日粮营养补添与粗饲料利用

粗饲料的营养价值较低。通过适宜的日粮营养补添调控反刍动物瘤胃微生物区系的生长可提高粗饲料的利用效率。日粮营养补添包括 :改善日粮精粗比以增加能量供给 ;供给瘤胃氨态氮 ;补添蛋白 ;补添矿物元素 ;以及应用酸碱或缓冲盐。     

提高反刍动物粗饲料利用率的营养措施

在反刍动物日粮中,粗饲料通常占40%～80%,甚至更高,是瘤胃微生物和宿主动物重要的营养来源。实际生产中可通过补添适宜的营养调控瘤胃微生物区系的生长,从而提高反刍动物对粗饲料的利用效率,提高其营养价值。本文综述了粗饲料在反刍动物中的营养作用及提高反刍动物粗饲料利用率的营养措施。     

浅谈影响瘤胃纤维降解的主要因素及其调控技术

提高反刍动物瘤胃的纤维降解率是增加粗饲料利用的有效途径。本文综合分析了国内外相关研究后认为；针对影响瘤胃纤维降解的主要因素，瘤胃调控手段可从瘤胃环境的物理、营养、瘤胃徽生物系统等方面进行。     

粗饲料粒度对反刍动物体外发酵机制的研究

我国粗饲料资源丰富,是反刍动物日粮中重要的营养来源。粗饲料的粒度大小可直接影响反刍动物营养消化,适宜的长度能促进反刍动物的咀嚼活动并改善瘤胃发酵功能。因此文章针对粗饲料粒度大小对反刍动物瘤胃发酵特征以及养分消化率方面进行了综述,以期对粗饲料粒度在反刍动物体外发酵机制上的研究提供参考。     

反刍动物饲料纤维的营养调控作用

提高反刍动物瘤胃的纤维降解率是增加粗饲料利用的有效途径.本文从饲料纤维对反刍动物采食量、咀嚼和反刍,对瘤胃发酵的调控以及对消化、生产性能和健康的影响三个方面综述了饲料纤维的营养调控作用.     

Research Progress of Effects of Maternal Supplementing Rumen-Protected Methionine during Transition Period on Growth and Development of Young Ruminant and Regulatory Mechanism北大核心CSCD

围产期是反刍动物重要的生理阶段,研究发现反刍动物围产期补饲过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPM)不仅对母体具有显著的营养调控作用,对幼畜的生长发育、机体健康和产品品质等也有重要影响。因此,本文从RPM的营养调控功能,围产期补饲RPM调控母体、胎儿后期及幼龄阶段的影响及调控机制进行综述,以期进一步为反刍动物围产期营养调控研究提供理论依据。     

粗饲料在反刍动物中的营养作用及其影响因素

我国粗饲料资源丰富，是反刍家畜的重要饲料来源，在反刍动物日粮中，粗饲料通常占40%-70%，甚至更高，是瘤胃微生物和宿主动物重要的营养来源，对维持反刍动物肠道健康，提高其生产力，有着重要作用。本文就粗饲料在反刍动物营养中的应用及其影响因素进行了阐述。     

提高反刍动物粗饲料利用效率的综合营养措施

传统的观念认为改善粗饲料营养价值的方法很多,包括物理、化学和微生物处理法.Cheeke则认为包括物理和化学方法在内的粗饲料加工对其营养品质改善有限,而通过适宜的营养补添、优化瘤胃环境,从而实现动物对粗饲料的最佳利用才是开发粗饲料营养潜力的根本途径.     

微量元素在反刍动物生产中的应用

微量元素在反刍动物体内发挥着重要作用,作者阐述了微量元素在反刍动物体内的营养作用,以及其对反刍动物生产性能、繁殖性能和瘤胃微生物的影响。为合理补饲微量元素、调控瘤胃发酵、提高生产性能和繁殖性能提供参考依据。     

瘤胃肽代谢的研究进展

瘤胃是反刍动物特有的消化器官，瘤胃蛋白质代谢的调控将是今后长时期内反刍动物营养研究的重点。肽作为蛋白质降解的中间产物，在氨基酸消化、吸收和代谢中起着重要作用。肽是瘤胃微生物的重要营养来源，包括细菌、原虫和真菌都具有水解蛋白质的能力，利用蛋白质降解产物-肽、氨基酸和氨-作为氮源以维持其生长，并合成微生物蛋白。作者从蛋白质在瘤胃消化过程中肽的释放和降解、瘤胃内肽的吸收、瘤胃肽代谢的调控、肽对瘤胃微生物的营养作用等方面阐述了当前瘤胃肽代谢的研究进展。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -