几种复合经营模式对杨树天牛控制效果的调查

通过对杨树人工林林渔模式、林农模式、林牧模式的调查,分析了杨树人工林复合经营模式对杨树蛀干害虫天牛控制效果和复合经营的效益.结果表明,3种复合经营模式与纯林相比,杨树天牛虫口密度下降了87.94%～97.16%,有虫株率下降了90.74%～96.17%,复合经济收益有显著增加.同时,通过对不同复合经营模式综合评估的分析...     

不同复合经营模式对杨树蛀干害虫天牛控制效果的调查研究

杨树人工林复合经营模式对杨树蛀干害虫天牛控制效果和复合经营的效益结果表明,5种复合经营模式与纯林相比,杨树天牛虫口密度下降了87．94％-97．16％,有虫株率下降了81．11％-96．17％,复合经济收益有显著增加。同时,综合评估了不同复合经营模式的效益。分析显示,以林渔模式的综合效益最佳;林农（油）模式的控制天牛效果最好,林牧模式次之。采用林菌模式可获得更长期的复合经营效益。     

18种桉树人工林复合经营模式的投入及产出评价研究

通过对广西国有七坡林场、博白林场、贵港市平天山林场3试点的林-农、林-草、林-药3种桉树人工林复合经营类型中的18种复合经营模式连续3年(2009～2011年)的投入产出的评价分析,初步筛选出6种经济效益较高的桉树人工林复合经营模式,它们分别为:草A1、草A2、草B1、草B3、药A2、药B2模式。此6种模式的年均净收益达1 600元/hm2以上,比桉树纯林净收益高出1 400元/hm2以上,净收益率为21.23%～84.60%,比桉树纯林的净收益率高出18.44%～44.10%,可在桉树人工林经营中推广应用。     

鄂西南退耕还林不同经营模式综合效益评价

对鄂西南6种退耕还林经营模式,进行了生态、经济和社会效益多指标综合评价。结果表明,综合效益由高至低为厚朴+箬竹模式(密植茶园模式(杉木+毛竹模式(杉木+桤木模式(香椿纯林模式(日本落叶松纯林模式;混交模式比纯林模式的生态功能发挥更好。     

幼龄杨树与不同农作物农林复合模式经营年限探讨

对江汉平原2种常见的幼龄杨树与农作物农林复合经营模式的合理经营年限进行了初步探讨。研究发现在不同树龄,杨树农林复合模式的农作物产量、杨树生长量以及净收益有显著变化;在林间郁闭度较低(0.6~0.7)时,农林复合模式净收益较杨树纯林净收益高;在树龄达3 a以上或郁闭度达到0.9时,不宜再采用常规农作物进行农林复合经营。     

早期银杏林下复合经营模式的综合效益评价

在对北京房山地区试验基地建立的三种银杏林下复合经营模式进行样本调查和定点观测的基础上,参考国内外林下复合经营系统的综合效益评价研究进展,应用层次分析法,对3种银杏林下复合经营模式:银杏-平菇模式(M1),银杏-板蓝根模式(M2)和银杏-红豆模式(M3),分别从生态效益、社会效益、经济效益和综合效益进行了分析和评价。评价结果表明,在银杏林下复合经营模式的第一年经营中,银杏-平菇模式的效益最好,明显好于M2和M3模式。这为银杏林地的早期复合经营提供了理论依据,并为林地经营管理者提供有效的决策支持。     

人工林高效复合经营技术探讨

本文依据生物种间相生相克，相互依存的生态学原理，提出了林木高效复合经营应以林为主、优势互补，严格选择、避害求利，不同生态条件选择不同林下植物，集约化经营，把握好政策的五项原则；探讨了林-菜、林-油、林-菌、林-禽、林-草、林-药等六种复合经营模式；分析了人工林高效复合经营产生的社会、生态和经济效益。     

江汉平原典型杨－农复合经营模式及效益分析

通过连续3年试验监测,对江汉平原5种典型杨-农复合经营模式及效益进行了分析.结果表明：杨树幼林农林间作不仅能促进杨树生长,还可以获得明显经济效益.不同间作模式收益及影响杨树生长有差异,综合效益较好的模式有：杨树＋西瓜＋小麦、杨树＋棉花＋小麦和杨树＋玉米＋小麦.     

建水县几种造林模式的综合效益评价

采用层次分析法对建水县碳汇林试验基地具有代表性的几种造林模式(云南松纯林、加勒比松纯林、车桑子纯林等)的生态、经济及社会效益构建评价模型,分4层进行评价.通过确定指标体系、判断矩阵及权重等步骤,认为几种造林模式中,加勒比松纯林的综合效益最大,云南松纯林其次,最小的是墨西哥柏+车桑子混交林及车桑子纯林.     

桉-草-牧复合经营模式综合效益分析及模式筛选

运用灰色系统理论与方法进行桉-草-牧复合经营模式综合效益评价研究,初步筛选出桉(2 m×3 m)+象草+涠洲黄牛、桉(2 m×3 m)+象草+波尔山羊和桉(2 m×6 m)+象草+涠洲黄牛、桉(2 m×6 m)+象草+波尔山羊4种具有良好综合效益的复合经营模式,其综合效益关联度分别为0.904 0、0.885 0、0.882 0和0.863 7,比桉树纯林提高了46.52%以上。同时经过评价指标的分析,最终选择确定Shannon-Wiener指数、土壤毛管孔隙度、土壤田间持水量、土壤有机质、土壤全N、土壤全K、桉树树高、桉树胸径、桉树种植年均投入、桉树种植年均收入、牧草营养养分和林农接受程度等12个指标,可应用于构建评价指标的最小数据集,并反映系统的综合效益。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.