滩地柳树无性系人工林密度试验研究

长江滩地４年生苏柳１７２等无性系密度试验结果表明，造林密度对蓄积量生长和林木干形影响显著，１ｍ×１．５ｍ密度林分，蓄积年生长量达２７．５ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，滩地柳林造林密度应不低于１６６７株／ｈｍ＾２。     

火炬松建筑材林栽培模式研究阶段报告

１９９２～１９９４年的试验结果表明，在低丘中层红壤上栽植火炬松，施过磷酸钙０．５ｋｇ／株效果显著；但块状整地（１．２ｍ见方）与全面整地、４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ穴与７０ｃｍ×７０ｃｍ×６０ｃｍ穴以及每年５月幼林抚育１次与每年２次的其生长差异均不显著。根据上述试验结果以及对浙江与皖东丘陵现有火炬林分生长分析，初步认为火炬松建筑材林合理栽培模式为：造林密度１６６５株／ｈｍ２，１ｍ见方块状整地，挖４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ植树穴，施基肥过磷酸钙０．５ｋｇ／株，造林当年抚育２次，第２～３年每年１次。上述栽培模式经经济分析表明：造林成本不到旧栽培模式（全垦大穴、大量施肥、每年抚育２次以上，造林密度１０５０株／ｈｍ２）的１／２，而收入增加２／３，旧的栽培模式造林无盈利可言，而新的栽培模式主伐时可盈利１２７５０～２３２５０元／ｈｍ２。     

短轮伐期杨,柳材的制浆性能研究

对３年生杨柳无性系木材的纤维素含量和纤维形态的测定分析表明，各无性系之间无显著差异，而同一无性系木材纤维长度则随密度提高而变长，其中Ｉ—７２杨的５个造林密度，Ｉ—６９杨的１ｍ×１．５ｍ、１ｍ×３ｍ、２ｍ×２ｍ，Ｊ—１７２柳和Ｊ—１９４柳的１ｍ×１．５ｍ、１ｍ×２ｍ、１ｍ×３ｍ以及Ｊ—３３３柳的１ｍ×１．５ｍ、１ｍ×２ｍ等１６个处理的木材均达到中级优质造纸纤维原料要求。     

不同初植密度尾叶桉生长量及经济效益分析

在雷州半岛的唐家林场设立了尾叶桉５种初植密度：①１ｍ×３ｍ（３３３３株／ｈｍ２）;②１ｍ×４．５ｍ（２２２２株／ｈｍ２）;③２ｍ×３ｍ（１６６７株／ｈｍ２）;④１．５ｍ×４．５ｍ（１４８１株／ｈｍ２）;⑤３ｍ×３ｍ（１１１１株／ｈｍ２）的试验,分别于２年生、３年生和４年生时进行了调查和经济分析。结果表明：⑴尾叶桉初植密度在１１１１～３３３３株／ｈｍ２范围内,林龄４年内,单位面积产量基本上是随着密度的增大而增大,但平均胸径与树高均随着密度的增加而减小。⑵密度３３３３株／ｈｍ２由于株数多,产量最高,利润也最高。⑶从第３年开始,密度１６６７株／ｈｍ２的材积年生长量增幅最大。⑷５种密度的胸径生长的高峰值都出现在前２年;第３年的生长量几乎减少２／３,造林密度越大,减少量越多;至第４年各种密度的年生长量几乎相近。树高生长的高峰值也都出现在前２年,第３年的生长量减少２／３,第４年又减半,至各种密度的树高年生长量几乎相近。除３３３３株／ｈｍ２的材积生长高峰值出现在第２年之外,其它密度的材积峰值都出现在第３年,第４年开始明显减慢。     

半干旱区井灌农用林复合生态系统经济效益试验研究

在半干旱的伊盟达旗周围有井灌的条件，建立农业与林业复合的农用林生态经营体系具有高效、持续的经济效益。本文通过 １０ 年来在试验区所进行的农林复合经营试验体系的建设表明：（１）农用林生态系统中，林粮间作比纯粮单作净收益增加 ２０９０ 元／ｈｍ ２ ·ａ，提高幅度达到 ４１．４％ 。（２）林粮间作农用林系统与纯林单造相比，其净收益增加 ５６０５．９ 元／ｈｍ ２ ·ａ，提高了 ８．６３ 倍之多。（３）利用综合评判，农用林复合生态系统间作类型经济效益以林粮间作 １．５ｍ ×６ｍ 密度型最佳，各种复合类型经济效益综合排序为：林粮间作 １．５ｍ ×６ｍ 型＞ 林粮间作 １ｍ ×６ｍ 型＞ 农林间作 ２ｍ ×６ｍ 型＞ 农林间作 ２ｍ ×８ｍ 型＞ 林草间作带式＞ 林草间作 １．５ｍ ×１０ｍ 型＞ 纯粮单作（小麦）＞ 纯林单作。     

内蒙古磴口引黄灌溉对土壤影响的研究

内蒙古磴口河套地区４ａ灌溉试验表明：（１）采用目前生产上的１５０００－２２５００ｍ＾３／（ｈｍ＾２．ａ）灌溉量，使土壤表层的含盐量由灌溉前的０．５ｇ／ｋｇ上升到１．０ｇ／ｋｇ以上。（２）按合理灌水定额公式计算，年灌溉量以７５００ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２为宜；最佳含水率下限１９．９９％；在灌水期地下水位为１．９７－３．０２ｍ，变幅１ｍ左右（３）年灌水次数应控制在８－１２次。     

尾叶桉不同密度与株行距配置造林及其效益研究

对５年９个月生三种密度（１６６６株／ｈｍ＾２、２２２２株／ｈｍ＾２和３３３３株／ｈｍ＾２）两种配置（１６６６株／ｈｍ＾２,株行距分别为２ｍ＊３ｍ、１ｍ＊６ｍ）尾叶桉试验林的研究表明：密度越大的林分,其冠幅、胸径、树高、单株材积、蓄积量就越小;     

海南岛清澜港红树林垂直结构与演变动态规律*

清澜港的红树林在保护较好的条件下具有乔灌两层，乔木层高４～８ｍ，灌木层高０．４～１．２ｍ。上层立木地上部分生物量垂直分布随树体部位增高而减少，０～２ｍ占５０％，２～４ｍ占４０．３％，４ｍ以上占９．７％。乔木群落被破坏后，面积锐减，２７ａ减少１６１１ｈｍ２，且形成仅有单层结构的灌丛，其生物量和生产力很低，分别为９．６～１４．３ｔ／ｈｍ２和１．１～２．０ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ）。本项研究测定了木榄林的生物量和净生产量分别为９１．５ｔ／ｈｍ２和４．７ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），预测以后第６年的生物量和年净生产量将是３５０．７ｔ／ｈｍ２和１３．５ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），为红树林造林和经营提供了理论依据。     

矮化香椿园密度、整形和采芽技术研究

在保定郊区建立４种密度的香椿矮化密植园，根据４年的研究，１～４年内以最高密度（３．８株／ｍ２）和高密度（２．５株／ｍ２）的产芽量最高，第４年采完芽后，对最高密度应进行疏伐，保留２．５株／ｍ２；中密度（１．７４株／ｍ２）和低密度（０．８３株／ｍ２）５～１０年内可以不疏伐。结合采芽进行两种方式的整形，即矮干多侧枝型和灌丛型。前者的总产量较高，且可提早１年采芽。采芽３年后，两种整形方式的年产量已无显著差异。采芽与整形相结合，可以促进侧枝和树冠的形成。但是，高密度严重抑制侧枝形成和存活，以至不能形成树冠。矮化密植香椿园第３年的产芽量最高可达５２００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年均纯收益为３８９４０元／ｈｍ２。     

核桃密植丰产栽培技术

核桃密植丰产栽培技术核桃园立地条件为山丘平地，１９８３年定植实生苗，密度２．５×３ｍ和３×３ｍ，１９８４年嫁接。接后第２年见果，１９９１年产量达３７８７ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２，产值２２７２５元／ｈｍ￣２。栽培技术：（１）幼树立枝控制长势，从嫁接第２年开始，每...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.