几种复合经营模式对杨树天牛控制效果的调查

通过对杨树人工林林渔模式、林农模式、林牧模式的调查,分析了杨树人工林复合经营模式对杨树蛀干害虫天牛控制效果和复合经营的效益.结果表明,3种复合经营模式与纯林相比,杨树天牛虫口密度下降了87.94%～97.16%,有虫株率下降了90.74%～96.17%,复合经济收益有显著增加.同时,通过对不同复合经营模式综合评估的分析...     

不同复合经营模式对杨树蛀干害虫天牛控制效果的调查研究

杨树人工林复合经营模式对杨树蛀干害虫天牛控制效果和复合经营的效益结果表明,5种复合经营模式与纯林相比,杨树天牛虫口密度下降了87．94％-97．16％,有虫株率下降了81．11％-96．17％,复合经济收益有显著增加。同时,综合评估了不同复合经营模式的效益。分析显示,以林渔模式的综合效益最佳;林农（油）模式的控制天牛效果最好,林牧模式次之。采用林菌模式可获得更长期的复合经营效益。     

18种桉树人工林复合经营模式的投入及产出评价研究

通过对广西国有七坡林场、博白林场、贵港市平天山林场3试点的林-农、林-草、林-药3种桉树人工林复合经营类型中的18种复合经营模式连续3年(2009～2011年)的投入产出的评价分析,初步筛选出6种经济效益较高的桉树人工林复合经营模式,它们分别为:草A1、草A2、草B1、草B3、药A2、药B2模式。此6种模式的年均净收益达1 600元/hm2以上,比桉树纯林净收益高出1 400元/hm2以上,净收益率为21.23%～84.60%,比桉树纯林的净收益率高出18.44%～44.10%,可在桉树人工林经营中推广应用。     

鄂西南退耕还林不同经营模式综合效益评价

对鄂西南6种退耕还林经营模式,进行了生态、经济和社会效益多指标综合评价。结果表明,综合效益由高至低为厚朴+箬竹模式(密植茶园模式(杉木+毛竹模式(杉木+桤木模式(香椿纯林模式(日本落叶松纯林模式;混交模式比纯林模式的生态功能发挥更好。     

幼龄杨树与不同农作物农林复合模式经营年限探讨

对江汉平原2种常见的幼龄杨树与农作物农林复合经营模式的合理经营年限进行了初步探讨。研究发现在不同树龄,杨树农林复合模式的农作物产量、杨树生长量以及净收益有显著变化;在林间郁闭度较低(0.6~0.7)时,农林复合模式净收益较杨树纯林净收益高;在树龄达3 a以上或郁闭度达到0.9时,不宜再采用常规农作物进行农林复合经营。     

早期银杏林下复合经营模式的综合效益评价

在对北京房山地区试验基地建立的三种银杏林下复合经营模式进行样本调查和定点观测的基础上,参考国内外林下复合经营系统的综合效益评价研究进展,应用层次分析法,对3种银杏林下复合经营模式:银杏-平菇模式(M1),银杏-板蓝根模式(M2)和银杏-红豆模式(M3),分别从生态效益、社会效益、经济效益和综合效益进行了分析和评价。评价结果表明,在银杏林下复合经营模式的第一年经营中,银杏-平菇模式的效益最好,明显好于M2和M3模式。这为银杏林地的早期复合经营提供了理论依据,并为林地经营管理者提供有效的决策支持。     

人工林高效复合经营技术探讨

本文依据生物种间相生相克，相互依存的生态学原理，提出了林木高效复合经营应以林为主、优势互补，严格选择、避害求利，不同生态条件选择不同林下植物，集约化经营，把握好政策的五项原则；探讨了林-菜、林-油、林-菌、林-禽、林-草、林-药等六种复合经营模式；分析了人工林高效复合经营产生的社会、生态和经济效益。     

江汉平原典型杨－农复合经营模式及效益分析

通过连续3年试验监测,对江汉平原5种典型杨-农复合经营模式及效益进行了分析.结果表明：杨树幼林农林间作不仅能促进杨树生长,还可以获得明显经济效益.不同间作模式收益及影响杨树生长有差异,综合效益较好的模式有：杨树＋西瓜＋小麦、杨树＋棉花＋小麦和杨树＋玉米＋小麦.     

桉-草-牧复合经营模式综合效益分析及模式筛选

运用灰色系统理论与方法进行桉-草-牧复合经营模式综合效益评价研究,初步筛选出桉(2 m×3 m)+象草+涠洲黄牛、桉(2 m×3 m)+象草+波尔山羊和桉(2 m×6 m)+象草+涠洲黄牛、桉(2 m×6 m)+象草+波尔山羊4种具有良好综合效益的复合经营模式,其综合效益关联度分别为0.904 0、0.885 0、0.882 0和0.863 7,比桉树纯林提高了46.52%以上。同时经过评价指标的分析,最终选择确定Shannon-Wiener指数、土壤毛管孔隙度、土壤田间持水量、土壤有机质、土壤全N、土壤全K、桉树树高、桉树胸径、桉树种植年均投入、桉树种植年均收入、牧草营养养分和林农接受程度等12个指标,可应用于构建评价指标的最小数据集,并反映系统的综合效益。     

建水县几种造林模式的综合效益评价

采用层次分析法对建水县碳汇林试验基地具有代表性的几种造林模式(云南松纯林、加勒比松纯林、车桑子纯林等)的生态、经济及社会效益构建评价模型,分4层进行评价.通过确定指标体系、判断矩阵及权重等步骤,认为几种造林模式中,加勒比松纯林的综合效益最大,云南松纯林其次,最小的是墨西哥柏+车桑子混交林及车桑子纯林.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.