Tentaculites: evidence for a brachiopod affinity?

Transmission electron microscope studies of fractured surfaces reveal that the shells of Tentaculites are constructed of calcite with a ridge and groove structure and cross-bladed fabric heretofore unique to some articulate brachiopods. A possible affinity with brachiopods or phoronids is suggested for Tentaculites.     

Brachiopods versus Mussels: Competition, Predation, and Palatability

Unlike other shell-enclosed marine invertebrates, articulate brachiopods are repellent to predators. Fish, sea stars, snails, and crabs all prefer bivalve molluscs such as mussels to articulates. The mussels tested are mobile and out-compete immobile articulates when space is limited. In subtidal field experiments, mussels alone and predators alone each reduced the survivorship of articulates. However, adding mussels to articulates in the presence of ambient predation increased brachiopod survivorship by diverting predation from the brachiopods to the mussels. Competition from mussels (or mussel-like bivalves) is a plausible cause of the post-Paleozoic decline of articulates.     

Brachiopods in mud: resolution of a dilemma

Assumptions made from studies of sparse living faunas of brachiopods, namely, that they are intolerant of mud, that the free-lying habit is confined to species without pedicles, and that the pedicle of articulate brachiopods is uniform in structure and function, do not withstand critical examination. Studies in New Zealand show that some species in the same area occur in both attached and free-lying populations. Individuals cannot always be differentiated morphologically, but the structure of populations from hard and soft substrates is distinctive. Attachment to a substrate appears to be a larval rather than an adult requirement in most species.     

Predation in the paleozoic: gastropod-like drillholes in devonian brachiopods

Middle Devonian articulate brachiopods (Ludlowville and Moscow Formations, Hamilton Group, New York) have external tapered holes with a central boss that are indistinguishable from drillholes of naticid gastropods that are known from the Triassic and later. Drillholes are specific to prey (ribbed shells were avoided) and specific to sites on prey. Healed drillholes suggest penetration of live prey. As many as 44 percent of the preferred prey are drilled, indicating a level of predation that has been reported only from post-Paleozoic strata.     

Pholidostrophiid brachiopods: origin of the nacreous luster

The "nacreous" luster characteristic of the pholidostrophiid group of fossil brachiopods results from a shell structure that produces superimposed sets of natural optical-diffraction gratings made of calcite. The wall structure is crossed lamellar, parallel to the shell surfdce; thus flakiness and development of reflecting surfaces are facilitated.     

液压伺服系统模型参考法自适应控制

液压伺服系统在现代工业控制过程中得到了越来越广泛的应用。随着科学技术的不断发展,对液压伺服系统特性的要求也越来越严格,所以近些年来发展了液压伺服系统的自适应控制。本文较详细地介绍了液压伺服模型参考自适应控制(简称MRAC)系统的结构、数学描述及特点。讨论了液压伺服MRAC系统自适应律的不同推导方法。用实例重点介绍了用POPOV超稳定理论设计液压伺服MRAC系统的步骤与技巧。     

基于复合粒子群自适应液压伺服系统力跟踪控制与试验

为提高液压伺服系统力跟踪控制性能,针对不同环境模型及变期望力条件下,液压伺服系统末端位置力跟踪存在稳态误差及动态特性差问题,提出一种复合粒子群自适应阻抗控制策略。在建立液压伺服系统数学模型和阻抗模型基础上,根据环境刚度及力偏差,采用模糊算法确定阻抗参数范围,结合莱维飞行粒子群快速通过局部与全局搜索确定不同环境刚度下的阻抗参数,采用三次样条插值拟合阻抗参数随环境刚度变化方程;分析末端位置力跟踪稳态误差原因及并建立数学模型,根据末端位置力及当前末端位置,利用自适应算法估计环境刚度与环境位置,对期望位置补偿并选择阻抗参数。通过Matlab-Adams虚拟样机仿真,验证复合粒子群自适应阻抗算法对液压伺服系统力跟踪有效性。二连杆串联机构台架试验结果表明,采用复合粒子群自适应阻抗策略液压伺服系统力跟踪控制,末端位置稳态误差范围0~1,在期望力发生变化时,力跟踪动态性能良好。研究为液压伺服驱动足式农业移动平台及大型农业采摘机械臂末端位置力控制设计提供参考。     

Siliceous tablets in the larval shells of apatitic discinid brachiopods

The marine bivalved Brachiopoda are abundant throughout the geological record and have apatitic (CaPO4-rich) or calcitic (CaCO3-rich) shells. Vesicles covering the larval valves of living apatitic-shelled discinids contain tablets of silica. The tablets are cemented into close-packed mosaics by spherular apatite in glycosaminoglycans. They are usually lost as vesicles degrade but leave imprints on the underlying apatitic shell. Similar imprints ornament larval surfaces of some of the earliest Paleozoic apatitic-shelled brachiopods and may also be indicators of siliceous biomineralization.     

4个品系橡胶树实生苗叶片及根系对水分胁迫的反应

运用聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟水分胁迫的方法,研究了水分胁迫对不同品系橡胶树根系水流导度(Lpr)、根系活力和叶片水分饱和亏缺变化的影响。结果表明:水分胁迫对橡胶树根系水力学导度、根系活力和叶片水分饱和亏缺产生明显影响,随着水分胁迫时间的延长,根系水力学导度逐渐下降,根系活力呈现先增加后下降,叶片水分饱和亏缺逐渐增加的趋势。从橡胶树根系水导与根系活力在水分胁迫下的下降程度和叶片维持水分平衡的能力来看,GT1对水分胁迫的抵御与适应能力相对较强,其次是PR107﹥RRIM600,PB86忍耐水分胁迫最弱。     

Bivalve mollusks: fluid dynamics of burrowing

When bivalves burrow into soft substrates the foot is first extended and then dilated to obtain a firm anchorage before retraction pulls the shell downward. Pedal dilation is principally caused by adduction of the valves. The hinged shell futnctions as a hydraulic machine in which the strength of the adductor muscles is transferred to the distal part of the foot by means of the body fluids.     

Adaptive landscape modernization of forest and hydraulic ameliorative land management in the Volga region

An analysis of adaptive landscape amelioration of lands with a geomorphologic classification of characteristic types of agrolandscapes is given. Control of drought and soil-destroying processes is based on a systems approach, including organizational-economic and agro-, phyto-, forest, and hydraulic amelioration measures. The system of ameliorative procedures takes into account the ecological ameliorative requirements and limitations with the developed criteria and standardized evaluation parameters of soils and waters when realizing the concept of adaptive landscape management.     

Diet-induced head allometry among foliage-chewing insects and its importance for graminivores

Individuals of the grass-feeding caterpillar of Pseudaletia unipuncta, reared from hatching on hard grass, had head masses twice as great as those of caterpillars fed soft artificial diet, even though the larvae reached the same body mass. Larvae reared on soft wheat seedlings had intermediate head masses. Thus muscular effort increases muscular development in an insect, which in turn has a dramatic morphogenetic effect on head size. Size differences in the head capsules, with the correlated differences in mandibular power, have a direct effect on the ability of the insects to ingest hard foods rapidly: larger heads are adaptive for dealing with hard grasses.     

Secondary evolutionary escalation between brachiopods and enemies of other prey

The fossil record of predation indicates that attacks on Paleozoic brachiopods were very rare, especially compared to those on post-Paleozoic mollusks, yet stratigraphically and geographically widespread. Drilling frequencies were very low in the early Paleozoic (<1%) and went up slightly in the mid-to-late Paleozoic. Present-day brachiopods revealed frequencies only slightly higher. The persistent rarity of drilling suggests that brachiopods were the secondary casualties of mistaken or opportunistic attacks by the enemies of other taxa. Such sporadic attacks became slightly more frequent as trophic systems escalated and predators diversified. Some evolutionarily persistent biotic interactions may be incidental rather than coevolutionary or escalatory in nature.     

牙鲆养殖循环系统中3种硝化作用滤器性能的比较

通过测定牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus养殖循环水中总氨氮、亚硝酸态氮和硝酸态氮的含量,了解以塑料环、火山石和牡蛎壳为载体的3种硝化滤器生物膜的熟化情况;调节循环水流量,使硝化滤器水力停留时间分别为5、15、20、30、60min,比较氨氮去除率,得到实验条件下3种载体硝化滤器的最佳水力停留时间,并在此条件下,投加NH4Cl,使循环养殖水中总氨氮浓度分别为1、3、5mgCL,测定水中总氨氮随时间的变化,研究氨氮去除动力学规律,计算硝化滤器的去除效率。结果表明：附着于3种载体上生物膜的熟化时间约为25d;塑料环上异养菌和硝化菌数量均为最高,氧化还原反应最活跃,火山石次之,牡蛎壳最低;3种载体硝化滤器的最佳水力停留时间为20～30min。氨氮负载为1mg／L时,12h内氨氮去除为0级反应;氨氮负载分别为3mg／L和5mg／L条件下,24h内氨氮去除为0级反应。氨氮负载越大,氨氮去除速率就越大。在氨氮负载为1、3、5mg／L时,5种载体的氨氮去除效率分别为17．5l～16．39、36．39～33．04、58．96—53．25g／（m^3·d）。     

拖拉机电液悬挂半物理仿真系统设计及试验

为实现拖拉机电液悬挂系统的准确控制,以福田雷沃欧豹TG1254拖拉机为研究平台,设计了一套拖拉机电液悬挂半物理仿真系统.该系统硬件平台主要包括拖拉机液压回路、传感器、数据采集装置等;软件平台采用SIT模块,联合LabVIEW和MATLAB建立控制器模型.设计自适应控制算法,实现系统的牵引力调节、位置调节和力位综合调节并进行了实车试验.在牵引力调节试验、位置调节试验和力位综合调节试验中,系统过渡过程时间均低于或等于6s,系统超调量小于或等于25%,系统控制过程平稳,耕深稳定,实现作业质量提升.     

End-cretaceous brachiopod extinctions in the chalk of denmark

The results of a detailed study of the brachiopods of the most complete Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Denmark, Nye Klslashed circlev, show an extinction pattern for this marine invertebrate group compatible with that reported for pelagic foraminifera and coccoliths and with the impact scenario. The extinction is abrupt, coinciding with the Maastrichtian-Danian boundary. There is no warning in the form of decreasing density, decreasing diversity, or early extinction of specialized groups. The basal few meters of the Danian are almost devoid of brachiopods, and a Danian brachiopod fauna starts almost as abruptly as the Maastrichtian fauna disappeared. The new fauna is similar to the Maastrichtian as regards density and diversity, and at maximum six species are common to both stages. The northwest European Masstrichtian chalk is composed mainly of the remains of coccoliths and pelagic foraminifera. The mass extinction of these groups led to a total cessation of chalk production. The chalk is overlain by a thin clay bed deposited partly under anoxic conditions. This combination of anoxia and clay deposition coupled with a cessation of productivity led to the extinction of specialized groups such as the chalk brachiopods. The surviving species included forms that could survive in well-aerated shallow marine waters on substrates other than chalk.     

中密度纤维板连续热压位置伺服系统自适应全局快速终端滑模控制

为实现中密度纤维板(MDF)连续平压热压机液压位置伺服系统在参数摄动和外负载力干扰存在条件下快速、精确地位置跟踪,提出一种自适应全局快速终端滑模控制方法。首先,设计了自适应律以估计系统中的不确定参数,增强了控制系统的鲁棒性;然后,采用全局快速终端滑模控制方法,设计了一种新型的全局快速终端滑动模态,保证系统误差能够在有限时间内收敛为零;最后,利用Lyapunov稳定性理论给出了系统渐近稳定、跟踪误差在有限时间收敛的证明。仿真结果表明:该方法在保证系统稳定性的同时,可以实现系统误差在有限时间内收敛,提高了系统的鲁棒性和快速性。     

Antitumor activity in mice of tentacles of 2 tropical sea annelids

Crude extracts of tentacles of two polychaetous annelids completely inhibit growth of Erlich ascites tumor in 60 to 100 percent of treated mice. Dialyzed extracts of one of these annelids, Lanice conchilega, show activity in the retentate after pronase digestion, suggesting that antitumor activity is associated with a nonprotein component of the crude tentacle extract.     

基于GIS的长江上游鱼类地理分布特征研究

基于Arcview GIS平台,对长江上游水域的重要经济鱼类、珍稀特有鱼类的生物学特性、地理分布以及理化因子、生物环境、沿江水工建筑等进行分析,发现水利工程、过度捕捞、水域污染等人为活动对长江上游的生态环境影响明显,致使与之高度相适应的各种鱼类资源衰退,地理分布受到影响。     

用自适应网格法计算管道的水力瞬变

应用自适应网格法对长输管道的水力瞬变进行了计算,通过求解水击偏微分方程,在解的大梯度区自动加密网格。以一个站间管道的末段为例,用特征线法和自适应网格法进行了计算。计算结果表明,自适应网格法能够更准确地捕捉到水击压力波的前沿位置。