务是进行临诊疾病的处理、进行病毒的实验室常规检验及毒力测定、分子水平研究,流行病学资料的收集、研究、分析以及疾病的预测。已经建立了猪呼吸繁殖障碍综合症病毒鉴别诊断分型技术,禽新城疫病毒鉴别诊断分型技术等     

猪重点疫病风险评估模型的建立

正随着应用管理学和统计学的发展,通过构建风险评估模型进行疫情预警的案例越来越多,口蹄疫、蓝舌病[1]、牛海绵状脑病[2]等疫病的风险评估建模研究取得了不错的效果。本文利用管理学方法确定了猪"重点疫病"的风险因子,并建立了猪场风险评估模型,便于宏观掌握一定区域内猪重点疫病的风险水平,对规模猪场或动物疫病防控机构有效预防、控制猪重点疫病的发生、发展和流行具有重要的现实意义。1 技术依据利用"德菲尔法"(Delphi method)确定     

青年专家文库

2001年11月起组建了动物疫病流行病学研究室，从事动物疫病流行病学与外来病的研究工作。主要进行国内外重要传染病的流行病学及病原学研究，主要任务是进行临诊疾病的处理、进行病毒的实验室常规检验及毒力测定、分子水平研究，流行病学资料的收集、研究、分析以及疾病的预测。已经建立了猪呼吸繁殖障碍综合症病毒鉴别诊断分型技术，禽新城疫病毒鉴别诊断分型技术等并正在形成试剂盒；     

基于案例的国内动物疫病风险评估技术发展现状研究

为了解我国动物疫病风险评估研究进展,本研究对我国2006—2016年间发表的动物疫病风险评估模型相关文献进行分析。采用文献回顾的方式,就动物疫病风险评估模型的构建目标、构建方法、评估对象、模型结构及实际应用进行研究。研究表明,我国动物疫病风险评估模型研究与国际基本同步,但也存在理论体系研究薄弱、理论联系实际不足等问题。同时,提出了完善理论体系建设、推广模型应用等建议。     

浅析流行病学调查在动物防疫中的应用

流行病学调查分析是动物检疫检验的基本方法之一,通过流行病学调查,可详细了解动物疫病流行的规律,为疾病防治策略的制定奠定基础.兽医流行病学是从动物群体的角度,研究动物疾病的分布、影响因素和防治措施的一门科学,也称为动物流行病学.     

重大动物疫病防治数字化监控与风险评估及预警的构建

本文在阐述国外重大动物疫病防治数字化监控与预警体系规划研究的概况,国内应用研究现状及对策的同时,指出动物疫病预警研究是公共卫生应急及城市预警应急系统的重要组成部分。风险预警是风险分析的重要内容,风险分析是WTO等协定的构成部分,是技术性贸易措施的重要内容之一,是WTO各成员方检验检疫决策的主要技术支持。风险分析可保持检验检疫的正当技术壁垒作用,充分发挥检验检疫的保护功能,能强化检验检疫贸易的促进作用。针对重大动物疫病严重影响中国畜禽生产产业发展,由于疫病控制不及时,造成重大经济损失。同时,也影响中国畜禽(生猪、牛、禽)活体和胴体出口。为此,研究重大动物疫病风险评估及预警体系的框架构建,形成风险评估及预警决策模型;以及采用基于GIS的数字化监控系统,将流行病学数据库、地理图形、非空间应用模型和空间应用模型有机地结合,实现图形和数据资源共享。系统可及时跟踪疾病的蔓延,通过动物疫病流行病学图分析,可提出适宜的防治措施,达到重大动物疫病的预警预报目的。借鉴国外成功经验,提出适合国情的风险预警的研究内容,指出GIS系统与风险分析在预警体系中应用的注意点,为开展风险评估工作提供更多的素材,奠定风险管理基础。     

2014年全国动物疫病流行病学调查工作会议在青岛召开

中国动物卫生与流行病学中心徐全刚供稿4月24日-25日,农业部兽医局在青岛组织召开2014年全国动物疫病流行病学调查工作会议,总结交流2013年全国动物疫病流行病学调查工作,并安排部署2014年流行病学调查工作。会议由农业部兽医局主办,中国动物卫生与流行病学中心承办。农业部兽医局副局长李长友、中国动物卫生与流行病学中心主任马洪超、书记张弘、副主任王树双、黄保续出席会议。     

2013年全国动物疫病流行病学调查工作座谈会在青岛召开

4月24—25日,2013年全国动物疫病流行病学调查工作座谈会在青岛顺利召开。会议由农业部兽医局主办,中国动物卫生与流行病学中心承办,《中国动物检疫》编辑部协办。会议总结交流了2012年全国动物疫病流行病学调查工作,研究部署了2013年流行病学调查工作。     

The application of risk analysis in aquatic animal health management

Risk analysis has only been regularly used in the management of aquatic animal health in recent years. The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS) stimulated the application of risk analysis to investigate disease risks associated with international trade (import risk analysis-IRA). A majority (9 of 17) of the risk analyses reviewed were IRA. The other major focus has been the parasite of Atlantic salmon--Gyrodactylus salaris. Six studies investigated the spread of this parasite, between countries, rivers and from farmed to wild stocks, and clearly demonstrated that risk analysis can support aquatic animal health policy development, from international trade and biosecurity to disease interaction between wild and farmed stocks. Other applications of risk analysis included the spread of vertically transmitted pathogens and disease emergence in aquaculture. The Covello-Merkhofer, risk analysis model was most commonly used and appears to be a flexible tool not only for IRA but also the investigation of disease spread in other contexts. The limitations of the identified risk assessments were discussed. A majority were qualitative, partly due to the lack of data for quantitative analysis, and this, it can be argued, constrained their usefulness for trade purposes (i.e. setting appropriate sanitary measures); in other instances, a qualitative result was found to be adequate for decision making. A lack of information about the disease hazards of the large number of fish species traded is likely to constrain quantitative analysis for a number of years. The consequence assessment element of a risk analysis was most likely to be omitted, or limited in scope and depth, rarely extending beyond examining the evidence of susceptibility of farmed and wild species to the identified hazard. The reasons for this are discussed and recommendations made to develop guidelines for a consistent, systematic and multi-disciplinary approach to consequence assessment. Risk analysis has improved decision making in aquatic animal health management by providing a transparent method for using the available scientific information. The lack of data is the main constraint to the application of risk analysis in aquatic animal health. The identification of critical parameters is an important output from risk analysis models which should be used to prioritise research.     

Research needs of Colombia in the light of the activities of the Colombo/German project for the intensification of animal disease control

This paper describes the characteristics of the Colombian animal production and health system. Preliminary epidemiological investigations and assessment of economic impact have identified bovine infertility, hemoparasites, helminths, and vesicular diseases as priority areas for future research and control. It has also been found that bovine infertility, to a very large extent, is due to faults in management and feeding. This situation leads to the conclusion that Colombia needs to find new ways to obtain comprehensive and unbiased information on the above mentioned productivity depressing factors which it is not now receiving through its reporting system, and that Colombia needs to extend its animal health coverage into the less privileged areas possibly through animal health management advisory schemes. Ongoing research and development efforts in general epidemiology and economics, as well as those regarding the above mentioned disease complexes are described.     

Use of Multicriteria Risk Ranking of Zoonotic Diseases in a Developing Country: Case Study of Mongolia

Many developing countries face significant health burdens associated with a high incidence of endemic zoonoses and difficulties in integrated control measures for both the human and animal populations. The objective of this study was to develop and apply a multicriteria ranking model for zoonoses in Mongolia, a country highly affected by zoonotic disease, to inform optimal resource allocation at the national level. Diseases were evaluated based on their impact on human health, livestock sector health and the wider society through affects on the economic value of livestock, as well as the feasibility of control in both the human and livestock population. Data on disease in Mongolia were collected from various government departments including the Mongolian State Central Laboratory, the Mongolian Department of Veterinary and Animal Breeding, the Mongolian Ministry of Health, Mongolian National Center for Communicable Diseases, the National Center for Zoonotic Disease and expert opinion from a workshop with a number of Mongolian Government officials and researchers. A combined score for both impact of the disease and feasibility of its control was calculated. Five zoonotic diseases were determined to be of high priority from this assessment (i.e. ovine brucellosis, echinococcosis (hydatids), rabies, anthrax and bovine brucellosis). The results supported some of the findings for high‐priority diseases (namely brucellosis, rabies and anthrax) from a previous priority setting exercise carried out in Mongolia in 2011, but also identified and ranked additional animal diseases of public health importance. While the process of model development was largely Mongolian specific, the experience of developing and parameterizing this multicriteria ranking model could be replicated by other countries where zoonoses have substantive impacts on both animal and human health.     

Economic Assessment of Zoonoses Surveillance in a ‘One Health’ Context: A Conceptual Framework

Collaboration between animal and public health sectors has been highlighted as a means to improve the management of zoonotic threats. This includes surveillance systems for zoonoses, where enhanced cross‐sectoral integration and sharing of information are seen as key to improved public health outcomes. Yet, there is a lack of evidence on the economic returns of such collaboration, particularly in the development and implementation of surveillance programmes. The economic assessment of surveillance in this context needs to be underpinned by the understanding of the links between zoonotic disease surveillance in animal populations and the wider public health disease mitigation process and how these relations impact on the costs and benefits of the surveillance activities. This study presents a conceptual framework of these links as a basis for the economic assessment of cross‐sectoral zoonoses surveillance with the aim of supporting the prioritization of resource allocation to surveillance. In the proposed framework, monetary, non‐monetary and intermediate or intangible cost components and benefit streams of three conceptually distinct stages of zoonotic disease mitigation are identified. In each stage, as the final disease mitigation objective varies so does the use of surveillance information generated in the animal populations for public health decision‐making. Consequently, the associated cost components and benefit streams also change. Building on the proposed framework and taking into account these links, practical steps for its application are presented and future challenges are discussed.     

转基因疾病动物模型的研究进展

人类疾病动物模型(animalmodelsofhumandiseases)是为阐明人类疾病的发生机制或建立治疗方法而制作的、具有人类疾病模拟表现的实验动物。疾病动物模型对医学发展做出了很大贡献。但是,许多疾病难以用人工诱发的方法制造动物模型,或许多疾病在实验动物身上不发生或仅仅是高等哺乳类动物才发生,因此难以通过自发或人工定向培育的方法获得动物模型。转基因技术的出现,为人类精确地研究基因与疾病的相关关系提供了可能,而且可以在个体发生的每个阶段中使用任何个体进行遗传功能的分析。因此,转基因疾病动物模型的开发成为转基因动物的热点。文章就转基因疾病动物模型的建立制作及应用前景做一综述。     

Development, aims and status quo of the EU animal disease law

The development of EC legislation is outlined using swine fever and foot and mouth disease as an example, starting with the possibility of vaccinating against both animal diseases in the 1980s without substantially restricting trade with vaccinated animals or products of these animals, right up to a policy of non-vaccination with the realisation of the single market with significant restrictions on intra-Community trade if the option of an emergency vaccination were to be used.The restrictions associated with emergency vaccination are basically tantamount to a vaccination ban. To that extent, vaccination needs to be taken into consideration as an instrument of animal disease control under the EU animal health legislation currently being discussed, the aim being for vaccinated animals that have tested as virus-free to be able to be marketed without any restrictions. This will, however, only be possible if all stakeholders (EU, member states, World Organisation for Animal Health, industry, consumers) achieve a broad consensus.     

当前主要动物疫病监测抽样数量的探讨

应用流行病学理论,结合以往监测数据,建立相关模型,确定当前常规监测项目的采样数量。为动物疫病预防控制部门的科学监测提供参考。     

Preliminary estimates of the direct costs associated with endemic diseases of livestock in Great Britain.

Many 'economic' studies of livestock diseases in Great Britain have been carried out over time. Most studies have considered just one or two diseases and used a different methodology and valuation base from other studies, hampering any comparative assessment of the economic impact of diseases. A standardized methodology was applied to the estimation of the direct costs to livestock production of some 30 endemic diseases/conditions of farm animals in Great Britain. This involved identification of the livestock populations at risk, estimation of the annual incidence of each disease in these populations, identification of the range and incidence of physical effects of each disease on production, valuation of the physical effects of each disease and estimation of the financial value of output losses/resource wastage due to a disease and the costs of specific treatment and prevention measures. The wider economic impacts of disease (such as the implications for human health, animal welfare and markets) were not included in the assessments. Using this standardized methodology with common financial values, a simple spreadsheet model was constructed for each disease. Given the paucity of appropriate disease data for economic assessment, 'low' and 'high' values were used to reflect uncertainties surrounding key disease parameters. Preliminary estimates of the value of disease output losses/resource wastage, treatment and prevention costs are presented for each disease. Despite the limitations of the spreadsheet models and of the estimates derived from them, we conclude that the models represent a useful start in developing a system for the comparative economic assessment of livestock diseases in Great Britain.     

Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programs in West Africa as a model for sustainable partnerships in animal and human health

The concept of animal and human health experts working together toward a healthier world has been endorsed, but challenges remain in identifying concrete actions to move this one health concept from vision to action. In 2008, as a result of avian influenza outbreaks in West Africa, international donor support led to a unique opportunity to invest in Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programs (FELTPs) in the region that engaged the animal and human health sectors to strengthen the capacity for prevention and control of zoonotic diseases. The FELTPs mixed 25% to 35% classroom and 65% to 75% field-based training and service for cohorts of physicians, veterinarians, and laboratory scientists. They typically consisted of a 2-year course leading to a master's degree in field epidemiology and public health laboratory management for midlevel public health leaders and competency-based short courses for frontline public health surveillance workers. Trainees and graduates work in multidisciplinary teams to conduct surveillance, outbreak investigations, and epidemiological studies for disease control locally and across borders. Critical outcomes of these programs include development of a cadre of public health leaders with core skills in integrated disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, vaccination campaigns, laboratory diagnostic testing, and epidemiological studies that address priority public health problems. A key challenge exists in identifying ways to successfully scale up and transform this innovative donor-driven program into a sustainable multisectoral one health workforce capacity development model.     

血液传播的人猪共患病研究现状

概述了血液传播的人猪共患病包括一些虫媒病毒病、细菌病、寄生虫病和其他传染病的传播途径研究进展,这些人兽共患病中有些是外来人兽共患病,有些是自然疫源性疾病,有些是常见的旅行相关的细菌性疾病.这些病原微生物可通过伤口或昆虫叮咬等方式经血液传播疾病,通过对已研究的经血液传播的人猪共患病传播特点进行总结,为器官移植、动物疫病模...