保护性耕作下农田土壤风蚀量及其影响因子的研究初报

本研究采用移动式风洞仪对北京市保护性耕作下农田土壤风蚀影响进行研究,并得出以下初步结论：（1）六种地块下土壤风蚀量以裸露翻旋地最高,种植越冬覆盖作物能显著降低土壤风蚀量;不同免耕播种机和秸秆处理方式下,风蚀量区别主要在于播种机,以迪尔风蚀量最低,农哈哈机型最高;四种耕作方式下土壤风蚀量以旋耕地最高,翻耕地比旋耕地降低80.81%,重耙和免耕地风蚀量分别比旋耕地降低95.35%和97.71%;冬小麦五种不同播期下土壤风蚀量随着播期的推后逐渐增大。（2）四种作物中小麦田的覆盖率最高,其次为紫花苜蓿和小黑麦,油菜覆盖率最低;四种耕作方式下耙耕小麦田覆盖率最高为84.00%,旋耕最低为55.33%;五个播期下9月27日播种的小麦田覆盖率显著高于其他播期,10月7日和10月12日最低。（3）将土壤风蚀量作为依变量,覆盖率、作物株高和土壤容重作为自变量进行多元回归分析,并建立多元回归方程：Y=173.186-0.449x1-0.485x2-72.699x3。     

醚苯磺隆在小麦田的除草效果及其残留对后茬作物的安全性

小麦返青期,在河北省小麦-夏播作物一年两熟地区冬小麦田施用醚苯磺隆,对其除草效果及其在土壤中的残留在不同耕作方式下对后茬作物生长和产量的影响进行了研究。结果表明:10%醚苯磺隆可湿性粉剂对小麦田主要阔叶杂草有较好的防除效果,对小麦产量无影响。10%醚苯磺隆在小麦田的施药剂量为60 g/hm2,对下茬作物玉米、谷子幼苗的生长及产量无影响,对大豆、花生、油菜的药害轻;随用药剂量增加药害加重,480 g/hm2处理对下茬参试作物均有较重的药害,不同作物对醚苯磺隆在土壤中残留量的敏感性有差异,其顺序为:油菜>大豆>花生>谷子>玉米。播种前进行旋耕比免耕对后茬参试作物幼苗生长及大豆和油菜产量影响要轻。     

Population dynamics of volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) affected by tillage

Volunteer plants of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) from persistent seeds in soil can affect subsequent crops. Apart from the agricultural disadvantages, the environment and the marketing of the seeds may also be affected, particularly if plants with special ingredients or genetically modified (gm) plants are grown. In order to investigate the influence of soil cultivation and genotype on seed persistence and gene flow via volunteers, a field experiment was set up testing four tillage treatments and two cultivars in a split-plot design. The cultivars tested were near-isogenic to two gm cultivars. To simulate harvesting losses, 10 000 seeds m⁻² were broadcast on a soil in July. The subsequent tillage treatments were combinations of immediate or delayed stubble tillage by a rotary tiller, primary tillage with plough or cultivator, or zero tillage. Over the following year, the fate of the seeds was determined. Immediate stubble tillage with following cultivator or plough resulted in 586 resp. 246 seeds m⁻² in the soil seed bank. After delayed stubble tillage with following plough, 76 seeds m⁻² were found, and no soil seed bank was built up in the zero tillage treatment. Nevertheless, in the zero tillage treatment, several robust volunteer plants survived the herbicide application before the direct drilling in autumn until following spring. In the zero tillage treatment and in the cultivator treatment, 0.19 volunteers m⁻² resp. 0.06 volunteers m⁻² flowered simultaneously to ordinarily sown oilseed rape in the following crop of winter wheat and produced 73 resp. 18 seeds m⁻². Delayed stubble tillage reduced the risk of gene escape via the soil seed bank, while zero tillage resulted in the highest risk of gene escape by pollen and by production of a new generation of seeds. In terms of a labelling threshold for gm food this number of seeds would be below the threshold of 0.9% of transgenic parts in conventially bred food or feed.     

Nitratentwicklung nach Kleegrasumbruch im Frühjahr unter der Folgefrucht Silomais

Nitrate release under the following crop maize after ploughing a clover-grass crop in spring After ploughing a clover-grass crop in spring, the formation of nitrate under the following crop maize, its nitrogen uptake and yield were investigated as well as the N-mineralization in the fallow plots. As ploughing processes the variants “rotary cultivator” and “plough” were compared. Three days before ploughing 14 kg nitrate-N/ha were found in the soil from 0 to 90 cm depth. At all sampling dates after ploughing significant higher nitrate-N contents were analysed in the soil of the plough variant than in the rotary cultivator variant. Under maize the highest observed nitrate contents were reached at the end of July, that is 117 kg N/ha in the plough and 65 kg N/ha in the rotary cultivator variant. In the soil without plant growth the highest nitrate values were not noticed before the end of August, namely 213 and 102 kg N/ha in the plough and in the rotary cultivator variant, respectively. During the time after these maximum values the nitrate contents in the fallow plots lessened dramatically, probably implying considerable nitrogen losses. In the maize plots, however, the continual nitrogen release could obviously be used well by the plants. Under maize there was another period of intensive N-mineralization between end of August and the beginning of October, so that the N-contents in both soil and maize plants approximately doubled during the last 5 weeks before harvest: from 70 to 148 (“rotary cultivator”) and from 140 to 269 kg N/ha (“plough”), respectively. This is equivalent to a mineralization rate of 1.9 and 3.1 kg nitrate-N/ha d, respectively, in the time between the end of August and the beginning of October. This nitrogen release was only expressed by the increasing N-uptake of the maize plants, but not by a changed nitrate store in the soil. Because of the better nitrogen supply the plough variant led to a dry matter yield which was 73 % higher than in the rotary cultivator variant (176 and 102 dt/ha, respectively).     

Einfluß von Bodenbearbeitung, Kulturart und Zwischenfruchtanbau auf den Bodenabtrag und den Oberflachenwasserabfluß

The effects of different soil tillage systems, crop rotations and short time cover crops on soil losses and runoff
Soil and water losses were carried out from 1979 to 1986 on a pseudogley-parabrownearth of the farm Ihinger Hof throughout the growth period of green maize and sugar-beet, both planted by plough and rotary hoe. From 1983 to 1986 the effect of short time soil cover crops (October—Dezember) were also studied.
The soil losses under rotary hoe were significantly lower in comparison to plough, but the differences in runoff between the tillage treatments were not significant. Under sugar-beet the erosion caused by rainfall was less than under maize. From the short time soil cover crops, the legume mixtures were found to have the best influence on soil and water conservation, and on the maize growth as well. There was no relationship between runoff or rainfall amount and soil losses. The soil losses correlated strongly to EI₃₀-indices, and this means that the USLE equation of W ischmeier and S mith (1965) can be applied in our experimental Farm in Ihinger Hof.     

Nitrogen Balance of Legume-Wheat Cropping Sequences

In a lysimeter trial the legumes faba bean ( Vicia faba ), red clover ( Trifolium repens ), and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) were grown for two years, followed by winter wheat on all plots in the third year. Plots fertilized with mineral nitrogen and a rye/maize – wheat cropping sequence were included for comparisons. These four cropping sequences were replicated twice in 1982–1984 and 1985–1987, respectively. Two soils, a loamy sand and a sandy loam were used.
On average of both soils:
– N fixation during two years was 461 kg N/ha, 803 kg N/ha, and 790 kg N/ha for faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively.
– Leaching of nitrogen occurred mainly during the periods of winter fallow or, in case of the perennial legumes, after incorporation of residues into the soil and planting of wheat. Average leaching for all 6 years was 49, 28, and 29 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively.
– In the period of wheat growth and before planting the new crop (1.5 years) in 1984/85 51–64 kg N/ha and 1986/87 68–94 kg N/ha were leached after growing legumes. Leaching was less for rye/maize fertilized with mineral N, 41 kg N/ha in 1984/85, and 51 kg N/ha in 1986/87, respectively.
– Winter wheat grown after legumes took up 18 kg N/ha < 47 kg N/ha < 65 kg N/ha on average of both soils and 2 years (1984, 1987) after faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively. This indicates a nitrogen recovery of 24–44% of the legume N potentially available, and consequently a loss by leaching from 56 to 76 %.
On the sandy loam amount of drainage water and N leaching were lower, and faba bean and wheat yields higher than on the loamy sandy soil.     

施磷对不同间作体系间作优势与磷肥利用的影响

为了探明施磷水平对不同间作体系产量间作优势和磷肥利用的影响,在河北曲周主要研究了施磷对玉米‖蚕豆、玉米‖大豆和玉米‖油菜3种间作体系土地当量比(LER)、磷吸收量、磷肥吸收效率和磷间作优势的影响。结果表明：玉米‖蚕豆的LER是1.24~1.31,玉米‖油菜的LER是1.20~1.24,玉米‖大豆的LER是1.11~1.15,均大于1,具有明显的间作优势;3个磷水平下,吸磷量表现为玉米‖大豆>玉米‖蚕豆>玉米‖油菜,除玉米‖油菜间作体系外,比单作玉米分别高21.5%%~40.2%和13.3%~22.9%,且均随着施磷量的增加而增加,但增加幅度降低;3种间作体系均具有明显的磷间作优势,除玉米‖大豆间作体系外,施磷后均降低;磷肥吸收效率除玉米‖蚕豆在施磷90 kg/hm²外均低于单作玉米,并且随着施磷量的增加而降低。这表明,通过活化磷能力强的作物与玉米间作可以提高土壤难溶性磷的利用,玉米‖大豆和玉米‖蚕豆比玉米‖油菜效果好,适宜的施磷量为90 kg/hm²。     

小麦玉米周年生产中耕作对夏玉米产量及抗倒伏能力的影响

针对黄淮海平原冬小麦夏玉米周年生产的特点,将冬小麦夏玉米播前耕作统筹结合,以期为冬小麦夏玉米周年生产体系耕作方式的改良提供依据。以郑单958为验材,设冬小麦播前旋耕夏玉米播前免耕(RN)、冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前免耕(MN)、冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕(MR) 3个处理,探讨冬小麦夏玉米周年生产条件下不同耕作方式对夏玉米抗倒伏能力及产量的影响。2年研究结果表明,MR处理夏玉米的株高、穗位高增加,MN与MR处理的地上第3茎节变粗,MN处理的地上第3节间茎粗系数最大。MR与MN处理间抽雄期的基部茎节穿刺强度无显著差异,但较RN均显著增强,茎秆皮层厚度和维管束密度及维管束鞘面积较RN也显著增大,茎秆伤流速率较RN分别提高60.60%和46.70%,茎秆质量显著提高。此外,MN与MR的根重和根冠比较RN显著提高,地上节根根条数与干重也显著提高。MN与MR较RN处理分别增产26.33%与39.21%。冬小麦播前翻耕可显著提高夏玉米产量及抗倒伏能力。     

小麦-夏玉米周年耕作措施对夏玉米茎秆和穗部性状的影响

为了探索山东省半湿润易旱区夏玉米高产稳产适宜耕作措施,将冬小麦和夏玉米两季耕作技术作为一体,设置了10种周年耕作措施,比较分析不同耕作措施对夏玉米茎秆、穗部性状及产量的影响。耕作试验（一周年）结果表明,不同耕作措施对玉米株高和穗位高没有显著性影响,而对茎粗和穗高系数影响显著,其中对照即常规耕作方式（小麦旋耕+玉米直播+秸秆不还田）茎秆最细,穗高系数最高,而A1B11（小麦旋耕+玉米旋耕+秸秆还田）、A2B21（小麦免耕+玉米直播+秸秆还田）、A3B31（小麦深松+玉米深松+秸秆还田）和A4B41（小麦深耕+玉米深耕+秸秆还田）耕作处理间茎秆粗度均显著高于其他处理。与对照相比,各耕作措施显著增加了玉米穗行粒数和百粒重,秃顶长度减小,籽粒产量和生物量均显著增加,其中A1B11（小麦旋耕+玉米旋耕+秸秆还田）耕作处理籽粒产量最高,比对照高35.83%。     

华北寒旱区作物轮作的生产效应

To understand mechanisms of crop adaptability to various previous crop croppings, evaluate crop performance on the croppings, and identify suitable crop combinations for rotation of major crops in the cold and arid region of Northern China. A five-year field experiment was conducted using five crops from 2015 to 2019, including potato (Solanum tuberosum), faba bean (Vicia faba), forage maize (Zea mays), oat (Avena sativa), and beet (Beta vulgarwas). Yields of potato, oat, and beet in rotation were 1.30-1.68, 1.28-1.48, and 1.25-1.48 times of those in continuous cropping of single crops, respectively. Yield of faba bean on beet cropping was 10.58% lower than that of continuous faba bean while yield of forage maize on oat or beet stubble was 9.10%-15.42% lower than that of continuous forage maize. The LERr of 10 crop combinations was 1.09-1.68, indicating positive effects of rotation. Combinations of oat → potato, beet → potato, forage maize → potato and faba bean → potato had higher LERr, indicating faba bean and forage maize might be more durable of continuous cropping. In terms of productivity, suitable crop combinations for rotation in the area were oat → potato, beet → potato, forage maize → potato, faba bean → potato and oat → beet.     

The influence of crop sequence on fungicide and herbicide use intensities in North German arable farming

The reduction of pesticide use intensity is a societal and political ambition. Crop rotation is one important method to control pests and diseases in arable farming. We investigated the contribution of crop rotation to the variability of herbicide and fungicide use of 60 farms in four regions of Northern Germany. Our study aimed at answering the question: do diverse crop sequences lead to reduced herbicide and fungicide use in arable farming?Ten-year data on chemical plant protection measures and field management were examined for six field crops. We classified crop sequences (triplets of three succeeding crops) according to their susceptibility for weeds and diseases (= ’riskiness’). The Treatment Frequency Index (TFI) of the last crop in the triplet was set in relation to the crop triplet riskiness, additionally also in combination with tillage.In general, herbicide and fungicide use intensities were smaller in more diverse crop sequences. Diversified cereal sequences, involving roots and tubers, maize or spring cereals were less dependent on herbicides. Cultivation of maize in three subsequent years increased herbicide use. Crop sequences including high proportion of winter cereals increased fungicide use in cereals, while roots and tubers, winter oilseed rape and set-aside in the crop sequence decreased it. In winter oilseed rape, sequences with roots and tubers also increased fungicide use. In sugar beets, sequences with maize or a high concentration of sugar beets led to increasing fungicide use. If farmers chose riskier crop sequences tillage by plough decreased the need for herbicide and fungicide use.To reduce herbicide and fungicide use intensities we recommend increasing the diversity of crop rotations, including a higher number of crops per rotation together with ploughing. Simplifying both crop sequence diversity and tillage intensity implies higher use of herbicides and fungicides. Results will be useful for convincing farmers to diversify crop sequences.     

河南省沿黄稻茬小麦高产潜力探讨 Ⅰ不同耕播方式稻茬小麦的生态环境及生育生理特性

１９９３～１９９６年,对河南省黄河沿岸稻茬小麦生产上现有的稻田撒播、免耕犁耧播、旋耕条播和翻耕条播４种耕播方式小麦的生态环境、生育生理特性和生长发育规律进行了系统研究,分析了各耕播方式小麦高产的限制因素及高产潜力。     

周年耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤养分及作物产量的影响

为探明适宜于砂姜黑土农田的周年耕作方式, 提升砂姜黑土农田地力及作物产量, 在冬小麦?夏玉米一年两熟种植制度下, 设置多年定位夏玉米季?冬小麦季免耕?旋耕(对照)、免耕?深耕、深松?旋耕、深松?免耕、免耕?免耕5种周年耕作方式田间试验, 在定位处理的第4个周年研究耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤有机碳含量、土壤养分及其对作物产量的影响。结果表明, 在秸秆全量还田条件下, 与试验开始前相比, 各处理0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、速效钾含量均有所增加。与对照相比, 其他处理均增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量。免耕?深耕、深松?旋耕、免耕?免耕处理显著增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量, 而深松?免耕处理显著增加冬小麦开花期和收获期0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量, 整个周年内对照在20~40 cm土层土壤的有效磷含量均最低。深松?免耕处理增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤速效钾含量, 而深松?免耕、免耕?免耕处理20~40 cm土层土壤速效钾含量在夏玉米苗期、大口期、开花期和灌浆期显著高于对照处理。深松?旋耕和深松?免耕处理显著增加夏玉米?冬小麦周年籽粒产量, 增幅分别为7.67%和10.21%。综上所述, 在秸秆全量还田基础上, 深松?旋耕和深松?免耕能够改善土壤有机碳和养分状况, 显著提高周年作物产量, 可作为黄淮区砂姜黑土农田相对适宜的周年耕作方式。     

轮耕对小麦–玉米两熟农田耕层构造及作物产量与品质的影响

为了解不同轮耕模式对小麦-玉米两熟制耕层构造、作物产量和品质的影响,从2009年小麦季开始至2012年玉米生长季结束连续3个种植周期设置小麦季免耕、深松或翻耕+玉米季免耕或深松的6种耕作模式组合,研究其对农田土壤孔隙度和水分含量、作物产量、以及籽粒蛋白质含量、油分含量和容重的影响。结果表明,与免耕相比,玉米季深松大幅度提高0~40 cm土壤的周年总孔隙度,小麦季深松或翻耕改善了土壤孔隙状况。小麦季耕作和玉米季耕作的交互效应是各层次土壤毛管孔隙度的决定因素,而玉米季耕作的独立效应是土壤各层次非毛管孔隙度的决定因素。小麦季深松和翻耕促进小麦生育后期对土壤水分的吸收,深松较翻耕和免耕处理的小麦产量显著升高。玉米季深松比免耕提高了玉米在灌浆阶段对水分的吸收,有利于提高玉米产量,同时对后茬小麦有积极作用。从全年产量与品质看,6种耕作模式组合中,全年两季深松效果最佳,其次是小麦季深松+玉米季免耕,这两种轮耕模式均适合在华北平原推广应用。     

玉米秸秆还田方式和氮肥处理对土壤理化性质及冬小麦产量的影响

为了探讨玉米秸秆还田条件下不同耕作方式及施氮量对土壤耕性及冬小麦产量的影响,于2012年10月至2015年6月连续3个小麦生长季进行了田间定位试验。设3种耕作方式,分别为连续3年旋耕秸秆不还田、连续3年旋耕秸秆还田和前2年旋耕秸秆还田第3年深耕秸秆还田,每种耕作方式下均设4个施氮水平,施氮量依次为165、225、300和360 kg hm?2。与旋耕相比,深耕促进还田玉米秸秆的腐解,且增施氮肥能提高秸秆腐解速度,从而提高耕层土壤的有机质含量。秸秆不还田条件下,连续旋耕降低了0~30 cm土层的有机质含量,结果土壤容重增大,孔隙度降低,且增施氮肥不利于土壤物理性状的改善;秸秆还田条件下,连续旋耕提高了0~10 cm土层有机质含量,土壤容重随之减小,孔隙度增加;秸秆还田条件下,连续2年旋耕1年深耕比连续旋耕增加了10~30 cm土层有机质含量,显著降低了0~20 cm土层容重,增加了0~20 cm土层的总孔隙度和10~30 cm土层的毛管孔隙度。连续3年旋耕造成冬小麦减产,尤其是秸秆不还田处理,第3年产量较第1年下降5.0%~8.7%;旋耕秸秆还田较旋耕不还田平均增产7.3%~8.9%,但在第3年产量下滑;而旋耕还田后适时深耕还田比连续旋耕还田平均增加有效穗数14.5%,增加穗粒数5.7%,产量平均提高7.6%。在玉米秸秆还田条件下,增施氮肥有助于改善土壤理化性质,但225、300和360 kg hm?2氮肥水平的产量无显著差异。本研究结果表明,山东省小麦高产高效栽培技术宜采取秸秆还田、2年旋耕1年深耕、配施纯氮225 kg hm?2的种植模式。     

Effect of density,cultivar and irrigation on spring sown monocrops and intercrops of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and faba beans (Vicia faba L.)

Spring-sown intercrops of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and faba beans (Vicia faba L.) were grown in three experiments at the University of Reading, UK. One wheat cultivar, Axona, and one (experiment 1) or two bean cultivars (experiments 2 and 3) Scirocco and Maris Bead, were grown as sole crops and intercrops at 50%, 75% and 100% recommended density. Experiments were rainfed but irrigation was an additional treatment in experiment 3. Biomass and seed yields of both wheat and faba beans were greater when monocropped than when intercropped. There was no evidence that radiation use efficiency (RUE) of intercrops was significantly different from sole crops. In all intercrops there was no significant effect of density on biomass, RUE or seed yield, though there were compensating changes in yield components. Seed yields of Maris Bead were significantly greater than Scirocco in experiment 3 but not experiment 2. There was no significant effect of irrigation on RUE or on wheat biomass and seed yield, but there was a trend for irrigation to increase faba bean biomass (P = 0.07) and seed yield (P = 0.06). With later sowing in experiments 2 and 3, time to harvest was shorter and wheat and bean biomass, seed yield and RUE were reduced. All land equivalent ratio (LER) values for both biomass (maximum 1.23) and seed yield (maximum 1.44) were greater than 1, with one exception in experiment 3, indicating that intercrops of wheat and faba beans make more effective use of land than equivalent sole crops. Partial LERs for faba beans were always lower than those of wheat. The tendency was for highest LERs to occur at 75% recommended density.     

京郊地区小麦、玉米两茬间氮、磷、钾肥的合理施用

在京郊不同土壤肥力条件下,进行小麦、玉米两茬间氮、磷、钾肥合理施用的研究.三年多点试验结果表明,全年氮素投入0.036～0.048kg/m~2,以小麦、玉米各半或玉米居多为宜.冬小麦施氮在下茬玉米上无明显后效.冬小麦适宜施氮量为0.024kg/m~2,夏玉米适宜施氮量0.030kg/m~2,冬小麦和夏玉米施磷肥不仅对当季有增产作用,而且对下茬作物也有明显的后效.冬小麦施P_2O_5 0.015kg/m~2、夏玉米0.007kg/m~2为宜.夏玉米比冬小麦对钾肥高度敏感,土壤速效钾含量在90×10~6以下,冬小麦施钾有一定增产效果,而夏玉米施钾肥显著增产.     

Influence of Oil Seed Rape and Faba Bean as Green Manure on Nitrogen Utilization in a Spring Cereal Rotation

A lysimeter study was conducted to investigate how nitrogen uptake of spring wheat and oats and N leaching losses are differing when either oilseed rape or faba bean are grown as green manure. The experiment was conducted during 1982–1988, and fertilizer applied to the cereals was either farmyard manure, FYM, (6 and 12 g N/m²/year) or mineral fertilizer, MiF, at a rate of 6 g N/m². On average of the 7 year period faba bean increased N uptake of the cereals fertilized with FYM at harvest by 3–4 g/m². Differences between the two application rates were negligible. N-leaching losses increased twofold when faba bean was grown instead of oilseed rape. Growing faba bean after cereals supplied with MiF, too, increased N uptake of the cereals and significantly increased leaching losses.     

Effect of preceding crop combination and N fertilization on yield of six oil-seed rape cultivars (Brassica napus L.)

Information about the effect of the cropping history on the seed yield of oil-seed rape is extremely scarce. In 1992/93 and 1994/95, the effects of different preceding crop combinations (winter barley and winter wheat as preceding crops, oil-seed rape and wheat as pre-preceding crops) on the yield of six double low oil-seed rape cultivars were examined in a field trial at Hohenschulen Experimental Farm, north-west Germany. In addition, eight nitrogen treatments (different amounts and distribution patterns) were tested for their potential to reduce negative effects of the preceding crops. Following the cropping sequence of oil-seed rape then wheat, oil-seed rape yielded only 3.12 t ha⁻¹; after oil-seed rape then barley, the yield was 3.43 t ha⁻¹ compared with 3.77 t ha⁻¹ following wheat then barley and 3.71 t ha⁻¹ following wheat then wheat. The number of seeds per m² showed a similar pattern, whereas the thousand-seed weight partly compensated for the reduced seed number. It was highest if oil-seed rape was grown 2 years previously. The cultivars differed significantly in their yield potential. Express (3.79 t ha⁻¹) yielded 0.6 t ha⁻¹ more than Falcon (3.18 t ha⁻¹). Increasing amounts of fertilizer-N (80–200 kg N ha⁻¹) increased the seed yield from 3.21 t ha⁻¹ to 3.84 t ha⁻¹. Changes in the distribution pattern within one fertilizer amount had no effect on seed yield. In addition, no interactions between preceding crop combination and the different cultivars or N treatments occurred. It is concluded that crop management cannot totally eliminate the negative effects of an unfavourable cropping history on the seed yield of oil-seed rape.     

不同轮耕方式与生物炭对土壤酶活性、土壤养分及小麦和玉米产量的影响

通过研究豫东平原不同轮耕方式与生物炭对土壤酶活性、养分及小麦和玉米产量的影响,为该地区选择适宜的耕作与培肥制度提供理论依据。采用3年田间定位试验,以小麦旋耕玉米免耕不施生物炭（RB0）为对照,设置3种生物炭用量（B1：2.5t/hm²,B2：5.0t/hm²,B3：7.5t/hm²）和2种轮耕耕作方式（R：小麦旋耕玉米免耕,D：小麦深翻玉米免耕）的交互处理。结果表明,在0~20cm土层,与RB0相比,不同处理均能显著提高土壤有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤酶活性,不同轮耕方式下土壤有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤酶活性随生物炭施用量增加而增加,RB3和DB3处理效果最好。在20~40cm土层,D处理显著提高土壤有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤酶活性,其中DB3处理效果最好。与2020年相比,除土壤碱性磷酸酶外,2021年不同处理均不同程度地提高了土壤有机碳、速效养分含量、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性。不同处理均能够显著增加小麦和玉米产量,2020年增幅分别为6.02%~17.52%和5.07%~11.02%,2021年分别为7.01%~20.87%和6.53%~18.13%,DB3处理产量最高,显著高于其他大部分处理。