七叶一枝花种子育苗技术研究

采用种子冷藏和沙藏后控温催芽的方法,研究七叶一枝花种子育苗技术。结果表明:种子的出苗率达到了70%~80%。冷藏的种子育苗,其苗床育苗和种植地直播育苗的发芽率和出苗率均高于沙藏的;种植地直播育苗的发芽率和出苗率大小为核桃林杉木林金银花林;苗床育苗1年后移栽于不同林分下,其成活率冷藏的也高于沙藏的,其大小为核桃林杉木林金银花林,与不同林分下种子直播的结果基本一致,但移栽的成活率比种子直播的成活率要低。     

七叶一枝花无纺布容器栽培技术

指出了七叶一枝花是一种珍贵的中药材,市场需求量大,供需矛盾突出,传统人工栽培存在立地条件要求较高、施肥除草浇灌繁琐、采收费时且效果不佳、连作障碍等问题。从基地材料选择、种植方法、栽后管理等方面阐述了七叶一枝花的无纺布栽培技术,同时从立地条件要求、带顶芽根茎直接繁殖、栽后管理、质量安全和采收等方面总结了七叶一枝花采用无纺布栽培技术的优点,为七叶一枝花种植产业发展提供参考。     

湖南三七林下栽培地选择研究

在湖南省洪江市选择与云南文山三七主产区气候条件相似的猕猴桃林、杉木林、阔叶林、核桃林、葡萄林等5种林地,在林地采集土样,测定其土壤养分含量及pH,并与文山三七种植地的土样测定结果进行对比分析。结果表明:阔叶林地、核桃林地、猕猴桃林地含K量较低,需多施K肥;杉木林地含P量较低,应多施P肥。在以上湖南洪江5种林地的林下种植三七,并合理施肥,采收其肉质根与文山种植的三七进行有效营养成分对比分析,发现两者的产量和品质无明显差异。     

七叶一枝花育苗及林下栽培技术

七叶一枝花通过采用种子冷藏和沙藏后,再经控温催芽的方法,加快种胚的后熟过程,打破种子的休眠,缩短了种子的出苗时间。将已经出苗的七叶一枝花种植于阔叶林、针叶林、灌木林下进行栽培,种植于阔叶林下的七叶一枝花的成活率较高。通过比较可以发现该方法能够扩大生产,节约成本,提高产量,缓解因七叶一枝花市场货源紧缺所产生的供需矛盾,可充分利用林地资源,有效提高林地的利用率。     

杉木林地土壤微生物数量的分析研究

对不同年龄、不同生长代数杉木林地及立地条件相同的檫树林地土壤微生物数量的分析表明,①随杉木年龄的增加,林地土壤中的细菌、真菌及微生物总量表现出“低高低”的变化趋势,而氨化细菌数则随年龄的增力。而增加,②细菌、放线菌和微生物总量檫树林地明显高于杉木林地,但各类菌的组成比例均无明显不同,③头栽杉木林地土壤的细菌、放线菌微生物总量及氨化细菌分别是二栽林地的1.52、1．42、1．47和2．79倍,但真菌数量两类林地无差异,从各类菌所占比例来看,只有真菌比例二栽林地有增加的趋势,细菌、放线菌两类林地间无明显不同。     

杉木林下套种七叶一枝花生长效果研究

通过试验研究,结果表明:杉木林下套种七叶一枝花,郁闭度范围控制在0.4~0.7,坡度范围控制在15°~25°比较合适,1年生种子育苗的苗木成活率可达80%以上,3年生苗高生长与郁闭度0.8~0.9的林分相比达极显著差异水平,该试验条件下3年单位面积产量最高可达1674kg·hm2,可以获得较高的经济效益,是值得推广的经营模式。     

不同林龄阶段杉木人工林生物量和碳储量的分布特征

通过对湖南省绥宁县堡子岭国有林场4个不同林龄阶段杉木人工林的调查,研究了不同林龄阶段杉木人工林生物量和碳储量的分布特征.结果表明:不同林龄阶段杉木林单株各器官之间存在极显著性差异(P<0.001),杉木林及单株各器官生物量和碳储量随着林龄的增长而增加,树干、树根和树枝在碳累积方面优势较大,成熟林和近熟林的乔木层碳储量较...     

秃杉林与杉木连栽林的土壤理化性质及林木生长量比较

选择在杉木1代林采伐迹地上营造的8,11和14年生秃杉林及8,11和14年生杉木连栽2代林进行土壤理化性质及林木生长量对比试验。结果表明:8,11和14年生秃杉林地土壤密度依次为0.893～1.112,0.797～1.256和0.598～1.211g.cm-3,比杉木林下降0.9%～6.9%;3个林龄秃杉林地土壤总孔隙度依次为45.69%～65.33%,46.45%～68.74%和39.82%～68.26%,比杉木林提高6.6%～8.7%;3个林龄秃杉林地土壤通气度依次为3.43%～11.43%,4.15%～19.73%和2.28%～12.23%,比杉木林提高14.2%～24.4%;3个林龄秃杉林地土壤饱和持水量依次为46.89%～66.50%,40.90%～68.09%和42.36%～98.15%,比杉木林提高12.4%～14.9%;3个林龄秃杉林地土壤pH值依次为4.30～5.10,4.40～4.80和4.13～4.55,比杉木林降低1.3%～6.3%;3个林龄秃杉林地土壤有机质含量依次为46.03～71.45,34.96～68.67和25.59～79.38g·kg-1,8年生比杉木林略低,11和14年生...     

七叶一枝花GAP林下种植和人工促繁栽培技术研究

七叶一枝花具有较高的药用和经济价值,目前市场需求量大,供需矛盾突出.利用GAP栽培技术,实施和推广林下种植及人工促繁栽培技术可扩大生产,提高产量,缓解供需矛盾,实现资源的有效保护和持续利用.文中介绍了七叶一枝花的形态特征与生态习性,从育苗、林下种植、人工促繁技术、主要病虫害防治以及采收与初加工等几方面具体阐述七叶一枝花GAP栽培技术.     

杉木林短期轮作与杉木连栽的土壤质量评价研究

以福建省长汀楼子坝国有林场三种不同栽培方式林地(杉木-13年马尾松、杉木-3年杉木、杉木-10年马尾松-3年杉木)为研究对象,以杉木-13年马尾松人工林土壤作为对照,分析了杉木连栽和杉木林短期轮作两种栽培方式对土壤质量的影响,为杉木连栽导致的土壤退化治理以及杉木人工林的可持续发展提供科学理论依据。研究结果表明:杉木-马尾松-杉木轮作的土壤质量相对较好。因此,土壤质量较差的林地,采取轮作是一种比较可靠的改进方式。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.