仔猪有效磷需要量的研究

本试验研究了饲粮不同水平有效磷对８～２０千克仔猪生长、骨发育和血清生化指标的影响。试验采用６９头５周龄三元杂交仔猪（杜大长），依体重和性别随机分为６组，各组有效磷水平依次为０．１１，０．２１，０．２６，０．３１，０．３６，０．４１％。试验４周，自由采食。结果表明，随饲粮有效磷水平提高，仔猪日增重增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），料肉比趋于降低（Ｐ＞０．０５），至０．３６％有效磷水平达到最佳，采食量无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。组单位体重的脱脂干股骨重及其中灰分、钙、磷含量随着饲粮有效磷水平提高而升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），至０．３６％有效磷水平达到最高，０．４１％时略降低（Ｐ＞０．０５）。血清中无机磷浓度在饲粮有效磷水平从０．１１％升到０．３１％时显著提高（Ｐ＜０．０５），此后趋于平稳。血清碱性磷酸酶活性在０．２６％～０．３６％有效磷水平时极显著低于其他各组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。综上述结果表明，８～２０千克仔猪有效磷需要量为０．３６％，总磷需要量为０．５８％，钙磷比例为１．２１：１，钙有效磷比例为１．９４：１。     

仔猪钙需要量的研究

本试验研究了饲粮中不同钙水平（０．１３％，０．３５％，０．５７％，０．６８％，０．７４％，０．８０％）对７～２２ｋｇ三元杂交（杜×大×长）仔猪的生长性能、骨骼和血清有关指标的影响。结果表明，饲粮中钙水平对仔猪平均日增重、采食量和饲料利用率（Ｇ／Ｆ）都无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），但０．５７％～０．８０％钙水平组略优于０．１３％～０．３５％钙水平组。随着饲粮中钙水平的升高，单位体重的脱脂干股骨重及其中灰分、钙和磷含量、血清钙浓度上升，到０．７４％钙水平组达到最高，０．８０％钙水平组又降低。其中，各组间单位体重的脱脂干股骨重无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而０．７４％钙水平组脱脂干股骨中灰分和磷含量分别显著或极显著高于０．１３％和０．３５％钙水平组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），０．５７％、０．６８％、０．８０％钙水平组显著高于０．１３％钙水平组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。０．７４％钙水平组脱脂干股骨中钙含量和血清钙浓度显著高于其他组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。饲粮钙水平对血清中碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）活性无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。因此认为，７～２２ｋｇ仔猪钙需要量为０．７４％。     

仔猪钙需要量的研究

本试验研究了饲粮中不同钙水平（０．１３，０．３５，０．５７，０．６８，０．７４，０．８０％）对７～２２千克三元杂交（杜大长）仔猪的生长、骨骼和血清有关指标的影响。结果表明，饲粮中钙水平对仔猪日增重、采食量和料肉比都无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），但０．５７％～０．８０％钙水平组略优于０．１３％～０．３５％钙水平组：随着钙水平升高，单位体重脱脂干股骨重及其中灰、钙和磷含量、血清钙浓度上升，到０．７４％钙水平组达到最高，０．８０％钙水平组又降低。其中，各组单位体重的脱脂干股骨重无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而０．７４％钙水平组脱脂干股骨中灰分和磷含量分别显著和极显著高于０．１３％和０．３５％钙水平组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），０．５７％、０．６８％、０．８０％钙水平组显著高于０．１３％钙水平组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。０．７４％钙水平组脱脂干股骨中钙含量和血清钙浓度显著高于其他组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。饲粮钙水平对血清中碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。综上认为，７～２２千克仔猪钙需要量为０．７４％。     

断奶仔猪色氨酸需求参数的研究

试验选取６０头体重约８ｋｇ的三元杂交（杜×（大×长））断奶仔猪,随机分为５组,每组２个重复,分别饲喂色氨酸水平为０．１３０％、０．１５５％、０．１８０％、０．２０５％和０．２３０％的玉米———玉米蛋白粉型饲粮,以探讨断奶仔猪对色氨酸的需求参数。结果表明,在０．１３０％～０．２０５％的色氨酸水平内,随着饲粮中色氨酸水平的提高,仔猪的采食量、平均日增重和饲料转化率（Ｇ／Ｆ）都极显著提高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,采食每单位色氨酸所获得的体增重显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）,血清尿素氮浓度显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。并且在饲粮色氨酸０．２０５％水平组,仔猪的各项指标最佳。但饲粮色氨酸０．２３０％水平组仔猪平均日增重又显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,采食量和饲料转化率趋于降低（Ｐ＞０．０５）,采食每单位色氨酸所获体增重显著减少（Ｐ＜０．０５）,血清尿素氮浓度趋于升高（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上结果提示,８～２０ｋｇ断奶仔猪获最佳生产性能的色氨酸需求参数为０．２０５％,饲粮中赖氨酸和色氨酸比例为１００：１８,相应的表观可消化色氨酸需求参数为０．１６３％。     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响

本研究选用１８头２８±１日龄断奶的杂交仔猪（平均体重约５．５ｋｇ），研究低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响。试验结果显示：（１）低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮使仔猪血浆挥发性盐基氨含量、血浆尿素氨含量和腹泻指数降低（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。（２）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．３％）的仔猪，其平均日增重（ＡＤＧ）、平均日采食量（ＡＤＦＩ）和料肉比（Ｐ／Ｇ）与采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但前者的增重成本比后者降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）３１％。（３）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．４％）的仔猪的生产性能优于采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪，前者的ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ分别提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）６１％和３２％，Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本分别下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）２４％和３７％。（４）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪，其ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ低于（Ｐ＜０．０１）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪。前者的Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本趋于高于后者，但差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上结果表明，低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮可显著降低仔猪断奶后腹泻和提高仔猪生产性能。复合蛋白型?     

断奶仔猪赖氨酸需求参数的研究

试验选取体重约８千克的杜×大×长三元杂交断奶仔猪（公母各半）７２头，随机分为６组，每组２个重复，每个重复６头猪，分别喂以含赖氨酸（Ｌｙｓ）水平为０．８５，０．９５，１．０５，１．１０，１．１５，１．２０％的饲粮。通过测定饲粮Ｌｙｓ水平对断奶仔猪生产性能和血清氮浓度的影响，探讨断奶仔猪Ｌｙｓ的需求参数。结果表明，随着饲粮中Ｌｙｓ水平的提高，仔猪的平均日增重增加，饲料转化率显著改善（Ｐ＜０．０５），并且在１．１５％的Ｌｙｓ组生产性能达到最佳，进一步提高Ｌｙｓ水平，生产性能反而下降。各组采食量差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。当饲粮Ｌｙｓ水平由０．８５％升至１．１５％，血清氮浓度无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但１．２％组极显著地高于其他各组（Ｐ＜０．０１），反映该组猪对蛋白质利用较差，这与该组猪生产性能差相符。以上结论提示，８～１９千克断奶仔猪Ｌｙｓ需求参数为饲粮的１．１５％，按ＡＥＣ（１９８９）有关饲料Ｌｙｓ可消化率数据，折算其相应真可消化和表观可消化Ｌｙｓ为１．０３２％和０．９６７％。     

饲粮蛋白质水平与早期断奶仔猪组织病理变化的关系

选择３０头２８±２日龄断奶仔猪（平均体重４．５ｋｇ），研究饲粮粗蛋白质（ＣＰ）水平对早期断奶仔猪组织病理变化的影响。试验结果显示：（１）饲粮ＣＰ水平分别与仔猪的ＣＰ摄入量、ＣＰ表观消化率、可消化ＣＰ摄入量、未消化ＣＰ摄入量存在显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）或极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）的正相关。（２）ＣＰ真消化率则不受饲粮ＣＰ水平的影响，两者的相关关系不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。（３）饲粮ＣＰ水平分别与结肠内容物中挥发性盐基氮（ＶＢＮ）和氨氮（ＡＮ）含量存在显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）的正相关。（４）饲粮ＣＰ水平与血浆ＶＢＮ含量存在显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）的正相关；但血浆ＡＮ含量则不受饲粮ＣＰ水平的影响，两者的相关关系不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。（５）随着饲粮ＣＰ水平升高，仔猪结肠、肝、肺和肾组织的病变指数增加。试验结果表明，随着饲粮ＣＰ水平升高，仔猪结肠内蛋白质腐败作用增强，腐败产物产量增加，吸收进入体内的腐败产物亦增加；腐败产物的增加使仔猪器官组织的损伤加重     

二氢吡啶对蛋品质的影响及其机理研究

取３００ 日龄罗曼蛋鸡１ ５３６ 只，随机分为４ 组（ 每组设４ 个重复，每个重复９６ 只） ，在自由采食、饮水和光照１６ｈ 的条件下，分别饲喂添加０ｍｇ／ｋｇ 、１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ 、１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ 、２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ二氢吡啶的玉米—豆粕型饲粮１３ 周。结果发现：①饲粮中含１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ 、１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ 或２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ的二氢吡啶， 能使蛋壳厚度分别增加１１ ．３３ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 、１６ ．８５％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１） 和２０．１７ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１） ；②饲粮中含１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ 或２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ 的二氢吡啶，能使蛋比重和蛋壳相对重分别增加０ ．４４％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 、０ ．５３ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０．０５） 和５ ．６６％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 、６ ．９７ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０．０５） ，血清钙含量分别提高了１６．９０ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 和１８ ．３３％ （Ｐ＜ ０．０５） ，而血清甲状旁腺素水平则分别下降了１８．０４ ％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 和２０．００％ （Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。     

饲粮赖氨酸水平对生长獭兔生长性能、氮代谢及血清免疫和生化指标的影响

本文旨在探讨饲粮赖氨酸水平对生长獭兔生长性能、氮代谢及血清免疫和生化指标的影响。选用平均体重为（６６５±１２３）ｇ的断奶獭兔 ２００只,随机分成 ５组（每组 ４０个重复,每个重复 １只）,分别饲喂赖氨酸水平为 ０．５５％、０．７０％、０．８５％、１．００％和 １．１５％的试验饲粮。预试期 ７ｄ,正试期 ５３ｄ。结果表明：饲粮赖氨酸水平对平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。饲粮赖氨酸水平显著或极显著影响食入氮（Ｐ＝０．００６５）、氮沉积（Ｐ＝０．０４５９）和氮生物学效价（Ｐ＝０．０２２６）,而对粪氮排出量、尿氮排出量、可消化氮、氮表观消化率和氮利用率无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。饲粮赖氨酸水平为 １．００％和 １．１５％的组的食入氮极显著高于饲粮赖氨酸水平为 ０．５５％和 ０．７０％的组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。饲粮赖氨酸水平为 ０．７０％、０．８５％、１．００％和 １．１５％的组的氮沉积和氮生物学效价显著高于饲粮赖氨酸水平为 ０．５５％的组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。饲粮赖氨酸水平极显著影响血清免疫球蛋白 Ａ（Ｐ＜０．０００１）、免疫球蛋白 Ｇ（Ｐ＜０．０００１）和免疫球蛋白 Ｍ 含量（Ｐ＜０．０００１）。饲粮赖氨酸水平为 ０．７０％、０．８５％、１．００％和 １．１５％的组的免疫球蛋白 Ａ、免疫球蛋白 Ｇ和免疫球蛋白 Ｍ 含量均极显著低于饲粮赖氨酸水平为 ０．５５％的组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。饲粮赖氨酸水平除显著影响血清胆固醇浓度（Ｐ＝０．０１６７）外,对血清总蛋白、球蛋白、尿素氮含量以及谷丙转氨酶活性均无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。综合考虑本试验所测指标,生长獭兔的饲粮适宜赖氨酸水平为 ０．５５％ ～０．７０％。     

饲粮缬氨酸水平对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮不同缬氨酸水平对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响,并探讨蛋鸡饲粮中缬氨酸的最适添加量。试验选用 ７２０只体重相近的 ４０周龄的海兰褐壳蛋鸡,随机分成 ５组,每组 ４个重复,每个重复 ３６只鸡,分别饲喂缬氨酸水平为 ０．６％、０．７％、０．８％、０．９％、１．０％的饲粮,试验期为 ５６ｄ。结果表明：１）０．８％水平组料蛋比和 １．０％水平组平均日采食量分别最低,与其他各组均差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）;各组产蛋率、平均蛋重和日产蛋均重均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。２）０．８％水平组蛋壳强度最大,１．０％水平组蛋清蛋白质含量最低,与其他各组均差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）或有显著的趋势（Ｐ＜０．１０）;各组蛋壳厚度、哈夫单位、蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度、蛋黄和蛋清相对重均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。３）０．８％水平组血清葡萄糖含量最高,显著高于其他各组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;０．８％水平组血清尿素氮和尿酸含量最低,总氨基酸含量最高,与其他各组均有差异显著的趋势（Ｐ＜０．１０）。４）二次曲线分析表明：当饲粮代谢能为１１．３１ＭＪ／ｋｇ、粗蛋白质水平为 １５．８１％、赖氨酸水平为 ０．７７％时,以料蛋比为评价指标,产蛋高峰期蛋鸡缬氨酸需要量为 ０．７８％,以蛋壳强度和血清白蛋白含量为评价指标,缬氨酸需要量分别为 ０．８１％和 ０．７５％。由此可知,基础饲粮中添加一定量的缬氨酸可降低产蛋高峰期蛋鸡料蛋比,增强蛋壳强度和提高血清葡萄糖含量。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein