Insecticide residues in the Tuttle Creek Reservoir Ecosystem, Kansas-1970-71.

Various components of the aquatic ecosystem of Tuttle Creek Reservoir on the Big Blue River in northeastern Kansas were examined for organochlorine insecticide residues in 1970-71. Components examined were water, sediments, periphyton, zooplankton, insects, and whole-body samples of 10 common fish species. Only dieldrin and sigmaDDT residues were detected. Dieldrin was found in part of the nonfish samples at levels ranging up to 0.01 ppm and in 97 percent of the fish samples with a high level of 0.17 ppm. SigmaDDT residues were also detected in part of the nonfish samples at levels ranging up to 0.42 ppm, and in 98 percent of the fish samples at levels as high as 0.57 ppm. Authors' findings are roughly similar to those of other surveys of Kansas fishes. All levels are relatively low compared with those reported in surveys from other parts of the Nation.     

The weathering of ant baits containing aldrin,dieldrin and meirx in trinidad

Sufficinent amounts of insecticide remained in baits to be effecitive against ants over the period when baits retained their attractiveness. Aldrin was lost at similar rates from waterproofed and non-waterproofed baits, but the former had advantages over the latter. Dieldrin and mirex were lost at slower ratesthan aldrin, and insecticide losses were governed by temperature and not by rainfall.     

Nationwide residues of organochlorine compounds in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), 1976.

Organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in starlings from 126 sites within the contiguous 48 states were monitored during fall 1976. The average nationwide level of DDE and PCBs has increased significantly since 1974, but the number of sites reporting PCB residues has decreased fivefold. Dieldrin residues have remained unchanged since 1974. Highest DDE levels occurred in samples from parts of Arizona, Arkansas, California, Louisiana, and New Mexico.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in human milk samples from women living in Northwest and Northeast Mississippi, 1973-75

Organochlorine pesticide analyses were performed on human milk samples obtained from 34 women living in the Mississippi Delta, a high pesticide usage area, and from six women living in Starkville, Mississippi, a low pesticide usage area. Nine women collected samples before and after their babies had nursed so that fat levels and sigma DDT levels could be compared on whole milk and milk fat bases. sigma DDT values were independent of collection time if calculated on a milk fat basis, but not if calculated on a whole milk basis. Thus, the most consistent indicator of DDT residues were values calculated on a milk fat basis. Residue levels for p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and sigma DDT were significantly different (P less than 0.01) in samples from the two areas. Residues of o,p'-DDT, beta-BHC, and oxychlordane in milk samples from women living in the high pesticide usage area also were significantly different (P less than 0.05). A mean value of 19.17 ppm sigma DDT, found in the milk fat of samples from the high pesticide usage area, is the highest ever reported. Samples from the low pesticide usage area contained a mean level of 2.36 ppm sigma DDT.     

Nationwide residues of organochlorine compounds in wings of adult mallards and black ducks, 1976-77.

Organochlorine residues in wings of adult mallards and black ducks were monitored nationwide during the 1976-77 hunting season. DDE was found in all samples. Levels were unchanged since the 1972-73 collections in all migratory routes except the Pacific Flyway, in which residue levels declined significantly. Dieldrin levels had not changed in any flyway and residues remained low. PCB levels declined significantly in the Atlantic Flyway but remained stable in other flyways. Heptachlor epoxide, mirex, endrin, hexachlorobenzene, and chlordane isomers were detected in low amounts in some samples.     

Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from Tasmania, Australia--1973.

Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) from 19 sites in Tasmania were surveyed for pesticide residues. All samples were analyzed for dieldrin and DDT, and five samples were analyzed for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and lindane. Only DDT was found in all samples. Dieldrin levels were high in oysters from the Tamar River, but were highest (0.39 mg/kg wet weight) in samples from Ruffin's Bay. In contrast, other residue levels were low. Distribution of pesticides in Tamar River samples differed: dieldrin could be correlated with industrial uses upstream and DDT could be correlated with low-level widespread agricultural use.     

Environmental exposure to residues after aerial spraying of endosulfan: residues in cow milk,fish, water,soil and cashew leaf in Kasargode,Kerala, India

A detailed study has been conducted to evaluate the residues of endosulfan and its principal metabolite (alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) which may have accumulated in environmental samples due to regular aerial spray application of endosulfan on cashew leaf plantation for a period of 20 years. Three months after the last spray of endosulfan 350 g litre-1 EC at 300 ml acre-1 (equivalent to 105 g AI acre-1 = 42.5 g ha-1), a total of 93 samples of cow milk, fish, water, soil and dried cashew leaf were collected from a village in Kasargode District, Kerala, India, where endosulfan contamination was likely to have occurred. All the samples were analyzed for total residues of endosulfan (comprising alpha- and beta-endosulfan), endosulfan sulfate and also the potential hydrolysis product endosulfan diol, using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The minimum detection limits of total endosulfan was 0.001 microgram g-1. Analysis of soil samples showed the deposition of total endosulfan residues in the range < 0.001-0.010 microgram g-1, and dried leaf samples showed residues of endosulfan in the range < 0.001-3.43 micrograms g-1 dry weight. In cow milk, fish and water, endosulfan residues could not be detected above the minimum detection limit. Endosulfan diol was not observed in any sample. The data obtained was confirmed by GC-MS-EI using selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode.     

Residues of organochlorines and heavy metals in ruddy ducks from the Delaware River, 1973.

In December 1973, eight ruddy ducks killed in an oil spill on the Delaware River were collected to be analyzed for residues of environmental pollutants. Whole carcasses were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and livers were examined for lead, cadmium, and mercury. Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT and/or its metabolites were present in all carcasses. Dieldrin and hexachlorobenzene were present in seven of the eight samples. All livers contained detectable levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury.     

Fenvalerate residues in milk following topical treatments to dairy cows

Two mature Holstein cows were treated with 0.1g of fenvalerate each, in six consecutive topical treatments at intervals of 3 or 4 days. Neither of the diastereoisomers of fenvalerate was detected in the milk 6h after the application. After 3 days, the mean fenvalerate residue was 0.46μg litre⁻¹; by day 4, this residue had declined below the detection limit of 0.1μg litre⁻¹ for each of the diastereoisomers. Two Holstein cows were also treated with 0.5g of fenvalerate per cow in three consecutive topical treatments at intervals of 14 days. Residues in whole milk were at a maximum 6h after treatment and declined to less than 0.2μg litre⁻¹ over 21 days. Only 0.03 to 0.06% of the applied fenvalerate appeared in the milk as the intact insecticide.     

Residues of HCH in milk after its oral administration or dermal application to indian buffalo,Bubalus bubalis (L.)

The excretion of HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) residues in the milk of Indian buffalo, the main milch cattle of India, after oral or dermal exposure to technical HCH was studied. Following the intake of 10, 25,50 and 100 mg of technical HCH by different groups of buffaloes, HCH residues in milk showed an initial rapid rise but soon attained a dose-dependent equilibrium. The transfer coefficient of HCH residues in milk fat at 'plateau' showed an average value of about 15%. Half-life values for the rate of decline of HCH residues during the post-dosing period were computed according to a two open-compartment model. Dermal application of technical HCH to buffaloes also resulted in significant residues in milk. The proportions of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-isomers of HCH in milk of buffaloes following oral and dermal routes of exposures were different. The significance of these results in the regulation of HCH residues in milk is discussed.     

Pesticide residues in human milk, Alberta, Canada--1966-70, 1977-78

Organochlorine pesticide residues were determined in human milk of residents of Alberta, Canada, during 1966-70 and 1977-78. Levels of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and some common organophosphorus pesticides were also monitored during 1977-78. Average residue levels were generally lower in 1977-78 samples, whereas the percent incidence of residues was generally lower in 1966-70 samples. beta-BHC was found in all 1977-78 samples, but was not detected in 1966-70 samples. PCBs were detected in all but two of the 1977-78 samples. Average levels of p,p'-DDT and is metabolites were substantially lower during the second period than during the first. Large increases in the average levels and percent incidences of heptachlor epoxide and o,p'-DDT have been attributed to refinements in both cleanup and gas chromatographic analysis. Although no PBBs or organophosphorus pesticides were detected in 1977-78 samples, an unidentified hydrocarbon similar to dicofol was found in all samples of that period. No correlation between donor age groups and average pesticide residue levels could be inferred.     

Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain. Pesticide residues in raspberries and strawberries

Over the period 1968/70 147 samples of raspberries and 124 samples of strawberries were analysed for organochlorine insecticide residues. DDT was found in 30% of the samples but only one sample contained as much as 1.4 parts/million. No residues were detected in the raspberries during the last year of the survey which coincided with the discontinued use of DDT on this crop. 184 of the above samples were also analysed for residues of organophosphorus insecticides and the fungicide dichlofluanid. Malathion was found in one sample of raspberries. Approximately 40% of the strawberries contained detectable amounts of dichlofluanid and its metabolite with combined residues ranging from 0.1 to 7.5 parts/million. Only two samples of raspberries contained residues of either dichlofluanid or its metabolite. It is considered that the residues of these various pesticides should not present a hazard to consumers.     

Organochlorine residues in fish: National Pesticide Monitoring Program, 1970-74

As part of the National Pesticide Monitoring Program, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service analyzed organochlorine contaminant residues in fish samples collected from about 100 stations each year from 1970 to 1974. During this period, mean residues of DDT and its metabolites declined nationally but remained widespread, and high concentrations continued to be present in areas where DDT use was extensive. Results of interlaboratory crosscheck analyses supported these conclusions, despite interpretation problems posed by intercompound analytical interferences in 1970 and 1971. Temporal trends in PCB residues were less obvious. Highest PCB residues were found in the industrialized areas of the Northwest and Midwest, and traces were present at most stations. Dieldrin and endrin residues remained essentially unchanged during this period; dieldrin residues were widespread and were highest in Hawaii and in areas of the Midwest where aldrin was used extensively. Toxaphene occurrence increased; it was formerly found only in fish from streams draining cotton-farming regions, but residues were detected in 1974 samples from other areas. According to the recommendation of the National Academy of Sciences' Water Quality Criteria, organochlorine residues in freshwater fish may have represented a hazard to piscivorous fish and wildlife at 71 percent of the stations sampled in 1970 and 66 percent in 1974.     

Residues of aldicarb in coconut

Determinations were made of aldicarb residues in coconut cultivated on soils containing aldicarb granules. The quantitative estimations in coconut milk and kernel were made by colorimetry and gas-liquid chromatography; samples harvested at various times were analysed. Residues in samples of kernel did not exceed 0.04 mg kg^?1 (total toxic aldicarb residues), while milk samples showed no detectable residues.     

Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain: XIII.—Organochlorine residues in cereals,pulses and nuts

Results are presented for the determination of organochlorine insecticide residues in grain, pulses and nuts sampled on arrival in Britain during the 2½ years up to June 1969. BHC was detected in nearly every sample but the general level was low, most samples containing less than 0·1 ppm. DDT was found less frequently. Very few samples contained more than 1 ppm of either insecticide. DDE in trace amounts was found in about 10% of the samples of grain and nuts and TDE was found in one sample of grain. The only other organochlorine compounds detected were aldrin in one sample of pulses and hexachlorobenzene in 7 samples of wheat.     

Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and mercury in coastal young-of-the-year finfish, South Carolina and Georgia--1972-74.

Pesticides and heavy metals were monitored in fish collected from 11 estuaries representing all the Atlantic drainage basins in Georgia and South Carolina. Part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Estuarine Monitoring Program, the semianual survey of young-of-the-year fishes, was conducted from 1972 to 1974. Data are intended to provide an initial base line for residue levels in the fish studied in these waters. Dieldrin was found in 2 percent of the samples, DDT and metabolites were in 33 percent, polychlorinated biphenyls were in 4 percent, and mercury was in 47 percent. Noticeably absent were any measurable residues of toxaphene even though there is a toxaphene manufacturing plant in Brunswick, Ga.     

牛奶中14种除草剂残留的气相色谱-串联质谱检测方法开发

建立了同时快速检测牛奶中14种除草剂残留的气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)分析方法.样品采用乙腈提取,无水硫酸镁和无水乙酸钠净化,过0.22μm有机相滤膜后,目标物采用气相色谱-串联质谱(EI离子源)、多反应监测模式(MRM)检测.结果表明:在0.005～1 mg/L范围内,14种目标除草剂的质量浓度与其相应峰面...     

Dissipation of quinalphos residues on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var.capitata)

The dissipation of quinalphos on the main and spring crops of cauliflower sprayed at a rate of 250 g a.i./ha was studied. The residues of the insecticide were estimated in the samples taken at various intervals by using gas-liquid chromatography and the TLC-enzyme inhibition technique. Quinalphos residues took about 7 and 4 days to reach a level lower than 0.25 ppm on the curds of the main and spring crops, respectively. The oxygen analog of quinalphos was also detectable, in negligible amounts. About 95% of the insecticide degraded on the cauliflower within 8 days. Repeated applications of the insecticide did not result in any build-up of the residues.     

Excretion of DDT residues into milk of the Indian buffalo,Bubalus bubalis (L.) after oral and dermal exposure

Three groups of buffaloes were fed with 20, 100 and 400 mg of p,p′-DDT in their daily rations. The DDT residues in the milk fat of the treated animals showed an initial rapid rise but soon attained a dose-dependent equilibrium. The transfer coefficient of DDT residues in milk at ‘plateau’ levels showed an average value of about 12%. Half-life values for the rate of decline of DDT residues during the post-dosing period were computed according to a two-open-compartment model. Dermal application of p,p′-DDT to buffaloes also resulted in excretion of a significant amount of its residues in milk. TDE was the predominant compound present in milk when buffaloes had ingested p,p′-DDT, whilst p,p′-DDT itself was present in greater quantity than its metabolites when animals were treated dermally.     

Residues of zeta‐cypermethrin in bovine tissues and milk following pour‐on and spray application

The depletion of zeta‐cypermethrin residues in bovine tissues and milk was studied. Beef cattle were treated three times at 3‐week intervals with 1 ml 10 kg^?1 body weight of a 25 g litre^?1 or 50 g litre^?1 pour‐on formulation (2.5 and 5.0 mg zeta‐cypermethrin kg^?1 body weight) or 100 mg kg^?1 spray to simulate a likely worst‐case treatment regime. Friesian and Jersey dairy cows were treated once with 2.5 mg zeta‐cypermethrin kg^?1 in a pour‐on formulation. Muscle, liver and kidney residue concentrations were generally less than the limit of detection (LOD = 0.01 mg kg^?1). Residues in renal‐fat and back‐fat samples from animals treated with 2.5 mg kg^?1 all exceeded the limit of quantitation (LOQ = 0.05 mg kg^?1), peaking at 10 days after treatment. Only two of five kidney fat samples were above the LOQ after 34 days, but none of the back‐fat samples exceeded the LOQ at 28 days after treatment. Following spray treatments, fat residues were detectable in some animals but were below the LOQ at all sampling intervals. Zeta‐cypermethrin was quantifiable (LOQ = 0.01 mg kg^?1) in only one whole‐milk sample from the Friesian cows (0.015 mg kg^?1, 2 days after treatment). In whole milk from Jersey cows, the mean concentration of zeta‐cypermethrin peaked 1 day after treatment, at 0.015 mg kg^?1, and the highest individual sample concentration was 0.025 mg kg^?1 at 3 days after treatment. Residues in milk were not quantifiable beginning 4 days after treatment. The mean concentrations of zeta‐cypermethrin in milk fat from Friesian and Jersey cows peaked two days after treatment at 0.197 mg kg^?1 and 0.377 mg kg^?1, respectively, and the highest individual sample concentrations were 2 days after treatment at 0.47 mg kg^?1 and 0.98 mg kg^?1, respectively. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry