输油泵机组轴瓦冷却装置的研发与应用

针对大型输油泵机组轴瓦温度超高的问题,提出采用氟利昂制冷、PLC温控、超导热管等多种技术,设计研发了一种实用的氟利昂制冷降温系统。实际应用结果表明,该系统能有效冷却输油泵与电机的轴瓦高温,降低了输油泵机组的停机故障率,节省了维护成本。     

室内空气污染物的控制技术及对策研究

为探索出一种适合家庭使用的经济有效的室内空气净化方法,厨房采用换气通风,卧室和客厅分别采用活性碳吸附和植物吸收进行处理,测量不同处理措施下甲醛、氨气和总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)在较长时间内的浓度变化,并进行数据处理.结果表明:(1)只要保持活性炭的吸附容量,可以对甲醛有7.0%的处理效率,既弥补了单纯的换气通风不能处理低浓度甲醛的缺陷,又比单纯的植物吸收更能有效地吸收甲醛.(2)采用通风换气,对总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)的处理效率可达23.5%,既减少了占地,有一定的经济适用性,又避免了单纯的植物吸收和活性炭吸附饱和时可能造成的二次污染.(3)种植一些吸收有害气体的植物,不仅美化环境,还可以净化空气,一举两得,但要注意选取植物的多样性和植物摆放的位置,使植物吸收达到最佳的效果.     

Chemical loss of ozone in the arctic polar vortex in the winter of 1991-1992

In situ measurements of chlorine monoxide, bromine monoxide, and ozone are extrapolated globally, with the use of meteorological tracers, to infer the loss rates for ozone in the Arctic lower stratosphere during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition II (AASE II) in the winter of 1991-1992. The analysis indicates removal of 15 to 20 percent of ambient ozone because of elevated concentrations of chlorine monoxide and bromine monoxide. Observations during AASE II define rates of removal of chlorine monoxide attributable to reaction with nitrogen dioxide (produced by photolysis of nitric acid) and to production of hydrochloric acid. Ozone loss ceased in March as concentrations of chlorine monoxide declined. Ozone losses could approach 50 percent if regeneration of nitrogen dioxide were inhibited by irreversible removal of nitrogen oxides (denitrification), as presently observed in the Antarctic, or without denitrification if inorganic chlorine concentrations were to double.     

Rare Earth elements in returned lunar samples

A linear correlation between concentrations of Sm and ratios of Sm to Eu for nine lunar samples suggests that those samples could correspond to liquids from equilibrium partial melting of a common source. On the basis of partition coefficients in terrestrial systems, the fraction of melting would not have exceeded about 15 percent and the immediate source could have been composed of olivine, orthopyroxene, and opaque minerals plus at least 25 percent feldspar, with at most a few percent calcic clinopyroxene and less than 1 percent apatite. The large Eu depletions could also have been produced by fractional crystallization if the ratio of Eu(2+) to Eu(3+) in lunar magmas significantly exceeds the values for terrestrial magmas.     

Thousandfold change in resistivity in magnetoresistive la-ca-mn-o films

A negative isotropic magnetoresistance effect more than three orders of magnitude larger than the typical giant magnetoresistance of some superlattice films has been observed in thin oxide films of perovskite-like La(0.67)Ca(0.33)MnOx. Epitaxial films that are grown on LaAIO(3) substrates by laser ablation and suitably heat treated exhibit magnetoresistance values as high as 127,000 percent near 77 kelvin and approximately 1300 percent near room temperature. Such a phenomenon could be useful for various magnetic and electric device applications if the observed effects of material processing are optimized. Possible mechanisms for the observed effect are discussed.     

提高小麦×鸭茅状摩擦禾杂交组合的小麦单倍体植株成苗率的探索

法国小麦和中国小麦杂交的后代和鸭茅状摩擦禾(父本)杂交,授粉1 d后用100 mg/L 2,4-D蘸穗处理,12~14 d取单倍体幼胚培养。结果表明,仅培养于1/2 MS培养基上,成苗率为78.01%;而根据幼胚的发育状态,先将发育较完善的幼胚直接接种在1/2 MS培养基上,将发育不良的幼胚先接种于1/2 MS+2 mg/L 2,4-D的培养基上进一步养育幼胚,3~4 d后再将其转入1/2 MS培养基中,此法的成苗率为93.22%,较前者的成苗率提高了15.21个百分点。     

Three-year incidence of AIDS in five cohorts of HTLV-III-infected risk group members

The incidence of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among persons infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) was evaluated prospectively among 725 persons who were at high risk of AIDS and had enrolled before October 1982 in cohort studies of homosexual men, parenteral drug users, and hemophiliacs. A total of 276 (38.1 percent) of the subjects were either HTLV-III seropositive at enrollment or developed HTLV-III antibodies subsequently. AIDS had developed in 28 (10.1 percent) of the seropositive subjects before August 1985. By actuarial survival calculations, the 3-year incidence of AIDS among all HTLV-III seropositive subjects was 34.2 percent in the cohort of homosexual men in Manhattan, New York, and 14.9 percent (range 8.0 to 17.2 percent) in the four other cohorts. Out of 117 subjects followed for a mean of 31 months after documented seroconversion, five (all hemophiliacs) developed AIDS 28 to 62 months after the estimated date of seroconversion, supporting the hypothesis that there is a long latency between acquisition of viral infection and the development of clinical AIDS. This long latency could account for the significantly higher AIDS incidence in the New York cohort compared with other cohorts if the virus entered the New York homosexual population before it entered the populations from which the other cohorts were drawn. However, risk of AIDS development in different populations may also depend on the presence of as yet unidentified cofactors.     

Protection against lethal hyperoxia by tracheal insufflation of erythrocytes: role of red cell glutathione

Intact erythrocytes placed into the tracheobronchial tree of hyperoxic rats dramatically improved their chances for survival. Over 70 percent of the animals so treated survived more than 12 days during continuous exposure to 95 percent oxygen, whereas all of the control animals died within 96 hours. Lungs from erythrocyte-protected rats showed almost none of the morphologic damage suffered by untreated animals. Erythrocytes containing cyanomethemoglobin were as beneficial as normal erythrocytes, but cells in which glutathione was partially blocked were significantly less protective. Analogous results were obtained in vitro: 51Cr-labeled target cells released 70 to 90 percent of their label when exposed briefly to hydrogen peroxide or to toxic oxygen species generated by phorbol ester-stimulated neutrophils. Addition of intact erythrocytes decreased release by approximately 75 percent, but significantly less than this if red blood cell glutathione was partially blocked. These results suggest that insufflated erythrocytes, through their recyclable glutathione, protect rats from toxic oxygen species engendered by hyperoxia.     

Respiration of heart muscle as affected by oxygen tension

Isolated cat papillary muscles were exposed to gas mixtures containing carbon dioxide and oxygen. In muscles exposed during the second of three periods to 25 percent oxygen, the volume of oxygen consumed (Q(o2)) was depressed by 50 percent, but returned to the control level during a third period at 98 percent oxygen. The work capacity was not significantly altered if the partial pressure of oxygen was low.     

Salicornia bigelovii Torr.: An Oilseed Halophyte for Seawater Irrigation

The terrestrial halophyte, Salicornia bigelovii Torr., was evaluated as an oilseed crop for direct seawater irrigation during 6 years of field trials in an extreme coastal desert environment. Yields of seed and biomass equated or exceeded freshwater oilseed crops such as soybean and sunflower. The seed contained 26 to 33 percent oil, 31 percent protein, and was low in fiber and ash (5 to 7 percent). The oil and meal were extracted by normal milling equipment, and the oil was high in linoleic acid (73 to 75 percent) and could replace soybean oil in chicken diets. The meal had antigrowth factors, attributed to saponins, but could replace soybean meal in chicken diets amended with the saponin antagonist, cholesterol. Salicornia bigelovii appears to be a potentially valuable new oilseed crop for subtropical coastal deserts.     

椪柑“三疏一改” 和贮藏保鲜技术及其效果

针对衢县柑生产中果形偏小、品质欠佳和商品率低等问题, 经大面积推广疏株、疏大枝、疏果、增施有机肥改良土壤(三疏一改)和果品贮藏保鲜技术后表明:实施以三疏 一改 为核心的低改技术, 基地平均产量超过45 thm-2 , 特级和一级果率由实施前的30 %提高到78 %, 增加160 %, 二级和三级果明显减小;年增收0.26 万～ 1.88 万元hm-2 , 投产比达1∶4 ～ 6 。推广万利得贮藏保鲜技术, 果品保鲜时间达3 ～ 4 个月, 好果率提高3.4 %,衢县柑有95 %果品实施贮藏保鲜, 减少了损耗。推广三疏一改 和保鲜技术, 经济效益十分显著。表5 参5     

调节土壤酸度对烤烟生长和品质的影响

酸性土壤施适量石灰,有利于改善烟株根系生长的环境条件,促进烟株生长,增强烟株的抗病力,提高烟叶叶绿素含量和光合速率,有利于烟叶干物质积累,提高烟叶产质量．在土壤pH值为5．2的土壤中,大田每公顷施石灰750kg最适宜,上中等烟比例提高12．1个百分点,均价比对照提高0．77元·kg－1,每公顷产值增加2498．55元．     

鸡粪喂猪试验

根据家禽消化、生理特点,鸡粪中含有较丰富的蛋白质等营养物质,已往未引起人们的重视,大部用作肥料.本试验通过对鸡粪的凉晒、脱臭、风干、消毒等措施后,用10—20%的风干鸡粪,代替5—10%的混合精料,饲喂肥育猪.经过60天的试验,其屠宰率、增重,饲料消耗及屠体分析、猪肉品质等各项指标,取得了满意的结果.证明用20%的风干鸡粪已完全能代替10%的混合精料,既可消除鸡粪对环境的污染,又能开辟蛋白质饲料来源,有明显的经济效益和社会效益.     

鸡粪有机肥对烤烟产量、质量的影响

研究了不同形态、不同有机氮比例的鸡粪有机肥对烤烟产量、质量的影响,结果表明:当粒状鸡粪有机肥施用比例占总施氮量的25%时,烟株生长健壮,烟叶产量和品质得到提高;上中等烟比例比对照提高10.82个百分点,产量比对照增加10.99%,产值比对照增加33.42%,各部位烟叶的烟碱、总糖、总氮和钾含量等各项化学成分指标均在较为合理的范围内。     

水稻直播机的排种数检测方法

为了突破水稻直播机(稀条播机)工况监测研究的瓶颈,对排种器非单粒排种条件下的排种数检测方法开展了研究.通过设计输种管接头将较密集的种子流完全分散,使部分种子通过检测截面的时刻错开;然后将检测截面分成3个检测区,使得两粒以上种子同时通过同一检测区的概率大大降低;再采用红外光电传感器及其检测电路,分区对排种数进行检测.试验结果表明:不加接输种管接头时,漏检率高达16.7%;加接头但检测不分区时,漏检率降低到6.81%;加接头分3个检测区时,漏检率降低到1.45%.从而解决了电子技术无法解决的非单粒排种条件下排种数检测的难题.     

生活污水灌溉对茄子生长效应的影响

对生活污水经过处理后以黄河水作对照进行茄子灌溉试验,试验结果表明,生活污水灌溉可改善土壤结构,提高土壤肥力,使茄子总根数增加12 %,根长增长13 %,增产60 %,增加收入5.85万元/hm2,商品性也明显提高。     

栗雪片象生物学特性及其防治研究

栗雪片象危害各品种的板栗,造成板栗成熟前大量落苞而减产,一般减产30%,最高可达60%以上.此虫1年1代,以老熟幼虫在落苞内越冬,翌年4月化蛹,5月成虫离苞上树,6月交尾产卵,8月蛀苞为害,10月幼虫老熟并留在栗实内越冬.在成虫羽化至产卵期用药剂防治,成虫致死可达95%以上,且多种药剂都有防治效果.     

番茄果实不同成熟度种子发芽率和千粒重研究

本文研究了番茄果实不同成熟度的种子发芽率和千粒重。结果表明:从青熟期到完熟期各期采收的果实,只要在室内自然存放至变红、变软,种子发芽率和千粒重能够达到最佳水平。     

蚕用营养饲料在广西蚕业应用研究初报

用山东农业大学蚕学系研制的新型蚕用营养饲料在正常情况下让5龄蚕添食,研究其对家蚕产茧量、丝质和饲料效率的影响。结果显示,添食营养饲料区与添食清水对照区相比,死笼率降低2.80个百分点,虫蛹统一生命率提高3.31个百分点,蚕茧产量提高1.32%,节省桑叶20.24%,蚕茧生产效率提高14.19个百分点,茧层生产效率提高3.24个百分点,上车茧率提高4.70个百分点,一茧丝长提高4.70%。表明该蚕用营养饲料具有增强蚕儿体质,减少蚕病发生,提高产量,节省桑叶,提高蚕茧生产效率,提高茧丝质的作用。     

山核桃枝枯病的防治研究

1989年在临安县横路乡鹤里村,对山核桃枝枯病(Melanconium oblongum Berk.)的防治试验表明:在5～6月,分3次,每次都用70％甲基托布津可湿性粉剂500倍液、50％甲基托布津液剂750倍液以及1％波尔多液,分别对山核桃树冠枝桠进行喷雾,防治效果分别为80.4％,75.0％和72.3％;于3月间每株(20年生)沟施猪栏肥50.0kg加复合肥2.5kg或单施复合肥5.0kg,防治效果分别为45.5％和39.3％。经方差分析表明,防治效果与对照相比,差异显著,可以在生产中应用。