水淹胁迫对乐昌含笑和樟树苗木生理特征的影响

以乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis Dandy)和樟树(Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl)幼苗为试验材料,人工模拟水淹胁迫环境,进行两个胁迫强度处理(水淹土表0cm、水淹土表5cm)。通过测定各树种幼苗叶片的叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,研究了水淹胁迫对这2种幼苗以上生理指标的影响。研究结果表明:随着水淹胁迫深度的加深,乐昌含笑叶片叶绿素含量先升后降,樟树的叶绿素含量先升后降或持续上升;乐昌含笑幼苗的可溶性糖含量上升,樟树各处理多显著高于对照;两种幼苗的可溶性蛋白质含量变化不规律;乐昌含笑的SOD活性下降,樟树实验前期上升,后期下降;两种幼苗叶片的丙二醛含量均显著大于对照。由幼苗的成活率和生理指标判断,樟树的抗水淹能力强于乐昌含笑。     

二氧化氮对樟树幼苗硝酸还原酶活力和氮元素积累的影响

采用开顶式人工熏气装置,对1年生樟树幼苗进行了为期2个月不同体积分数NO2(0.1、0.5和4.0μL/L)熏气试验,研究其对幼苗叶片硝酸还原酶活力(NR)和氮元素积累的影响.结果表明:在整个熏气过程中,0.1和0.5μL/L NO2均增强了樟树幼苗叶片的NR活力,其中0.5μL/L NO2处理的NR活力为各处理中最强,且显著强于对照,4.0μL/L NO2则抑制了NR活力;3种处理均不同程度提高了樟树幼苗叶片N元素的积累,其中0.1和0.5μL/L NO2均使樟树幼苗叶片N元素含量显著提高,4.0μL/L NO2的影响则因熏气时段而不同.     

大量元素缺乏对樟树幼苗生长的影响

为探讨不同营养元素缺乏对樟树幼苗生长的影响,以樟树当年生幼苗为材料,设置全素、缺N、缺P、缺K、缺Mg 5个处理,观测其营养缺乏症状及生长状况.结果表明:樟树幼苗缺N时症状出现较早,表现最为明显,其叶片偏小、变黄绿色,整株矮小,长势较弱,其次为缺Mg,而缺P和缺K幼苗症状出现缓慢,表现相对不明显.不同缺素处理的樟树幼苗的苗高、地径、各组织生物量、主根长、侧根数量和叶面积均显著低于全素处理(P<0.05),其中缺N影响最大,其次为缺Mg处理.缺素处理增加了幼苗叶生物量比,降低了根生物量比和根冠比,其中缺Mg对根系生长影响最大.因此,N和Mg是限制樟树幼苗生长的主要影响因子,在樟树苗期营养管理中,应及时施用N肥,并保证Mg、P和K肥的供应.     

模拟降水量变化对防风(Saposhnikovia divaricata)幼苗光合特性及矿质营养积累的影响

为研究降水量变化对防风(Saposhnikovia divaricata)幼苗光合特性及矿质营养积累的影响,采用盆栽实验,以防风幼苗为材料,模拟研究了正常降水(CK,施水量为309 mm,参照防风种子采集地1979-2000年6-9月的总降水量)、增加降水30%(+W)和减少降水30%(-W)对防风幼苗光合特性及矿质营养积累的影响。结果表明:与CK和+W处理相比,?W处理防风幼苗的叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著增加,叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和表观叶肉导度(移栽后73 d、102 d和128 d)显著提升;脯氨酸含量(叶片、叶柄和根)、氮含量(叶片、叶柄和根)、磷含量(叶片和根)、钾含量(叶片和叶柄)、钙含量(根)和硫含量(叶片)显著增加。在本实验条件下,减少降水处理能够使防风幼苗叶片光合作用及植株矿质营养含量维持在较高水平,有利于其生长发育,有利于防风幼苗初生代谢产物的积累。     

自然降温过程中猴樟和香樟幼苗的抗寒性比较

以猴樟、香樟当年生幼苗为材料,研究10月至次年3月自然温度变化对猴樟和香樟幼叶中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和脂肪酸含量的影响。结果表明,在自然降温过程中,2种樟树叶片中的MDA含量呈现先升高后降低的单峰曲线变化趋势,SOD呈现升-降-升-降的双峰曲线;脂肪酸组成成分主要有肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸;IUFA值(脂肪酸不饱和指数)变化趋势与亚麻酸含量及不饱和脂肪酸含量变化趋势相同,均呈先上升后下降趋势。其中猴樟的MDA含量、SOD活性及IUFA值高于香樟,综合各项指标,猴樟幼苗的抗寒性略强于香樟。     

铝胁迫对感染丛枝菌根真菌的樟树幼苗生长的影响

采用不同浓度的铝(Al)溶液胁迫接种和不接种丛枝菌根的香樟幼苗的方法,研究生长10周后的植株幼苗的形态、生物量以及不同器官的磷(P)含量和植物激素水平对环境胁迫的响应.结果表明:在Al3 浓度为0和0.5 mmol·L-1的轻度胁迫下,接种植株的形态、生物量、P和植物激素水平等大部分指标要显著好于不接种的植株;而在Al3 浓度为8和15 mmol·L-1的中、重度胁迫下,则略好或接近不接种的植株.菌根显著增加轻度和中度胁迫下植株叶片细胞分裂素(ZR)含量以及根部生长素(IAA)和ZR含量,降低叶片和根部脱落酸(ABA)含量;同时,樟树幼苗的形态、生长与P含量和不同器官植物激素含量之间显著相关.接种丛枝菌根给予植株一定的抗Al毒特性.     

不同温度下油菜素内酯对油桐幼苗生长及生理指标的影响

选取1年生油桐幼苗为试验材料,研究不同温度下油菜素内酯(BR)对油桐幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:8℃和38℃2种不同温度胁迫下,2个油桐物种幼苗生长减缓,叶片及栅栏组织变薄,叶绿素含量和SPAD值下降,过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量上升。相同温度下,叶片喷施BR可以使油桐幼苗生长量增加,叶片及叶片栅栏组织加厚,叶绿素含量和SPAD值上升、POD和SOD活性增加,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量提升,叶片相对含水率(RWC)增加,MDA含量降低。说明BR可以减轻温度胁迫对油桐叶片的抑制程度,增强油桐叶片的生理功能,提高叶片内各种抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA对细胞膜的毒害作用,进而增加油桐幼苗的抗热性和抗寒性,加快油桐幼苗有机物的积累,最终使生物量增加。     

落羽杉与池杉幼苗对不同土壤水分含量的生理响应(英文)

研究落羽杉与池杉幼苗对常规水分处理(C)、轻度干旱(MD)、土壤潮湿(WS)以及水淹(FL)等不同水分处理的生理响应特性。与对照组相比,2树种幼苗在轻度干旱与水淹处理条件下叶片自由水含量显著提高,而束缚水含量则显著降低。2树种幼苗在潮湿处理组的叶片自由水与束缚水含量均未出现低于对照组的现象。轻度干旱、土壤潮湿与水淹处理均未导致2树种叶片电导率与丙二醛含量的显著变化(池杉水淹条件下叶片的丙二醛含量变化例外)。水淹处理能显著增加2树种幼苗叶片的可溶性糖含量,同时降低其脯氨酸含量。轻度干旱与潮湿处理能显著增加落羽杉而降低池杉幼苗叶片的脯氨酸含量。尽管同属的2树种幼苗表现出较多相似的响应特征,二者对不同水分逆境胁迫条件的响应仍然存在许多差异。     

施肥对降香黄檀苗期植株养分的影响

为探讨施肥对降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)幼苗叶片氮素含量、叶绿素含量、水分含量的影响,以降香黄檀2年生播种苗为材料,采用不同的施肥方式试验。结果表明:施肥2个月后,根肥对降香黄檀幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、氮素含量、水分含量影响均较显著(P<0.05),其含量分别为19.17、1.29mg/g、28.03%。     

Pb、Zn等重金属对樟树、栾树幼苗生长的影响

城市绿化植物是城市污染环境重要的修复者、指示者及受害者,研究南方常见绿化树种樟树、栾树对主要重金属污染物Pb、Zn等的适应性反应,有利于绿化树种的重金属污染诊断及城市环境的修复与评价。通过育苗基质在不同程度的重金属胁迫条件下,进行室内容器育苗试验,利用Cu、Pb、Zn 3种重金属的不同浓度溶液处理樟树、栾树幼苗,探讨重金属对樟树和栾树幼苗生长初期的影响。结果表明:低浓度重金属对樟树、栾树幼苗生长没有明显伤害,甚至促进生长,高浓度导致幼株长势衰弱,叶片发黄枯萎,生长量下降,侧须根生长受阻,幼苗生长缓慢,甚至死亡;3种重金属对苗高的抑制作用大于对地径的抑制作用,对根系生长的抑制作用铅高于铜和锌;樟树和栾树对重金属污染的反应不一致,樟树属慢反应、迟钝型树种,栾树属快反应、敏感型树种。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.