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数字化监测预警建设是提高农作物重大病虫害测报能力重要途径。2009年以来,全国农作物重大病虫害数字化监测预警建设工作快速发展,初步建成了全国农作物重大病虫害数字化网络平台,显著加快了测报信息的传递速度和处理能力。在总结全国重大病虫害数字化监测预警建设成绩的基础上,提出新的建设目标和重点,即通过加大宣传、加大投入、加大培训和行业推动,再通过3~5年的建设,进一步完善国家系统、健全省级系统、推进全国联网,逐步构建起以国家系统为支撑、省级系统为骨干、县级用户为单元的重大病虫害数字化监测预警网络体系,显著提高重大病虫害的监测预能力,为植保防灾减灾提供更为有力的技术支撑。 相似文献
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水稻重大病虫害跨境跨区域监测预警体系的构建与应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟等迁飞性害虫及其携传的水稻病毒病是中国和越南、泰国等中南半岛国家重要的跨境跨区域迁飞发生和流行性病虫害。在建立中国水稻重大病虫害跨区域监测预警体系的基础上,建立中国和周边国家间水稻重大病虫害跨境跨区域监测预警体系,对于提高我国水稻迁飞性害虫及其传播的病毒病发生的早期预见性、增强防控主动性具有重要意义。自20世纪50年代起,中国通过构建体系架构,合理布局站点,明确站点任务,实施信息共享和开展联合预警,逐步构建了相对完善的全国水稻重大病虫害监测预警网络体系,在提高国内水稻重大病虫害预警防控能力,保障全国粮食生产"十二连增""十四连丰"方面发挥了重要作用。为进一步提高重大迁飞性害虫的监测预警能力,自2010年开始,在中国农业部的支持下,中国、越南两国实施了"中越水稻迁飞性害虫监测防治项目",双方通过互设联合监测站点,开展水稻迁飞性害虫等重大病虫害系统监测和发生信息交流、数据交换,以及实地调查和技术交流,进一步增强了中国水稻重大病虫害发生的早期预见性和可持续治理能力,使全国水稻病虫害出现了近10年的连续下降趋势,为保障国家粮食安全做出了积极贡献。当前,我们农作物重大病虫害监测预警在取得重大进展的同时,也面临不少困难,尤其是全国普遍存在人员减少、青黄不接和保障不力的问题。为此提出如下建议,一是健全保障机制,保证工作条件,保持稳定运行;二是增加监测站点,统一监测标准,开展联合监测;三是构建信息网络,实时上报信息,实施信息共享;四是推广智能设备,提升装备水平,推动信息直采;五是强化技术研究,研究明确规律,提升支撑能力。 相似文献
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我国是生物灾害严重的国家,农业病虫是重要的生物灾害,对其监测和预警,就像监测气象、洪水、地震灾害一样,要求很高的专业技术和技能。准确监测和预报重大病虫害发生动态,及时指导病虫防治工作,是保障农业优质、高产、高效、低成本、无公害的重要环节,责任十分重大。20世纪70年代以来,全国各级病虫测报站系统监测重大病虫动态,预测预报发生趋势,发布重大病虫信息,指导病虫防治,为确保农业生产安全发挥了重要作用。在新的世纪,病虫测报工作面临许多新情况和新问题,测报技术人员只有更新观念,提高认识,才能应对市场经济条… 相似文献
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病虫害防控是国家总体安全的重要组成部分,为构建区域一体化、技术绿色化的农林草业重大病虫害精准监测预警和全程防控综合技术体系,“十四五”期间,国家重点研发计划设立了“重大病虫害防控综合技术研发与示范”重点专项。此专项以保障农林生产安全、农产品质量安全和农林生态安全为根本目标,以草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda、柑橘黄龙病菌Liberbacter asianticum、松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus、东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis等农作物和森林草原重大病虫害防控科技创新为首要任务,旨在建立覆盖全国的农林草业重大病虫害精准监测预警网络,系统揭示重大病虫害区域性灾变机理,为农业绿色高质量发展提供科技支撑。该文综述了该专项的研发背景、专项定位、研究内容、任务布局、实施机制、政策保障,以期为植物保护领域相关科研人员、推广机构、政府部门、技术用户等提供参考。 相似文献
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介绍了吉林省在病虫害测报信息化方面取得的主要成效,指出了病虫害测报信息化工作目前面临病虫害物联网监测设备少、建立的省监控预警系统功能少而弱、病虫预测缺少实用的电子模型、电视预报的效力未能充分发挥、地、县级病虫区域测报站预报发布方式落后等问题,并提出了今后病虫害测报信息化工作发展思路,即全面完善病虫害信息管理和预警系统、实现信息管理利用的全流程自动化,安装成熟的自动化物联网监测设备、推进物联网监测设备性能及使用的规范化,组织同一病虫生态区域内测报人员开展联合攻关、研发更多可靠的预警模型,拓宽预报发布平台或渠道、确保预报公开顺畅发布,主动应用遥感技术、利用"天眼"拓展监控视野,建设高素质人才队伍、补查自动化设备监测死角。 相似文献
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为有效管理和利用植物保护系统的各种病虫资料信息,应用网络脚本语言PHP、网络服务器Apache及MySQL数据库构建了一套基于网络的病虫信息管理系统。系统采用开放式的设计模式,组建了用户管理模块、动态树型菜单模块、在线建表模块、数据表管理模块、日程提醒模块、资料统计对比模块、图形显示模块等。用户可根据自己需要在线建立数据表;系统将动态树型菜单与在线建表模块相互结合,实现了对各种表格的管理,包括表格的创建、数据的查询、汇总、比较及图形化显示等功能,用户通过Internet在系统的帮助下,可建立适合本地实际、满足自己需要的病虫信息管理系统。 相似文献
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H. Tischner 《EPPO Bulletin》2000,30(1):103-104
The warning service for plant protection in Bayern (Germany) obtains its information mainly from its own observations. The appearance of pests (including diseases and weeds) is investigated in cultivated areas and field trials. Weather data complementary to the pest enquiries can be made available from a measuring network of 116 field weather stations and is used to estimate the development of pests in relation to weather requirements. For several fungi and animal pests, computer‐based decision support systems (DSSs) and forecasting models are being used. The results are processed and passed on to farmers via circulars, branch reviews, public notices, telephonic announcement services, telefax services and the Internet. 相似文献
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中国马铃薯晚疫病监测预警系统“China-blight”的组建及运行 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
马铃薯晚疫病是严重威胁世界马铃薯生产和粮食安全的重要病害之一,同时也是植物病害中流行速度最快的病害之一。由于品种多不抗病,目前国内外主要依靠化学防治控制该病害。为了提高用药的时效性,将信息技术与植物病害流行学原理相结合,设计并组建了中国马铃薯晚疫病监测预警系统"China-blight"(www.china-blight.net)。该系统由"中国晚疫病实时分布"、"未来48小时不同区域晚疫病菌侵染危险性预测"和"晚疫病化学防治决策支持系统"等子系统构成,此外还包括"晚疫病防治方法"、"品种抗病性"、"化学药剂库"、"其他病虫害"、"问题与经验交流"和"用户田间管理电子档案"等知识信息与服务功能。通过对2009年我国北方马铃薯一作区6-7月份病害侵染时段出现次数与晚疫病实际发生情况进行比较,预测信息与病害实际发生程度相符,该系统可以用于对马铃薯晚疫病田间防治的指导。 相似文献
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been widely implemented in apple orchards in various regions of Turkey. Between 1995 and 1999, in Central Anatolia and the Aegean Region, apple scab (Venturia inequalis) and codling moth (Cydia pomonella) were key pests, and implementation of pest control was based on forecasting and warning systems. During the project, orchards in which IPM was implemented and in which farmers applied conventional practices were compared. In nine provinces in which IPM projects were carried out in 1999, the damage due to codling moth was 0–1.3% in IPM orchards while it was 0.4–21.8% in nearby non‐IPM orchards. It is clear that damage did not reach the acceptable threshold level of 2% in any of the IPM orchards, while damage was much higher than the threshold in conventionally‐farmed orchards. The number of fungicide applications against apple scab decreased to 5–6 applications from 10–15 applications in the Eğirdir district of the Isparta Province in 1996 as a result of IPM implementation. No insecticides were applied against codling moth in IPM orchards in the Nigde Province in 1998 and 1999 because population levels of the pest were low and under the economic threshold. Apple producers received training and 1200 producers from Central Anatolia became experts in IPM for their own orchards, learning to make appropriate decisions about pest control. The Apple IPM Guideline was prepared and disseminated. In Turkey modern equipment for forecasting and warning systems was employed and, in the last decade, forecasting and warning networks have been improved. Computer‐based systems have increased the speed and accuracy of forecasting as well as decreasing its costs. A computerized national forecasting network in apple orchards now transmits data from the field to system headquarters automatically. The national forecasting network has been expanded and covered 12 208 800 apple trees in 34 provinces in 2006, using 115 electronic forecasting and warning stations. 相似文献
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我国重大害虫多具有迁飞性,对其进行有效的监测预警在害虫防治中极为重要,本文回顾了李光博院士在重大迁飞性害虫监测预警领域中做出的重要贡献,主要包括:20世纪60年代,在揭示黏虫远距离迁飞规律的基础上创造性地提出黏虫“异地”测报技术,被农业农村部批准列入全国统一测报办法推广应用并传承至今,成为迁飞性害虫预测预报的经典理论;20世纪80年代,李光博院士又领导研究团队将人工智能技术应用到黏虫“异地”测报中,成功研制出黏虫测报专家系统,进一步提高了黏虫的预测预报理论和技术水平。同时也在迁飞性害虫预测预报信息化方面做出新的探索,研发了昆虫飞行数据微机采集分析系统,为昆虫迁飞行为和机理研究提供了有力的技术手段,也为我国迁飞性害虫的监测和治理奠定了坚实的基础。本文还介绍了研究团队在后续研究中,继承和发展李光博院士的学术思想,在昆虫雷达数据采集分析系统的开发研制方面做出新的突破,对未来迁飞性害虫监测预警研究做了展望。 相似文献
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基于地理信息系统的全国主要粮食作物病虫害实时监测预警系统的研制 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
为提高病虫害防治的准确性和科学性,依据植保知识、专家经验,采用人工智能、自行开发的具地理信息系统基本功能及决策支持系统(DSS)的相关技术,研制了基于Internet网络传输的全国主要粮食作物病虫害实时监测预警系统。本系统能够对小麦、玉米、水稻、马铃薯、高粱和谷子6种主要粮食作物的60余种病虫害进行实时监测、预警、诊断、提供植保知识,能够对年度间同期病情、虫情做出图形比较,可将抽象的预警数据转化成清晰简明的点图式电子地图,直观明了地显示病虫害发生点数及地域分布,可根据品种的抗病虫性、病虫害发生基数和未来天气预报等信息对小麦白粉病、赤霉病、纹枯病、稻瘟病、稻曲病、马铃薯晚疫病、麦蚜、小麦吸浆虫和玉米螟9种重要病虫害做出短期防治决策,系统的运行有助于提高人们对主要粮食作物病虫害管理的科学水平。 相似文献
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A survey of the present status of warning services for plant protection in Italy shows the lack of a national project, so that the different regional governments approach the question in different ways. In spite of this, some common characters are present: (1) most of the regions manage the warning service directly; (2) everywhere, the warning service interacts with research institutes, farmers’ associations, agrometeorological networks and other warning services; (3)‘indirect warning’ is the prevalent model of organization; geographical areas are divided into homogeneous subareas, where information useful for producing advice is collected and elaborated; warnings are then disseminated by different means of communication, and farmers comply with them autonomously; (4) warnings are usually prepared by a team of advisers, who meet periodically, analyse available information and elaborate suggestions for crop protection; (5) available information comes from field monitoring, weather stations, insect and spore traps, forecasting models for pests and diseases; unfortunately, forecasting models are not widespread; (6) the content of warnings is rather uniform, including information on crops, pests and diseases, suggestions for control strategies and, frequently, meteorological conditions and forecasts; (7) different means are used to disseminate warnings to farmers; usually several methods co‐exist: bulletins published in local newspapers, sent by mail or fax, displayed on notice boards or available via the Internet; placards; telephone messages; surveys on local TV or radio. 相似文献