模拟 N/S 沉降对米槠天然林土壤 N 净转化速率和 N2O 排放的影响

[目的]研究N／s沉降对中亚热带米槠天然林土壤硝化作用和N：0排放的影响。[方法]室内用NH。NO,／K,SO。模拟N／S沉降,在30℃和60％WHC水分条件下,恒温培养15d。在培养的第1、5、10和15天测定土壤NH4＋-N、NO3^--N和pH,在培养的第3、4、5和10天采集气体样品测定N,0浓度。[结果]N沉降和NS复合沉降在0．05水平显著促进土壤的矿化和硝化,且促进效果随沉降强度或NS复合沉降中N的比例增大而增大,但s沉降的促进作用不显著;土壤净矿化速率和净硝化速率与土壤pH具有极显著的负相关性。土壤在自然状态和N／S沉降的影响下,有机氮净矿化速率与净硝化速率之间均存在显著相关性,且矿化速率大于硝化速率。N沉降和NS复合沉降显著提高土壤的硝化率在N／S沉降下,该区土壤中的无机氮仍以NH4＋一N为主,硝化作用弱,铵态氮的供给不成为土壤硝化作用的限制因素。NS复合沉降促进土壤N2O的排放,具体机理有待进一步揭示。[结论]N沉降和NS复合沉降明显促进土壤的矿化和硝化作用,S沉降对土壤的矿化和硝化作用的影响不大;NS复合沉降影响土壤的N2O排放,且其影响效应与沉降中N、S的比例相关,在有关酸沉降对土壤N2O排放的影响方面,s沉降应受到关注。     

硝化抑制剂的微生物抑制机理及其应用

硝化作用是导致我国农业氮肥利用率低以及地表水和地下水污染的主要原因,且对温室气体氧化亚氮(N2O)的排放具有显著影响。硝化抑制剂可通过选择性抑制土壤硝化微生物的活动,有效减缓土壤中铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,是农业生产中常用的提高氮肥利用率和减少硝化作用负面效应的一种有效管理方式。近年来,分子生态学技术的迅速发展使人们可以从分子水平上认识和研究硝化作用及抑制机理。本文综合论述了农业生产中常用的硝化抑制剂(双氰胺、3,4-甲基吡唑磷酸盐、2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶和乙炔等)的作用机理和特征,特别是不同抑制剂对氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的影响差异,同时总结了利用硝化抑制剂(双氰胺、乙炔和烯丙基硫脲等)在硝化作用及其相关功能微生物研究中所取得的重要进展,以期为深刻认识和理解土壤硝化作用和硝化抑制剂作用机理,合理利用硝化抑制剂提供参考。     

硝化和反硝化过程对林地和草地土壤N2O排放的贡献

【目的】明确好气条件下硝化和反硝化过程对林地和草地土壤N2O排放的贡献,比较温度变化对两个过程排放贡献的影响。【方法】通过室内好气培养试验（60%WHC）,采用15N同位素标记技术测定林地和草地土壤在10℃和15℃下铵态氮、硝态氮和N2O的15N丰度,计算硝化和反硝化过程对N2O排放的贡献。【结果】好气培养条件下,林地和草地土壤中的硝化作用和反硝化作用同时发生,硝化作用对N2O排放的贡献为53.1%―72.0%,是N2O排放的主要过程。培养期间林地土壤中反硝化过程对N2O排放的平均贡献为44.9%,显著大于草地土壤（28.9%）,而硝化过程对N2O排放的平均贡献为55.1%,显著小于草地土壤（71.1%）。温度增加显著促进了土壤中N2O的排放,但是对硝化和反硝化过程的N2O排放贡献没有影响。【结论】好气条件下硝化作用是土壤中N2O排放的主要过程,但反硝化作用仍占有很大比例。     

不同氨氮浓度对部分亚硝化过程中N_2O释放的影响

[目的]研究氨氮浓度对部分亚硝化过程中温室气体N2O释放的影响。[方法]利用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),采用间歇曝气的方式,分析进水不同氨氮浓度对部分亚硝化过程中N2O产生的影响。[结果]当进水氨氮浓度不同时,部分亚硝化过程中DO、ORP变化趋势大体一致,出水中亚硝氮与氨氮的浓度比都能达到1∶1,而且硝氮始终都维持在较低水平。进水氨氮浓度对部分亚硝化过程中N2O的释放有显著影响,氨氮浓度越高,N2O的释放量越大。其中,当氨氮浓度为400 mg/L时,N2O的释放量高达37 mg左右。[结论]部分亚硝化过程中N2O的释放可能与NH4+、NO2-的浓度有关。     

Nitrous oxide from soil denitrification: factors controlling its biological production

Increasing concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, and molecular oxygen enhanced production of nitrous oxide relative to molecular nitrogen during denitrification in soils. Soil acidity interacted with nitrate to increase the ratio of nitrous oxide to molecular nitrogen. In response to anoxic conditions, nitrous oxide production initially increased but nitrous oxide was then consumed, a pattern which resulted from the sequential synthesis of nitrogenous oxide reductases.     

双氰胺对赤红壤中氯化铵硝化抑制效应研究

【目的】研究双氰胺（DCD）对赤红壤中氯化铵硝化抑制效率的影响,为提高赤红壤氮肥利用率和减少氮肥污染提供科学依据。【方法】设置双氰胺6个土壤浓度梯度处理,采用室内好气恒温培养方法进行研究。【结果】赤红壤中添加DCD在同一培养时间均能显著降低土壤较高的铵态氮含量,提高硝态氮含量。但添加0.6%~1.0% DCD对氯化铵抑制作用效果相差不大。赤红壤中添加DCD对氯化铵的硝化抑制效率有3个高峰期：第1个高峰期在1~3 d,第2个高峰期在28 d,第3个高峰期在45 d。【结论】DCD双氰胺与氯化铵配施能有效抑制氯化铵的硝化作用,氯化铵在赤红壤上使用时以配施0.6% DCD为宜。     

Control of nitrogen export from watersheds by headwater streams

A comparative (15)N-tracer study of nitrogen dynamics in headwater streams from biomes throughout North America demonstrates that streams exert control over nutrient exports to rivers, lakes, and estuaries. The most rapid uptake and transformation of inorganic nitrogen occurred in the smallest streams. Ammonium entering these streams was removed from the water within a few tens to hundreds of meters. Nitrate was also removed from stream water but traveled a distance 5 to 10 times as long, on average, as ammonium. Despite low ammonium concentration in stream water, nitrification rates were high, indicating that small streams are potentially important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide. During seasons of high biological activity, the reaches of headwater streams typically export downstream less than half of the input of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from their watersheds.     

不同堆肥处理猪粪温室气体排放与影响因子初步研究

利用封闭式测定箱对两种不同堆肥处理方式的猪粪产生的气体进行了取样，然后通过气相色谱分析仪对其所含二氧化碳（CO2）、氧化亚氮（N2O）、甲烷（CH4）进行了测定分析。参考其处理系统获得的温度、湿度、氧气浓度数据，结果表明，在相同条件下，二氧化碳的排放与猪粪内部的氧气状况密切相关，通风良好则排放量就大；而甲烷恰相反，缺氧与较高的湿度会促使甲烷排放；氧化亚氮是其硝化与反硝化过程的产物，若干湿交替，则会增加氧化亚氮的排放量，但其影响因子更为复杂。     

双氰胺对赤红壤中氯化铵硝化抑制效应研究

【目的】研究双氰胺（DCD）对赤红壤中氯化铵硝化抑制效率的影响,为提高赤红壤氮肥利用率和减少氮肥污染提供科学依据。【方法】设置双氰胺6个土壤浓度梯度处理,采用室内好气恒温培养方法进行研究。【结果】赤红壤中添加DCD在同一培养时间均能显著降低土壤较高的铵态氮含量,提高硝态氮含量。但添加0.6%～1.0%DCD对氯化铵抑制作用效果相差不大。赤红壤中添加DCD对氯化铵的硝化抑制效率有3个高峰期：第1个高峰期在1～3d,第2个高峰期在28d,第3个高峰期在45d。【结论】DCD双氰胺与氯化铵配施能有效抑制氯化铵的硝化作用,氯化铵在赤红壤上使用时以配施0.6%DCD为宜。     

Mitotic synchrony in mammalian cells treated with nitrous oxide at high pressure

Mammalian cells grown in suspension or monolayer cultures were synchronized for cell division by the application of nitrous oxide under pressure. The metaphase block induced by nitrous oxide was dependent on pressure and was reversible. Exposure of HeLa cells to nitrous oxide had no significant effect on the synthesis of DNA, RNA, or protein. The progress of cells through the mitotic cycle was also unaffected. A high degree of mitotic synchrony was obtained in suspension cultures of HeLa cells treated with thymidine during exponential growth, resuspended in fresh medium, and then exposed to nitrous oxide.     

Nitrification in paleocene shale

Exchangeable ammonium nitrogen is present in Paleocene (Fort Union) shale below a depth of 10 meters in North Dakota and eastern Montana. Above 10 meters, exchangeable ammonium nitrogen is nitrified in situ. The lack of viable nitrifying organisms and the probable lack of oxygen prevent in situ nitrification below 10 meters. Shale samples incubated at 27 degrees C under nonsterile conditions or shales exposed to atmospheric contamination exhibited active nitrification without additional treatment.     

Transformations of nitrogen in a polluted estuary: nonlinearities in the demand for oxygen at low flow

Oxidation of sewage ammonium in the Potomac River is described in terms of a simple kinetic model, with growth of nitrifying bacteria limited by the supply of ammonium ion. The oxidation rate varies inversely with freshwater inflow, and the associated demand for oxygen varies as the inverse square of the freshwater inflow rate. Similar behavior is observed for the Delaware River. The model accounts for the observed concentrations of ammonium and nitrous oxide.     

厌氧氨氧化菌基质转化特性的研究

直接以氨为电子供体的反硝化反应是一种新的生物反应．作者对能进行这种生物反应的厌氧氨氧化菌混培物的基质转化特性作了研究．试验发现，除已被证实的硝酸盐外，亚硝酸盐和Ｎ２Ｏ也能作为厌氧氨氧化的电子受体；还发现，在厌氧氨氧化中可产生中间产物羟胺和联氨，彼此可相互转化．此外，对厌氧氨氧化的可能途径也作了初步探讨     

氮素形态在土壤中的转化及对烤烟产量的影响

 试验研究了云南省玉溪地区气候、土壤条件下,铵态氮、尿素施入土壤中的转化,使用硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）研究不同形态氮及其比例对烤烟生长的影响,以及施用秸秆、油饼对烤烟生长的影响。结果表明,施入土壤中的铵态氮、尿素其水解和硝化过程约在施肥后的1个月内完成,土壤中硝态氮含量随时间逐渐下降,1个月后土壤中铵态氮、硝态氨含量都降至痕量水平;硝化抑制剂对铵态氮硝化有显著的抑制效果;铵态氮、硝态氮对烤烟产量没有影响,秸秆、油饼则显著降低烤烟产量。     

尿素配施硝化/脲酶抑制剂对春季和秋季马铃薯产量及土壤矿质氮的影响

采用盆栽试验,在施入总氮一致条件下,硝化/脲酶抑制剂与不同施肥方式配施对春、秋季马铃薯生长及土壤矿质氮的影响,为制定科学的马铃薯农田氮素管理措施及节肥增效策略提供依据。结果表明,(1)追施氮肥及配施硝化/脲酶抑制剂能显著降低土壤脲酶活性、土壤表观硝化率和提高马铃薯生育中后期土壤铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数,其中在一次追肥处理下, DCD及NBPT处理的春、秋季马铃薯块茎形成期土壤铵态氮质量分数比对照分别提高124.3%、198.1%和31.0%、260.0%;硝态氮质量分数分别提高18.4%、31.6%和33.9%、31.6%。(2)追施氮肥及配施硝化/脲酶抑制剂能提高春、秋季马铃薯生育后期干物质量及产量,但春马铃薯增产效果大于秋马铃薯,一次追肥处理增产效果最好。其中与CK相比,一次追肥与DCD和NBPT配施处理的春马铃薯产量显著提高53.3%和112.0%,秋马铃薯未达到显著差异。因此,一次追肥配施氮肥效率最高,且春马铃薯应配施脲酶抑制剂NBPT,秋马铃薯应配施硝化抑制剂DCD。     

Transport and loss of nitrous oxide in soil water after forest clear-cutting

Whole-tree harvesting increased the concentration of nitrous oxide dissolved in soil water by two orders of magnitude over the concentration expected in equilibrium with the atmosphere. In contrast, the nitrous oxide content of soil water in an intact, second-growth forest was close to the expected theoretical value. Nitrous oxide, produced at active sites in the soil, dissolves in soil water and is transported to seeps and streams where it rapidly degasses from the solution and is released into the atmosphere. This loss of nitrous oxide after clear-cutting is not important to the nitrogen economy of the site; however, it may be important to the global atmospheric budget of nitrous oxide. Sources of nitrous oxide may have been overlooked because nitrous oxide emissions can be separated in time and space from the sites of the most intense production of nitrous oxide.     

氮肥品种和含水量对水稻土N2O排放速率及排放过程的影响

稻田是全球重要的N_2O排放源,氮肥有效性和水分状况是影响稻田N_2O排放的关键因素。为探明水稻土在施用尿素和硫酸铵时,水分变化对短时间内N_2O总排放速率及不同硝化过程(自养硝化、异养硝化、非生物作用)贡献的影响,通过室内培养实验,采用乙炔抑制法,测定了不同时间段N_2O释放量,并计算释放速率。结果表明:施用氮肥可以显著提高自养硝化、异养硝化及总过程的N_2O排放速率,并且施尿素处理N_2O排放速率大于施硫酸铵。随着土壤水分含量由48%增加至160%,总N_2O排放速率以及自养硝化、异养硝化N_2O排放速率显著增加。供试水稻土N_2O的产生主要是由生物过程主导的,其中硝化作用(包括自养硝化、异养硝化)最高贡献达51.1%,非生物作用贡献所占比重很小。这些结果可为科学施肥,降低农田土壤N_2O排放提供科学依据。     

集约化菜地N2O排放及减排——基于文献整合分析

为了评估中国菜地生态系统N2O排放及其减排潜力,通过搜集已发表的露天及温室菜地N2O减排田间原位观测数据,利用整合分析方法,评估了减施氮肥、配施硝化抑制剂、有机肥替代、施用生物质炭和优化灌溉等几种措施在蔬菜生产中减排N2O的潜力。结果表明:菜地中大量施用氮肥虽然增加蔬菜产量,但也显著增加了菜地N2O排放。在高施氮下,与露天菜地相比,温室菜地降低N2O排放系数和单位产量N2O排放量。与当地常规管理措施相比,各种优化措施均可在不同程度上降低菜地N2O排放,幅度分别为49.4%(减施氮肥)、33.2%(配施硝化抑制剂)、26.6%(有机肥替代)、29.1%(施用生物质炭)和34.3%(优化灌溉),平均达36.6%。在高施氮下,有机肥替代化肥能更有效地降低N2O排放系数和单位产量N2O排放量。菜地N2O排放量随着氮肥减施率的增加而降低,在低施氮土壤中N2O减排效果更好。优化灌溉在不同施氮量下对N2O的减排效果相当,配施硝化抑制剂和施用生物质炭则在低施氮条件下N2O减排效果更好。中国露天和温室菜地生态系统N2O减排潜力大,减施氮肥、配施硝化抑制剂、有机肥替代、施用生物质炭和优化灌溉等几种措施均能有效降低N2O排放。由于温室菜地集约化程度更高,N2O减排效果明显。     

Nitrous oxide production in nearshore marine sediments

Coastal marine sediments are shown to be a net source of nitrous oxide. The rates of nitrous oxide flux from sediments in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, ranged from 20 to more than 900 nanomoles per square meter per hour. Sediments from a eutrophic area had higher rates of net nitrous oxide production than sediments from relatively unpolluted sites. The benthic, nitrous oxide source exceeds the nitrous oxide source to the bay from sewage treatment plant effluent.     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂减少农田土壤氮素损失的作用特征

氮肥过量施用加剧了农田土壤氮素损失,如增加NH₃挥发、N₂O排放及硝酸盐淋洗等,这将降低空气和水体质量并对全球气候产生负面影响。脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂可延缓土壤氮素转化,降低土壤活性氮对环境的负面效应,因此在农业生产中被广泛应用,如N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺（NBPT）、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）和双氰胺（DCD）。本文重点阐述了脲酶抑制剂NBPT和硝化抑制剂DMPP、DCD在农田土壤中的作用机制及其对环境和农学效应的影响,并揭示影响其施用有效性的主要因素。大多数研究结果表明,NBPT与尿素或有机肥配合施用后能够减少土壤NH₃挥发、N₂O排放和NO₃^-淋洗,并提高作物产量、品质及氮肥利用率;与NBPT类似,两种典型硝化抑制剂DCD和DMPP均能降低土壤N₂O排放和NO₃^-淋洗并提高作物产量,但某些环境条件下也会增加土壤NH₃挥发损失。不同农田生态系统中脲酶/硝化抑制剂的作用效果与抑制剂种类、降雨或灌溉量、土壤pH值和黏粒含量等因素有关。在未来的生产实践中,应根据抑制剂在不同土壤环境下的作用特征来更加科学合理地施用抑制剂。