湖南不同板栗品种结实性研究初报

为了加快板栗良种的选育进程,了解湖南各地选育板栗良种的结实特性,将湖南省各地区选育出的板栗品种1~11号与湖南本地推广板栗良种铁粒头(作为对照CK)进行了品比试验,并就树体冠幅面积、单株果实个数、单位冠幅面积果实个数、单株产量、单株栗苞产量、单株坚果产量、出实率及板栗果实各项生长指标间的相关性进行了调查、观测与分析。结果表明:板栗品种5、7、9、11号在单位冠幅面积果实个数、单株果实产量及结实性等方面的表现均比CK突出,尤其是板栗品种7号,可作为下一步良种选育的研究对象;在板栗果实各项生长指标中,栗果长与栗果宽存在显著正相关,与栗果高存在极显著正相关,而栗果宽与坚果皮厚存在负相关;坚果长与坚果宽和坚果高均存在极显著的正相关,坚果宽与坚果皮厚存在负相关;平均单株产量与单株栗苞质量和单株坚果质量均存在极显著的正相关,而板栗果实的出实率与树体冠幅面积存在极显著的相关性。文中因此认为,合理控制冠幅,不仅可以提高单株产量,还可以提高板栗果实的出实率。     

6年生吉贝人工林结实特征及其影响因子分析

通过对元江干热河谷——红河州个旧市保和乡6年生吉贝人工林结实特征和果实性状进行调查,探讨地形与初值密度对吉贝生长、结实和果实性状特征的影响,以及土壤和叶片养分与结实的关系。结果表明:(1)6年生吉贝初果期树高和冠幅分别在3.5~6.5 m和2.5~6.0 m之间,胸径8.74~17.01 cm在之间;结实株平均结实量为17.09个,平均单果纤维产量11.03 g;(2)山沟内的吉贝树高、胸径和冠幅显著(P0.05)高于台地,植株结实量和单株最大结实量优于台地,并且结实量在山沟样方(4 m×4 m)中最高;地形对果实纵径、果重以及纤维产量变化的影响显著;(3)密度影响分枝数和轮生枝台数的产生,树高、胸径和冠幅与分枝数呈负相关关系;随初植密度增加,结实量没有呈现明显的变化规律;但是高密度定植时果实横径差异极显著,不利于纤维产量的增加。从地形与密度因子来看,山沟4 m×4 m、台地4 m×3 m定植时有利生长和结实,结实率分别为72.58%和22.45%;(4)结实植株土壤速效氮和叶片氮含量高于未结实植株,氮供应与结实存在一定关系,氮缺乏可能导致吉贝不能结实,并且结实对土壤中K的消耗比较明显,结实与未结实株土壤全K含量差值为4.834 9 g/kg,对P的消耗则相对较弱,其差值较小;(5)果实横径的增加有利纤维产量的增长,当果实长度超过20 cm则有减少的趋势,种子数量与纤维产量成反比关系。对单株而言果实平均纵径超过15.7 cm、平均单果重超过45.43 g的植株有利于提高纤维产量。单果纤维产量的影响因子中土壤全P速效P速效N胸径侧枝台数树高,并对单果纤维产量的增加具有正效应。     

乌梅良种单株选育试验初报

为了加快乌梅产业发展,提升乌梅品质,通过对全国乌梅情况进行了解,以四川省达川区为选育点,通过观察、对比等方法从500株单株中筛选出2株优株,分别在3个试验点139hm2区域进行试验研究。4a试验结果表明:选育出的"达梅-1号"鲜果平均单果质量23.20g,可食率为85%左右,平均单位冠幅面积鲜果产量3.31kg/m2,在同类型中花期相对较早,果实均匀,适应性较广;"达梅-2号"鲜果平均单果质量25.70g,可食率在86%左右,平均单位冠幅面积鲜果产量3.33kg/m2,花期最早,果实成熟期早,果实大,果面颜色美观、清洁,适应性强。区域试验证明,乌梅适宜沙质土壤,pH值5.9~6.3,喜温暖湿润气候,"达梅-1号"2月13日进入初花期,7d后进入展叶期,2月26日进入幼果期,果实6月8日开始成熟;"达梅-2号"初花期、展叶期和幼果期时间较"达梅-1号"早16~20d,挂果时间长,一般在6月下旬成熟。初步认为,二者均可在全区范围内进行推广。     

文冠果表型性状的相关性及主成分分析

文冠果种子产量低,这是制约其大力开发与利用的瓶颈。为给文冠果优良品种的选育和文冠果资源评价和利用提供科学依据,对新疆维吾尔自治区奇台县的160株文冠果单株的种子质量、结果个数、果实质量等21个性状指标进行了调查,并采用变异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析等分析方法,对影响其产量的主要因素进行了探讨。变异分析结果表明:被调查的160株文冠果单株各性状指标间均存在明显差异;其中,单株结果个数的变异系数最大,为82.98%;叶密度的变异系数最小,为8.77%。相关性分析结果表明:单株种子质量与树高、地径、冠幅、果实纵径、种子长、单果种子质量、单株结果个数、单株果实质量、百果质量、百粒种子质量、叶长、叶宽、叶面积、果皮厚度、单果种子粒数及种子宽之间均存在显著正相关。主成分分析结果表明:从21个性状指标中提取了7个主成分,即单果产量、单株产量、果实产量、叶形、种形、果形、树形这7个因子,其累积贡献率达74.693%;依据各主成分贡献率的大小,在育种中可选择单果种子质量大、单株结果个数多、单株果实质量大、叶长、种子长、果纵径长、冠幅大的单株作为优良高产植株。     

高产板栗新品系“湘栗7号”——农艺性状和生物学特性

"湘栗7号"是我们从湖南省临湘市坦渡乡发现的板栗新品种。栗苞黄绿色,椭圆或近圆形;坚果椭圆或圆形,红褐色,单粒重13.5~17.5 g,果肉黄白色,细腻、糯性,味甜;出仁率78.5%,含水率49%~51%,淀粉54%,总糖13%,蛋白质8.7%,脂肪6.4%;每平方米冠幅面积产量0.41~0.63 kg;丰产稳产性强,大小年产量变幅在40%左右;出籽率36%~38%;抗桃蛀螟、栗瘿蜂、栗疫病;在湖南,坚果9月下旬至10月上旬成熟,南方板栗适栽区都可栽植。     

立地条件和栽植密度对文冠果生长结实的影响

研究了不同立地条件、不同栽植密度对文冠果生长结实的影响。结果表明:不同坡向植株地径、冠幅差异极显著。阳坡植株地径和冠幅大于阴坡。阳坡植株种子产量稍高于阴坡,差异不显著。不同坡位的地径、冠幅、种长差异显著。种子产量达到极显著差异。随坡位的升高,土层厚度的减少,生长呈减弱的趋势。坡度30°的植株的生长性状和种子产量高于坡度30°的植株。不同密度下树高、地径、冠幅均达到极显著差异,随密度增大而递增。生长指标是1 m×4 m的株行距最差,4 m×4 m的密度生长势最好。种子产量则是4 m×4 m和3 m×4 m的产量明显高于1 m×4 m的产量。不同密度间产量差异极显著。     

云南油茶优树多指标综合选择研究

2009年通过对云南省油茶的主产区文山州富宁县复选的139株油茶单株的果实三径均值、果形系数、平均单果重、平均单果籽实重、平均单果果皮重、鲜果出籽率、冠幅单位面积鲜果产量、冠幅单位面积鲜籽产量、出仁率等17个指标进行调查,对其变量因子进行平均正交旋转后确定主成分因子,对主成分因子选取果实三径均值、果形系数、平均单果重、鲜果出籽率、冠幅单位面积鲜籽产量、出仁率建立回归方程Y=0.358X1+3.695X2+0.064X3+0.05X6+0.388X8+0.022X9-10.616。依据回归方程计算综合评分值,结合含油率指标,确定优树选择指标,采用聚类分析,选取了32#、111#、113#、123#、121#、31#、25#、39#、110#、5#、58#相对样本群体具有明显增益的11株优良单株,并对其各项指标做出了综合分析。分析结果对云南省油茶良种的多指标综合选育具有一定的参考价值。     

火炬松种子园无性系花粉产量变异研究

为探讨火炬松(Pinus taeda)无性系花粉产量的变异,在火炬松1.5代种子园选出20个无性系,每无性系5株,共100株火炬松作为研究材料,调查胸径、树高、冠幅和花粉量,通过对比单株花粉量、单位面积花粉量和单位面积有效花粉量来筛选高花粉产量的无性系.结果表明,单株花粉量与冠幅呈显著正相关(P<0.05),单株花粉量最高的是243无性系,为1302.55 g;单位面积花粉产量最高的是201无性系,为36.70 g/m2;单位面积有效花粉量最高的是243无性系,为34.14 g/m2;花粉活力最大的是298无性系,为100%.火炬松种子园的花粉产量变异主要来源于无性系间,最终筛选出243、201和298无性系3个优良无性系.     

金坪矮垂栗的利用价值

金坪矮垂栗是在 1975年板栗品种选育中 ,从江西省峡江县金坪富兴果业良种示范场附近的普通板栗实生成年园内发现的稀有单株 ,经江西农大板栗科研基地和实验室反复测试 ,确认实属遗传变异。经 2 0多年研究 ,证明除可作遗传育种资源外 ,还具有很好的开发利用价值。1　可作果园经济栽培用其主要优点 :树体低矮 ,管理十分方便。因冠高仅 2ｍ左右 ,便于整形、修剪、喷洒药剂 ,采摘果实 ;冠幅一般 3ｍ左右 ,适宜密植 ,单位面积产量可提高 ;果实大小虽中等 (单果重约8ｇ ,但果面油光 ,色泽佳 ,果肉甜香 ,质佳良 ,耐贮运。在种植时 ,为了发挥矮垂优…     

景泰灌区钙果品种引种试验

引进钙果品种"农大钙果4号"和"农大钙果5号"种植在景泰灌区红水镇红砂岘村,通过观测成活率、株高、冠幅、主枝长度等形态性状,测定果实营养成分、单位面积产量、单位面积产值测算等指标,结果表明:2个钙果品种在景泰地区能够安全越冬,并且表现出良好的适应性。栽植成活率钙果4号为88.6%,钙果5号为83.2%;单果质量均在8.0 g以上;种植纯收入分别达到26 478元/hm2、24 285元/hm2,产投比分别达3.45、3.67。说明2个品种可以在景泰灌区推广种植。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.