Elementary Ca2+ signals through endothelial TRPV4 channels regulate vascular function

Major features of the transcellular signaling mechanism responsible for endothelium-dependent regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone are unresolved. We identified local calcium (Ca(2+)) signals ("sparklets") in the vascular endothelium of resistance arteries that represent Ca(2+) influx through single TRPV4 cation channels. Gating of individual TRPV4 channels within a four-channel cluster was cooperative, with activation of as few as three channels per cell causing maximal dilation through activation of endothelial cell intermediate (IK)- and small (SK)-conductance, Ca(2+)-sensitive potassium (K(+)) channels. Endothelial-dependent muscarinic receptor signaling also acted largely through TRPV4 sparklet-mediated stimulation of IK and SK channels to promote vasodilation. These results support the concept that Ca(2+) influx through single TRPV4 channels is leveraged by the amplifier effect of cooperative channel gating and the high Ca(2+) sensitivity of IK and SK channels to cause vasodilation.     

富甘氨酸果蝇抗菌肽SK66对子宫颈癌细胞Hela增殖的研究

SK66是一个编码了N端为丝氨酸、C端为赖氨酸且含有66个氨基酸残基的富甘氨酸果蝇抗菌肽。SK66能杀灭宫颈癌细胞Hela,经SK66处理后子宫颈癌细胞Hela的贴壁性很快被破坏,大量细胞悬浮并死亡。通过MTT试验,发现SK66能够显著抑制子宫颈癌细胞Hela的增殖。采用膜片钳技术,研究表明SK66能在DRG细胞上形成阳离子通道。这说明SK66对癌细胞的杀灭机制可能为细胞膜出现大量穿孔、原生质泄漏,细胞破裂死亡。     

Functional conversion between A-type and delayed rectifier K+ channels by membrane lipids

Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels control action potential repolarization, interspike membrane potential, and action potential frequency in excitable cells. It is thought that the combinatorial association between distinct alpha and beta subunits determines whether Kv channels function as non-inactivating delayed rectifiers or as rapidly inactivating A-type channels. We show that membrane lipids can convert A-type channels into delayed rectifiers and vice versa. Phosphoinositides remove N-type inactivation from A-type channels by immobilizing the inactivation domains. Conversely, arachidonic acid and its amide anandamide endow delayed rectifiers with rapid voltage-dependent inactivation. The bidirectional control of Kv channel gating by lipids may provide a mechanism for the dynamic regulation of electrical signaling in the nervous system.     

Mutations affecting internal TEA blockade identify the probable pore-forming region of a K+ channel

The active site of voltage-activated potassium channels is a transmembrane aqueous pore that permits ions to permeate the cell membrane in a rapid yet highly selective manner. A useful probe for the pore of potassium-selective channels is the organic ion tetraethylammonium (TEA), which binds with millimolar affinity to the intracellular opening of the pore and blocks potassium current. In the potassium channel encoded by the Drosophila Shaker gene, an amino acid residue that specifically affects the affinity for intracellular TEA has now been identified by site-directed mutagenesis. This residue is in the middle of a conserved stretch of 18 amino acids that separates two locations that are both near the external opening of the pore. These findings suggest that this conserved region is intimately involved in the formation of the ion conduction pore of voltage-activated potassium channels. Further, a stretch of only eight amino acid residues must traverse 80 percent of the transmembrane electric potential difference.     

Ca2+ and Ca2+-activated K+ currents in mammalian gastric smooth muscle cells

Inward movement of calcium through voltage-dependent channels in muscle is thought to initiate the action potential and trigger contraction. Calcium-activated potassium channels carry large outward potassium currents that may be responsible for membrane repolarization. Calcium and calcium-activated potassium currents were identified in enzymatically isolated mammalian gastric myocytes. These currents were blocked by cadmium and nifedipine but were not substantially affected by diltiazem or D600. No evidence for a tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current or an inwardly rectifying potassium current was found.     

表达NDV F48E9株F基因的MDV CVI988株转移质粒载体的构建

将新城疫病毒(NDV)F48E9株融合蛋白(F)基因1700bp克隆到真核表达载体pIRES中,构建成表达F基因的载体pIRESF,然后将包含F基因及其上游的内含子和下游的polyA的2900bpDNA片段再克隆入包含gB启动子的SK载体中,并使其克隆到gB启动子600bp的下游,最后将包含gB启动子和F基因表达盒3500bp克隆到包含MDVCVI988非必须片段US10的载体SK中。该研究为进一步在细胞中转染并获得表达F基因的MDVCVI988重组病毒奠定了基础。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒H52毒株S基因的克隆及序列分析

将含有鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)H52毒株的尿囊液浓缩,用TRIzol 试剂抽提病毒RNA作为反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)的模板,参照已发表的IBV-Beaudette 株S基因序列,设计并合成一对特异性引物,扩增得到长度约3.6 kb 的S基因片段,利用引物设计中EcoR I和BamH I 酶切位点插入到克隆载体pBlueScript SK 的多克隆位点中,转化感受态E.coli DH5α.经酶切分析和PCR等方法鉴定,筛选出阳性克隆,进行核苷酸序列测定,证实获得了S 基因的全长序列.利用DNAstar等分析软件与GenBank中其它IBV毒株的核苷酸及其推导的氨基酸进行序列同源性比较分析,结果表明,H52毒株与已报道的核苷酸的同源性在83.45%～99.71%之间,氨基酸的同源性在82.10%～99.26%之间.     

灰飞虱鞘氨醇激酶时空表达分析及其对杀虫剂胁迫的响应

【目的】明确灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus Fallén)鞘氨醇激酶(sphingosine kinase,SK)的分子特征,研究SK在携带水稻条纹病毒(Rice stripe virus,RSV)与健康灰飞虱两个种群的时空表达及其对杀虫剂胁迫的响应。【方法】利用PCR技术克隆灰飞虱SK(LsSK)基因序列;使用荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术分析LsSK在带毒种群与健康种群灰飞虱1—5龄若虫及成虫期的表达差异,并检测该基因在雌雄虫头、唾液腺、中肠、马氏管、卵巢和精巢等组织中相对表达量;采用手动微量点滴仪将3种杀虫剂(吡虫啉、噻嗪酮和溴氰菊酯)点滴于灰飞虱4龄若虫中胸背板,确定3种杀虫剂的半致死浓度(LC_50);根据半致死浓度的3种杀虫剂处理试虫后检测LsSK的表达动态;采用注射双链RNA(dsRNA)的方法沉默带毒种群和健康种群4龄若虫体内LsSK后,用半致死浓度的3种杀虫剂处理试虫并分析死亡率。【结果】克隆得到一段长度为1 282 bp的LsSK基因片段(Gen Bank登录号:KT989975)。氨基酸系统进化树显示LsSK与其他半翅目昆虫SK聚在同一支。LsSK氨基酸序列包含SK酶的4个保守区域C1—C4,其中SK激酶的活性位点——DAG活性区域位于C1—C3区域。q RT-PCR结果显示LsSK在带毒种群4龄若虫中表达量最高,3龄次之;健康种群5龄若虫表达量最高,1、4龄次之。且LsSK在带毒种群3、4龄表达量显著高于健康种群同时期若虫(P0.05);带毒成虫LsSK表达量显著高于健康成虫(P0.05)。LsSK在带毒雄成虫各个组织中的表达量均显著高于同种群雌成虫和健康雌雄成虫的各相应组织,且在唾液腺和马氏管的表达量最高,头部次之。用半致死浓度的3种杀虫剂(吡虫啉LC_50为6.5 ng·μL~(-1),噻嗪酮为500 ng·μL~(-1),溴氰菊酯为37.5 ng·μL~(-1))处理带毒和健康种群的4龄若虫后,试虫LsSK含量变化与响应速度均不同。噻嗪酮处理后LsSK水平升高且响应最为迅速,溴氰菊酯处理后LsSK表达水平无变化(P0.05)。用3种杀虫剂处理带毒和健康试虫,其死亡率分析结果表明,两种群注射dsSK组3种杀虫剂处理后死亡率均显著高于两种群注射dsGFP组和不注射组。【结论】克隆了LsSK基因片段且其在带毒灰飞虱4龄若虫中表达量最高。沉默LsSK后,带毒和健康种群灰飞虱在杀虫剂处理后的死亡率均显著上升,表明SK基因有利于灰飞虱抵抗杀虫剂胁迫。     

中国猪瘟兔化弱毒（C-株）兔脾组织毒P80基因的序列分析

利用RT-PCR及Nest-PCR技术扩增出了C-株兔脾组织毒P80基因,将其克隆到PGEM-T载体中,测定了其核苷酸序列并推导出了氨基酸的序列。将C-株P80基因核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列与已发表的HCV Alfort株、Brescia株、C株细胞（SK6）毒P80基因核苷酸及氨基酸序列进行比较,结果表明C-株P80基因与C株SK6细胞毒P80基因的同源性最高为99%,与Alfort株P80基因的同源性最低为87%;氨基酸同源性均在98%以上。表明了中国的C-株毒与荷兰所发表的C株毒的缘源关系,同时也证实了HCV P80基因的高度保守性。核苷酸序列分析表明,P80基因可编码丝氨酸类蛋白酶及RNA解旋酶。     

温度和土壤水分与Bt棉铃壳中杀虫蛋白表达关系及其氮代谢生理机制

【目的】明确温度和土壤水分对Bt棉杀虫蛋白含量及其氮代谢活性的影响,为生产中Bt棉抗虫性的安全稳定利用提供理论参考。【方法】2016-2017年以转Bt抗虫基因抗虫棉常规品种泗抗1号（SK1）和杂交种泗抗3号（SK3）为材料,采用盆栽法,设置29℃、32℃、35℃、38℃ 4个温度水平,土壤最大持水量的80%、70%、60%、50%、40% 5个土壤水分水平,观察温度和土壤水分对Bt棉铃壳杀虫蛋白含量的影响,各处理持续胁迫4 d。2016年主要研究各处理对Bt棉铃壳中杀虫蛋白含量的影响;在此基础上,2017年进一步探讨各处理对铃壳中可溶性蛋白含量、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶（GOT）、蛋白酶、肽酶活性的影响。【结果】SK1和SK3杀虫蛋白含量均在32℃、最大持水量为60%时最高,分别达到471.1 ng·g^-1 FW和351.7 ng·g^-1 FW。在同一土壤水分条件下,32℃最利于SK1和SK3杀虫蛋白表达;同一温度条件下,最大持水量60%利于SK1和SK3杀虫蛋白表达。对杀虫蛋白含量与温度和土壤水分关系进行二元多项式回归分析发现,Bt棉杀虫蛋白含量（Y）与温度（X₂）和土壤水分（X₁）呈二元二次方程关系,其中SK1、SK3相关方程分别为Y=-3230.2+17.2X₁+199.1X₂-0.3X₁²-3.7X₂²-0.7X₁X₂ （r＝0.829^**）、Y=-3322.0+40.7X₁+145.2X₂-0.3X₁²-2.0X₂²-0.3X₁X₂（r＝0.739^**）。SK1的杀虫蛋白表达量最大的温度和土壤水分条件为31.8℃、57.8%,SK3为33.2℃、60.8%。氮代谢相关生理特征表明,SK1和SK3均表现为在32℃和土壤含水量为60%处理下,棉铃中可溶性蛋白含量、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶（GOT）活性较高,蛋白酶、肽酶活性较低;杀虫蛋白含量与可溶性蛋白和GOT活性呈极显著正相关关系（r＝0.613**;r＝0.735**）,与蛋白酶活性和肽酶活性呈极显著负相关关系（r＝-0.724**;r＝-0.738**）。【结论】温度和土壤水分通过调控蛋白质分解和合成,共同影响Bt棉杀虫蛋白表达,且与其含量呈二元二次方程关系。     

水牛RNA聚合酶Ⅲ启动子的克隆与鉴定

[目的]获得有效的水牛RNA聚合酶Ⅲ启动子序列,为开展水牛源细胞的基因特异沉默研究奠定基础.[方法]通过启动子上、下游保守序列对水牛源启动子7SK、U6进行克隆和启动子关键顺式作用元件识别,利用一段针对EGFP的shRNA片段（shEGFP）对水牛7SK、U6启动子进行功能性分析,然后分别在水牛源及鼠源细胞中与pEGFP-N1共转染,转染48h后用荧光显微镜检测EGFP的表达情况,并用流式细胞仪和荧光实时定量PCR检测EGFP沉默表达情况.[结果]克隆获得水牛7SK、U6启动子序列分别为430和357 bp,其OCT-1（或CACCC盒）及TATA盒高度保守.连接shEGFP后与pEGFP-N1共转染细胞,通过荧光显微镜可观察到细胞发生了明显的荧光表达沉默现象;通过流式细胞分析,发现水牛7SK和U6启动子引导的shEGFP在水牛源细胞中沉默效率高达93.82％和87.45％;荧光实时定量PCR检测结果显示,在转染bu7SK-shEGFP和buU6-shEGFP的水牛源BFF细胞中,EGFP表达水平均显著低于其他物种启动子的细胞转染组（P＜0.05）,而在鼠源PT67细胞中,水牛启动子的启动效率与其他物种启动子差异不显著（P＞0.05）.[结论]水牛7SK和U6启动子可高效启动shRNA表达,且具有一定的物种特异性.     

黑果枸杞外整流钾离子通道SKOR基因的克隆及表达分析

黑果枸杞Lycium ruthenicum为多年生野生灌木,由于其珍贵的营养价值和强非生物胁迫抗性受到广泛关注。为研究黑果枸杞钾离子（K+）/钠离子（Na+）选择性运输的分子机制,从转录组数据中筛选出拟外整流K+通道基因,提取黑果枸杞根系总RNA为模板,采用反转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）方法分离出该拟似SKOR基因。序列分析显示:该基因序列长2 448 bp,编码815个氨基酸。通过比对发现:该基因与拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana等植物中已报道的SKOR基因编码的氨基酸序列同源性在60%以上,与几种茄科Solanaceae植物的SKOR同源性高达90%以上。进一步对该基因进行表达分析,结果显示:LrSKOR被盐碱处理强烈诱导而被高盐处理微弱诱导,盐碱处理是高盐处理的6.81倍,是对照的23.79倍,说明LrSKOR的表达受到盐以及盐碱胁迫调控,并且pH值对其表达水平有显著影响。     

猪瘟病毒C株重组标记疫苗的构建

利用构建的猪瘟病毒C株感染性克隆作为骨架,利用猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5基因作为标记基因,将GP5基因引入猪瘟病毒感染性cDNA中,体外转录得到RNA,转染SK6细胞后,检测了传代细胞中重组猪瘟病毒包含GP5区段的一段重组序列。结果表明,GP5基因稳定地插入在重组病毒基因组中,改造后的重组病毒可望作为C株活病毒标记疫苗。     

Requirement of the inositol trisphosphate receptor for activation of store-operated Ca2+ channels

The coupling mechanism between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium ion (Ca2+) stores and plasma membrane (PM) store-operated channels (SOCs) is crucial to Ca2+ signaling but has eluded detection. SOCs may be functionally related to the TRP family of receptor-operated channels. Direct comparison of endogenous SOCs with stably expressed TRP3 channels in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells revealed that TRP3 channels differ in being store independent. However, condensed cortical F-actin prevented activation of both SOC and TRP3 channels, which suggests that ER-PM interactions underlie coupling of both channels. A cell-permeant inhibitor of inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) function, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, prevented both receptor-induced TRP3 activation and store-induced SOC activation. It is concluded that InsP3Rs mediate both SOC and TRP channel opening and that the InsP3R is essential for maintaining coupling between store emptying and physiological activation of SOCs.     

K+ current diversity is produced by an extended gene family conserved in Drosophila and mouse

The Drosophila Shaker gene on the X chromosome has three sister genes, Shal, Shab, and Shaw, which map to the second and third chromosomes. This extended gene family encodes voltage-gated potassium channels with widely varying kinetics (rate of macroscopic current activation and inactivation) and voltage sensitivity of steady-state inactivation. The differences in the currents of the various gene products are greater than the differences produced by alternative splicing of the Shaker gene. In Drosophila, the transient (A current) subtype of the potassium channel (Shaker and Shal) and the delayed-rectifier subtype (Shab and Shaw) are encoded by homologous genes, and there is more than one gene for each subtype of channel. Homologs of Shaker, Shal, Shab, and Shaw are present in mammals; each Drosophila potassium-channel gene may be represented as a multigene subfamily in mammals.     

Membrane-Potential Alteration During K＋ Uptake of Different Salt-Tolerant Wheat Varieties

K＋ is the most abundant cation in plant cells and plays an important role in many ways.K＋ uptake of plant has respect to its salt resistant capacity.There are two categories of channel transportation for plants to uptake K＋,one is through K＋ channels and the other is through nonselective cation channels（NSCCs）.The transmembrane localization of K＋ may change membrane potential（MP）.In this paper,three wheat varieties with different salt tolerance were selected and the MP was measured by microelectrode during K＋ uptake.The results showed that the effects of K＋ uptake on MP through K＋ channels or NSCCs were distinct.K＋ influx through K＋ channels led to MP hyperpolarization,while K＋ influx through NSCCs resulted in depolarization.Diverse MP alteration of wheat varieties with different salt tolerance was mainly due to NSCCs-mediated K＋ uptake.Compared with the salt-tolerant wheat,the MP hyperpolarization during K＋ uptake of saltsensitive wheat was much more evident,probably because of the cation outflux through NSCCs during this process.     

Mutations affecting TEA blockade and ion permeation in voltage-activated K+ channels

Voltage-dependent ion channels are responsible for electrical signaling in neurons and other cells. The main classes of voltage-dependent channels (sodium-, calcium-, and potassium-selective channels) have closely related molecular structures. For one member of this superfamily, the transiently voltage-activated Shaker H4 potassium channel, specific amino acid residues have now been identified that affect channel blockade by the small ion tetraethylammonium, as well as the conduction of ions through the pore. Furthermore, variation at one of these amino acid positions among naturally occurring potassium channels may account for most of their differences in sensitivity to tetraethylammonium.     

Immunocyte Ca2+ influx system mediated by LTRPC2

We characterized an activation mechanism of the human LTRPC2 protein, a member of the transient receptor potential family of ion channels, and demonstrated that LTRPC2 mediates Ca2+ influx into immunocytes. Intracellular pyrimidine nucleotides, adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose (ADPR), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), directly activated LTRPC2, which functioned as a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel and enabled Ca2+ influx into cells. This activation was suppressed by intracellular adenosine triphosphate. These results reveal that ADPR and NAD act as intracellular messengers and may have an important role in Ca2+ influx by activating LTRPC2 in immunocytes.