Neuroscience. Regional differences in cortical organization

Although there are elegants maps of the human brain that reveal differences in cellular architecture between different cortical regions, there is not much information about how corresponding cortical regions differ between the left and right hemispheres. As Gazzaniga explains in his Perspective, new results reveal the surprising finding of asymmetry in area 22 (which is important for language processing) of the left and right hemisphere (Galuske et al.). Clusters of neurons in area 22 of the left hemisphere are spaced farther apart and have longer axons cabling them together than neuronal clusters in area 22 of the right hemisphere.     

How learning to read changes the cortical networks for vision and language

Does literacy improve brain function? Does it also entail losses? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured brain responses to spoken and written language, visual faces, houses, tools, and checkers in adults of variable literacy (10 were illiterate, 22 became literate as adults, and 31 were literate in childhood). As literacy enhanced the left fusiform activation evoked by writing, it induced a small competition with faces at this location, but also broadly enhanced visual responses in fusiform and occipital cortex, extending to area V1. Literacy also enhanced phonological activation to speech in the planum temporale and afforded a top-down activation of orthography from spoken inputs. Most changes occurred even when literacy was acquired in adulthood, emphasizing that both childhood and adult education can profoundly refine cortical organization.     

Restriction of an extinct retrovirus by the human TRIM5alpha antiviral protein

Primate genomes contain a large number of endogenous retroviruses and encode evolutionarily dynamic proteins that provide intrinsic immunity to retroviral infections. We report here the resurrection of the core protein of a 4-million-year-old endogenous virus from the chimpanzee genome and show that the human variant of the intrinsic immune protein TRIM5alpha can actively prevent infection by this virus. However, we suggest that selective changes that have occurred in the human lineage during the acquisition of resistance to this virus, and perhaps similar viruses, may have left our species more susceptible to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).     

黔南惠水山地烤烟栽培调控技术研究

采用均匀设计对黔南惠水烟区覆膜和不覆膜条件下,对烤烟施氮量、种植密度和留叶数调控技术进行了研究。结果表明:惠水山地烤烟覆膜条件下,以施纯氮量105.0 kg/hm2,种植密度1.65万株/hm2,留叶数18～22片为宜;露地栽培条件下,以施纯氮量127.5 kg/hm2,密度1.65万株/hm2(行距为110 cm,株距为55～60 cm),留叶数20～22片为宜。     

不同整枝留瓜方式对大棚厚皮甜瓜源库关系的调节效应

为探讨不同整枝方式对厚皮甜瓜源库调节的效应,于2009年3-6月对大棚厚皮甜瓜进行双蔓双瓜(T1)、双蔓四瓜(T2)、单蔓双瓜(T3)、单蔓三瓜(T4)等不同整枝方式的试验。结果表明,不同整枝留瓜处理对不同生长发育阶段甜瓜平均单株叶面积和叶面积指数的影响差异显著,双蔓整枝处理在开花坐果期即可达到最适宜的叶面积指数,其叶面积指数分别为1.76和1.56。在果实成熟期,双蔓四瓜和单蔓三瓜的处理出现明显的早衰现象,叶面积指数迅速降低。双蔓双瓜处理的叶果比显著高于其他3个处理,其次是单蔓双瓜。双蔓四瓜的生殖器官干质量显著高于其他处理。双蔓四瓜和单蔓三瓜能有效地提高产量,但平均单瓜质量较低,品质劣于T1和T3处理。综上所述,厚皮甜瓜爬地栽培时,双蔓双瓜是调节源库关系、延缓功能叶早衰的适宜整枝方式。     

巢湖浮游甲壳动物功能群时空变化及其影响因子分析

为研究巢湖中浮游甲壳动物功能群的时空变化特征及其主要影响因子，在巢湖的主要河口区以及敞水区共设置了20个采样点，对浮游甲壳动物群落结构和水环境因子进行了调查和分析。结果表明：（1）巢湖河口区的8个采样点中共鉴定出枝角类10属21种，桡足类11属16种；敞水区12个点中鉴定出枝角类9属18种，桡足类12属13种；共22属39种。（2）巢湖河口区和敞水区浮游甲壳动物平均密度为530.8 ind·L^-1和506.3 ind·L^-1，平均生物量分别为14.7 ind·L^-1和21.5 ind·L^-1；浮游甲壳动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显示巢湖秋季河口区的污染程度高于敞水区。（3）巢湖浮游甲壳动物按照体型大小和食性可划分5个功能群，其中，河口区有SCF、LCF共2个优势功能群，敞水区有SCF、LCF、MCF共3个优势功能群，SCF在功能群中占绝对的优势地位。（4）水温是影响河口区和敞水区浮游甲壳动物功能群主要的环境理化因子；巢湖敞水区中浮游甲壳动物LCF功能群能显著影响SCF、MCC、LCC等功能群。巢湖河口区污染程度高于敞水区，巢湖的富营养化治理和藻类水华控制应侧重于河口区的外源污染治理；敞水区可以通过调整浮游甲壳动物功能群结构重建水生生态系统。     

上海临港新城地表沉积物与径流重金属污染研究

以上海临港新城主城区为研究区域,分析了交通区、商居混合区和文教区地表沉积物的粒径组成和重金属污染,监测了不同功能区的地表径流水质;同时估算了地表沉积物和地表径流中6种重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg和As)单位面积污染负荷和径流年污染负荷。结果表明:不同功能区地表沉积物样品粒径分布较为相似,65%~85%以上的颗粒质量集中在直径300μm以下的细沙中;不同功能区地表沉积物中,交通区Cu、Pb、Cr浓度较高,商居混合区和文教区的Hg和As的浓度较高,Cd在各功能区分布较为平均;不同功能区地表径流瞬时水样重金属浓度波动范围较大,文教区径流水质重金属污染较为严重。文教区沉积物6种重金属单位面积污染负荷和地表径流年污染负荷均高于商居混合区和交通区,文教区Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg和As单位面积沉积物污染负荷分别为2.03、0.205、2.42、2.82、0.0171和1.63 mg/m2,地表径流年污染负荷分别为37.21、1.10、19.46、9.60、0.83和7.22 g/(hm2·a)。     

烟蚜茧蜂生物学研究Ⅳ．──繁殖力、内禀增长力、功能反应及对桃蚜的抑制作用

在恒定的实验室条件下测定了寄生于桃蚜２～３龄若虫的烟蚜茧蜂的繁殖力和寿命。在２２℃下在寄主密度分别为５，１０，２５，１００或２００头／ｄ蚜虫时，寄生蜂平均寿命为３．６～６．８ｄ。试验证明雌蜂产卵量及寄生蚜虫数量为随寄主密度的增加而呈负加速上升，但当密度高于５０头／ｄ蚜虫时，两者均不再明显上升。分析证明烟蚜茧峰的内禀增长力随寄主密度增加而增加，在密度为２００头／ｄ蚜虫时达到最大值，为０．３６４１。当供蚜密度从５增加到２００时烟蚜茧蜂的净生殖力增加了１８倍，但平均世代长度则不受影响。烟蚜茧蜂对桃蚜的功能反应属于ＨｏｌｌｉｎｇⅡ型反应，经计算其ａ＝６．０３４１，Ｔｈ＝０．０１４。此外，还在７个不同起始密度下测定了烟蚜茧蜂对桃蚜种群的抑制作用。     

日光温室早春茬水果黄瓜品种评价研究

[目的]筛选出适合烟台市及气候相似地区栽培的水果型黄瓜品种。[方法]对中农19号、夏之光(22-35)、戴多星、欧泽168、新星(NOVA)、伯金(BERGKAMP)6个水果型黄瓜进行品种比较试验。[结果]新星(NOVA)、夏之光(22-35)表现较为突出,不仅产量居前2位,而且抗病性强,果实商品性状也较好;戴多星、中农19号表现次之;欧泽168表现较差。[结论]新星(NOVA)、夏之光(22-35)水果型黄瓜品种适合在烟台市及气候相似地区进行大面积推广,戴多星、中农19号可作为搭配品种。     

冠层温度中间型小麦叶片的显微结构特征

采用石蜡切片方法，研究了冠层温度偏冷型中间型小麦和偏暖型中间型小麦功能叶片的显微结构特征。研究表明，偏冷型中间型小麦在叶片厚度、叶脉间距和维管束面积等解剖特性方面和冷型小麦相似，而偏暖型中间型小麦与暖型小麦相似。偏冷型中间型小麦与偏暖型中间型小麦相比，叶片厚度和叶脉间距均较小；维管束横截面积占叶片横截面积的百分率较高。     

浙江沿海地区普通白菜农家品种资源形态性状和农艺性状的聚类分析

从浙江沿海地区采集到白菜农家资源22份,通过63个形态性状和农艺性状的鉴定评价,对资源间进行了欧氏距离测定和聚类分析,表明了浙江沿海地区白菜资源的多样性,33个质量性状的表型出现率为69.5%,30个数量性状的变异系数平均为26.2%;22个资源中以质量性状计算的欧氏距离平均为5.8,最小的为0;聚类结果表明在距离5处可以把22个资源分成3类;综合比较认为有3对材料极为相似,有同种异名的可能性。     

Attention to intention

Intention is central to the concept of voluntary action. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared conditions in which participants made self-paced actions and attended either to their intention to move or to the actual movement. When they attended to their intention rather than their movement, there was an enhancement of activity in the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA). We also found activations in the right dorsal prefrontal cortex and left intraparietal cortex. Prefrontal activity, but not parietal activity, was more strongly coupled with activity in the pre-SMA. We conclude that activity in the pre-SMA reflects the representation of intention.     

甘蔗/ 大豆间作模式的生产力分析

通过田间试验对比分析了甘蔗单作、大豆单作及甘蔗/大豆间作3 种种植模式下杂草数量、土壤养分情 况、作物的产量及土地当量比。结果表明院（1）甘蔗/大豆隔行间作模式中,田间杂草数为16.5~25.0 株/m2,而单作甘蔗 田间杂草数为40.0~45.0 株/m2,对比单作甘蔗,甘蔗/大豆隔行间作模式田间杂草数量显著减少;（2）在甘蔗/大豆隔行 间作模式中,土壤全氮、全磷、速效钾、速效磷分别提高0.03 g/kg、0.058 g/kg、0.1344 mg/kg 和5.34 mg/kg,表明间作模 式对土壤肥力有一定的改善作用;（3）甘蔗/大豆隔行间作模式下,甘蔗出苗率及甘蔗产量表现同甘蔗单作相比没有 明显差异,合理间作大豆对甘蔗生长没有负面影响;土地当量比为1.39~1.63,具有较强的间作优势。     

自信的静息态功能磁共振成像低频振幅研究

自信是现代人优秀的个性品质,也是自信进取性的重要构成要素.为研究自信的神经起源,采用静息态功能磁共振成像技术,以大脑自发神经活动的低频振幅、功能连接分析来探究与自信相关的脑区及脑网络.结果发现:左侧颞中回、右侧颞下回和中央后回的低频振幅值与自信有紧密关系;右侧颞下回与左侧中央前回和右侧中央后回之间的连接强度与自信正相关,该脑区与双侧额中回、右侧额上回、左侧顶上小叶和左侧扣带回之间的连接强度与自信负相关;右侧中央后回与双侧脑岛、右侧颞中回、左侧颞上回、左侧额上回的连接强度与自信正相关,与左侧楔前叶的连接强度和自信负相关.这些大脑区域连接与自信的关系表明自信品质具有广泛的脑功能网络基础,为自信及相关研究提供了新证据.     

家蚕发育恒定温区研究

在家蚕发育有效温区(7～4O℃)内采用多量点处理,发现家蚕幼虫、蛹及卵三个虫态都存在“发育恒定温区”,分别为22～27℃.22～27℃及23～26℃,认为“发育恒定温区”是种的固有特性,由于以往的温度——昆虫发育速率数学模型不能描述“发育恒定温区”,因而有提出研究新模型的必要。     

Functional neuroanatomical differences between adults and school-age children in the processing of single words

A critical issue in developmental cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which the functional neuroanatomy underlying task performance differs in adults and children. Direct comparisons of brain activation in the left frontal and extrastriate cortex were made in adults and children (aged 7 to 10 years) performing single-word processing tasks with visual presentation; differences were found in circumscribed frontal and extrastriate regions. Conceivably, these differences could be attributable exclusively to performance discrepancies; alternatively, maturational differences in functional neuroanatomy could exist despite similar performance. Some of the brain regions examined showed differences attributable to age independent of performance, suggesting that maturation of the pattern of regional activations for these tasks is incomplete at age 10.     

甘蔗品种桂糖42号的种性及其高产稳产性分析与评价

[目的]对甘蔗品种桂糖42号的种性及其高产稳产性进行分析与评价,为其大面积推广应用提供参考依据.[方法]以可代表广西蔗区70%土壤类型的金光农场为试验地点,选择高、中、低3种不同土壤类型的地块,以新台糖22号(ROC22)为对照,连续进行桂糖42号4年新植3年宿根共30点次的生产性试验;试验期间调查其主要农艺性状、抗性及产量表现,并采用高稳系数与变异系数相结合的方法分析其高产稳产性.[结果]桂糖42号新植蔗的萌芽率和茎径与ROC22接近,分蘖率、单位面积苗数和有效茎数高于ROC22,但差异均不显著(P>0.05,下同),株高则显著低于ROC22(P<0.05,下同).宿根蔗的株高略高于ROC22,茎径与ROC22相当,单位面积苗数和有效茎数较ROC22有明显优势,与ROC22的差异达显著或极显著(P<0.01,下同)水平.桂糖42号抗螟虫和抗梢腐病能力与ROC22相当,抗黑穗病、抗倒伏能力及抗旱性强于ROC22.新植蔗和宿根蔗的平均蔗糖分为14.95%~15.36%,均高于ROC22,但差异未达显著水平.1~3年宿根蔗茎产量和糖蔗产量分别比ROC22增产28.86%~62.93%和28.98%~63.03%,其中第3年宿根仍有较高的蔗茎产量和蔗糖产量,分别达80.02和12.32t/ha,4新3宿的平均蔗茎产量和蔗糖产量分别达95.32和14.43t/ha,比ROC22极显著增产18.38%和18.86%.从高稳系数和变异系数来看,桂糖42号新植蔗的产量稳定性较ROC22略差,但宿根蔗和新宿平均的产量稳定性较高,较ROC22有明显优势.[结论]桂糖42号在广西金光农场表现出高产高糖、宿根性强、抗旱性好、脱叶性好及抗倒性强等诸多优良特性,适宜在广西及国内相同土壤类型蔗区进一步推广种植.     

Functional organization of the second cortical visual area in primates

The functional organization of the second cortical visual area was examined with three different anatomical markers: 2-[14C]deoxy-D-glucose, cytochrome oxidase, and various myelin stains. All three markers revealed strips running throughout the area, parallel to the cortical surface. The boundaries of these strips provide an anatomical criterion for defining the borders of this extrastriate region. Further, the demonstration of these strips allows a functional and anatomical analysis of modules in the area, just as the recent demonstration of spots in the primary visual cortex has allowed an analysis of modules there. The strips differ structurally and functionally from interstrip regions and these differences are similar to those seen between the spots and the interspot regions in the primary visual cortex. In the macaque the strips and spots differ with regard to binocular organization.     

不同垄距及株距对甘薯产量的影响

通过对徐薯22进行不同垄距及株距的组合试验,探索高淀粉含量甘薯品种徐薯22在咸宁市的配套栽培技术对其产量的影响.结果表明,不同垄距及株距对产量均存在显著差异,徐薯22在我市种植最适宜的组合是垄距80 cm、株距21 cm,单产达48340.7 kg/hm2.     

Layer-specific somatosensory cortical activation during active tactile discrimination

Ensemble neuronal activity was recorded in each layer of the whisker area of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) while rats performed a whisker-dependent tactile discrimination task. Comparison of this activity with SI activity evoked by similar passive whisker stimulation revealed fundamental differences in tactile signal processing during active and passive stimulation. Moreover, significant layer-specific functional differences in SI activity were observed during active discrimination. These differences could not be explained solely by variations in ascending thalamocortical input to SI. Instead, these results suggest that top-down influences during active discrimination may alter the overall functional nature of SI as well as layer-specific mechanisms of tactile processing.