Cerumen types in Choctaw Indians

Certinen from 432 Choctaw Indians from Mississippi was classified as sticky or dry. The frequency of the autosomal recessive dry type was intermediate between that for Indians of western North America and that for Mayan groups of southern Mexico.     

Hemoglobin variant common to Chinese and North American Indians: alpha-2-beta-22 Glu-Ala

An electrophoretically slow hemoglobin variant, in which the structural change involves the replacement of a glutamyl residue by alanyl at position beta-22, was reported in two groups of North American Indians: hemoglobin-G Coushatta, in Alabama-Coushatta Indians in Texas; and hemoglobin-G Saskatoon, in descendants of Santee Indians living in Canada. Hemoglobin-G Hsin-Chu, found in Taiwan in a Chinese from the northern Chinese province of Liaoning, is now shown to have the same structural anomaly.     

Hemoglobin patterns in American Indians

Two populations of North Carolina have been analyzed for hemoglobin patterns by paper electrophoresis. Of 534 Cherokee Indians, both mixed and full bloods, all showed normal hemoglobin. Lumbee Indians of less certain ethnic status had 1.7 percent of hemoglobin S, an equal amount of hemoglobin C, and one possible hemoglobin D trait among 1332 bloods studied.     

Albumin Naskapi: a new variant of serum albumin

An apparently new Variant of human serum albumin, albumin Naskapi, has been found in high frequency in the Naskapi Indians of Quebec and, in lower frequency,in other North American Indians.The family and population data of the albumin are consistent with its inheritance as a simple autosomal trait Controlled by a gene designated Al Naskapi. This gene is allelic with the gene Al(A) which controls the common albumin.Both homozygotes and heterozygotes have been distinguished. This is the first report of a homozygote for an albumin Variant.     

Lack of abnormal hemoglobins in Alaskan Eskimos,Indians, and Aleuts

In an examination of the blood of 708 Eskimos, 200 Aleuts, and 44 Indians in Alaska for abnormal types of hemoglobin, only normal hemoglobin A was detected. It may be concluded that abnormal hemoglobins in these races are rare if they occur at all.     

Fish fertilizer: a native north american practice?

The belief that the use of fish fertilizers originated among North American Indians, and was communicated as such by Squanto to the Plymouth settlers, has achieved the status of folklore and is therefore difficult to challenge. However, examination of the documentary evidence of Squanto's history and of native cultivation practices, and a cultural analysis of the implications of the use of fish fertilizer, have produced complementary lines of evidence. This evidence indicates that widely held beliefs about the "manner of the Indians" should be revised: Squanto's advice at Plymouth is probably best viewed as an interesting example of culture contact, one in which a native "culture-bearer" conveyed a technological idea from one group of Europeans to another.     

Winter dormancy in sea turtles: independent discovery and exploitation in the gulf of california by two local cultures

Documentation is reported for sea turtles overwintering on the sea bottom. Seri Indians have traditionally hunted nonmigrating dormant green turtles (Chelonia mydas) along the bottom of the Infiernillo Channel in the Gulf of California. Mexican fishermen independently discovered dormant turtles during winter 1972-1973, and with new hunting technologies are rapidly decimating these unusual stocks.     

促进山西藜麦种植规模化及产业链形成的建议

藜麦是南美洲印加人的传统粮食,在北美及欧洲市场作为保健品被逐渐推开。引进藜麦并对其进行了品种试验及种植方面的研究,由于藜麦的生长特性符合山西气候及生态特性,尤其在一些气候干旱、土壤瘠薄的地区,与种植地方小杂粮相比具有比较高的竞争优势,在山西省推广种植藜麦,逐步形成完整产业链及具有山西地标特色的高档农产品,对提升山西精品农业、提高农民收入具有一定的促进作用。     

Human visual ecology and orientation anisotropies in acuity

The visual environment of Cree Indians from the east coast of James Bay, Quebec, is different from that of city-raised Euro-Canadians. So also are their corresponding orientation anisotropies in visual acuity. A Euro-Canadian sample exhibited the usual higher resolution for vertically and horizontally oriented gratings as compared with oblique orientations, while a Cree Indian sample did not. The most parsimonious explanation of these acuity differences is that orientation-specific detectors in humans are tuned by the early visual environment.     

Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in the Gulf of California:

Discovery of Its Nutritional Value by the Seri Indians Zostera marina occurs in the northern Gulf of California. The grain of eelgrass is harvested in the spring and formed an important part of traditional Seri diet and culture. This is the only known case of a grain from the sea being used as a human food source. Eelgrass has considerable potential as a general food resource for mankind. Its cultivation would not require fresh water, pesticides, or artificial fertilizer.     

Molar Size Sequences and Fossil Taxonomy

Although relative molar size has been considered a major taxonomic criterion, separating the Australopithecines and some erectus fossils from sapiens man, the Me > Ml, or " fossil" size sequence is found in 33 percent of Ohio whites and Pima Indians, yet is not necessarily the major sequence in the level and below ( 9; 10). Stanley M. Garn.     

Stable nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen reflect marine and terrestrial components of prehistoric human diet

The delta 15N values of bone collagen from Eskimos and from Northwest Coast Indians dependent on salmon fishing are about 10 per mil more positive than those from agriculturalists in historic times. Among prehistoric humans, two groups dependent on marine food sources show bone collagen delta 15N values that are 4 to 6 per mil more positive than those from two agricultural groups. The nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen from prehistoric inhabitants of the Bahamas are anomalously low for reasons that relate to the biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen in coral reefs.     

Cannibalism. Molecule shows Anasazi ate their enemies

It's official: Scientists say they have definite proof that prehistoric Indians in the southwestern United States not only killed, butchered, and cooked, but actually ate other human beings. The evidence, reported in this week's issue of Nature, takes the form of a dried chunk of human excrement, or coprolite, containing a telltale human protein that could have gotten there only by being ingested.     

Game depletion hypothesis of amazonian adaptation: data from a native community

The low population densities and impermanent settlements of Amazonian Indians are often interpreted as adaptations to a fauna that offers limited protein resources and is rapidly depleted by hunting. Data spanning the 10-year life cycle of one northwestern Amazonian settlement show that variations in hunt yields result from temporal variations in peccary (Tayassu pecari and T. tajacu) kills that appear extrinsic to native population size. After 10 years, hunting success remained high and the kill rates for most prey did not suggest depletion. An array of environmental factors accounts for the incipient settlement relocation observed.     

Human and horse medicine among some Native American groups

Because Plains Indians, as well as some other groups of Native Americans, generally perceived people and animals as closely related, medical therapies and preventive regimes in human and veterinary medical practice often overlapped. The sense of partnership that mounted people shared with their horses dictated that it was appropriate for certain equine remedies to be similar to those used for themselves. Horses, as well as people, could possess useful knowledge in the realm of curing. Reciprocity between humankind and nature was expressed by the interactive healing powers of people and horses as well as by recorded examples of the connection that existed between human and equine health maintenance measures and medical procedures.     

Atypical cholinesterase gene E1a: rarity in Negroes and most Orientals

Development of a rapid screening test for atypical cholinesterase in serum enabled large-scale surveys of populations. The frequency of the heterozygous trait among Greeks, Yugoslavs, and East Indians was similar to that among United States Caucasians (2.8 to 3.3 percent). In trait frequency, U.S. Negroes were intermediate (1.05 percent) between Congolese Africans (0.29 percent) and U.S. Whites (3.3 percent). The gene was absent from or very rare in populations originating in East Asia (Taiwanese, Japanese, Filipinos, and Eskimos). Prolonged apnea during anesthesia from administration of succinylcholine caused by homozygosity for this gene, is expected to be extremely rare among populations of Negroes and East Asians.     

Prehistoric irrigation systems in the salt river valley, Arizona

This article discusses prehistoric irrigation canals recently excavated near Phoenix, Arizona. The canals were constructed by the Hohokam Indians between A.D. 850 and 1450. Several aerial photographs taken at various times in the past five decades clearly show the paths of hundreds of the canals, including some of those recently excavated. These data provide new insights on Hohokam irrigation technology and society. Despite the destructive inroads of modern development, much significant archeological information can still be retrieved both by conventional excavation methods and by the archival study of aerial photographs.     

Protein deficiency and tribal warfare in Amazonia: new data

Increasing numbers of anthropological studies about native Amazonian warfare and demographic practices attempt to explain these phenomena as competition over or a response to scarce game animals and other sources of high-quality protein. Recently completed field research among the Yanomam? Indians living at the Venezuela-Brazil border indicates that their protein intake is comparable to that found in highly developed industrialized nations and as much as 200 percent more than many nutritional authorities recommend as daily allowances. Recent data on other Amazonian tribes likewise fails to indicate a correlation between protein intake and intensity of warfare patterns.     

A unique solar marking construct

An assembly of stone slabs on an isolated butte in New Mexico collimates sunlight onto spiral petroglyphs carved on a cliff face. The light illuminates the spirals in a changing pattern throughout the year and marks the solstices and equinoxes with particular images. The assembly can also be used to observe lunar phenomena. It is unique in archeoastronomy in utilizing the changing height of the midday sun throughout the year rather than its rising and setting points. The construct appears to be the result of deliberate work of the Anasazi Indians, the builders of the great pueblos in the area.     

干气密封失效原因分析与有效性措施

针对西气东输站场内压缩机组干气密封频繁失效并造成高额维修更换费用的问题，从干气密封的基本结构和工作原理出发，分析了西气东输管道干气密封实际应用效果，重点剖析了部分压缩机组站场干气密封失效的原因，根据实际生产运行中得出的结论，在收集和分析西气东输各站影响干气密封事件的同时，深入分析了导致干气密封失效的一系列因素，并从压缩机的设计、干气密封系统设计、阻挡密封、干气密封的运输和储藏、安装和拆卸、运行和维护6个方面提出了提高干气密封有效性的针对性措施，以期对压缩机站场干气密封的使用及维护提供指导。（图6，参6）