Relationship between vertical distributions of Bray II P content and organic P content in the Ap horizon of paddy rice fields

Abstract

We examined the vertical distributions of total, Bray II and organic phosphorus (P) in the Ap horizons of five paddy rice fields including no tillage treatment. Soil samples were collected from the Ap horizons as nine thin layers of 0–1, 1–2, 2–3, 3–4, 4–6, 6–8, 8–10, 10–15 and 15–20 cm from the soil surface after harvest. In three lowland paddy soils of no-tillage Hachirogata (HA-NT), conventional-tillage Hachirogata (HA-T) and conventional-tillage Furukawa (FU-T), the total P (TP) content was relatively low. In these soils, the modified Bray II P (soil : solution = 1:20; shaking time 60s) content decreased and the organic P (OP) content increased at a depth of 0–1 cm compared with the underlying layers, possibly because of high microbial activities as suggested from the increased total C and N contents in this layer. In contrast, the decrease in Bray II P content and the increase in the OP content of the surface layer were not evident in two Andosols of the conventional-tillage Utsunomiya (UM-T) and conventional-tillage Kawatabi (KA-T). Even TP content fluctuated in the thin surface layers of 0–3 cm depending on the sampling site. Accordingly, percentages of Bray II P and OP to TP were calculated to compare the vertical distribution curves between Bray II P and OP. The percentage of Bray II P to TP of the 0–1 cm layer was lower and the percentage of OP to TP in the layer was higher than the underlying layers for HA-T, HA-NT and FU-T. The decrease in Bray II P was nearly compatible with the increase in OP for the surface of the 0–1 cm layers of HA-NT, HA-T and FU-T. This result suggests that a part of Bray II P was converted to OP in the thin surface layer of the Ap horizons in these paddy soils. This change in chemical form of P was more pronounced in the HA-NT by accumulating the effect of the microbial activities over a longer period of time because of no tillage compared with HA-T and FU-T. These findings add a new dimension to P behavior in submerged rice soils under field conditions, particularly near the soil surface. Moreover, we must be careful in soil sampling for P availability evaluation, and soil samples should represent the vertical distribution of P in the whole Ap horizon of a paddy field. Changes in OP with depth in UM-T and KA-T may have been masked by the high OP content as well as by the high TP content in these Andosols.     

Comparisons of soil test phosphorus by Olsen,Bray P1, Mehlich I and Mehlich III methods

Abstract

A study was undertaken to evaluate the agreement among different university laboratories performing the Olsen, Bray P1, and Mehlich I tests for P on a diverse group of noncalcareous agricultural soils and to develop relationships among the Olsen, Bray P1, Mehlich I, and Mehlich III soil tests. For each test, the results from the individual laboratories were highly correlated (r² ≥ 0.90) and in almost all instances the slopes of the equations describing the relationships among laboratories approached one, The results indicate that the Olsen, Bray P1 and Mehlich I soil tests may be performed with a high degree of precision when standard soil test procedures are followed.

Of the three most commonly performed tests in the U.S. (Olsen, Bray P1, and Mehlich I), the Olsen and Mehlich I tests were the most highly correlated (r² = 0.87) although the Mehlich I test removed approximately one and one half times more P than did the Olsen test. Bray P1 and Olsen and Mehlich I P were less highly correlated (r² ≤ 0.72) and the relationships between these variables were influenced by the texture of the soils. The quantity of P removed by the Bray P1 test was on the order of two and three times greater than that removed by the Olsen and Mehlich I tests, respectively. The Bray P1 and Mehlich III soil tests were highly correlated (r² = 0.97) and similar quantities of P were extracted from the soil by the two tests.     

土地利用从水稻种植至蔬菜种植的转换对土壤中磷素赋存形态的影响

Excess phosphorus (P) from agricultural soils contributes to eutrophication in water bodies. Samples (n=60) were taken from sites where rice paddies have been converted to vegetable fields for 0, < 10, 10-20, and > 20 years and analyzed for five inorganic P (P_i) fractions, three organic P (P_o) fractions, and several soil parameters to investigate how land use conversion affects P_i and P_o fractions in a peri-urban area of China with soils characteristic of many agricultural areas of Asia. Significant increases of 33, 281, 293, and 438 mg kg^-1 were found for soluble and loosely bound P_i (SL-P_i), aluminum-bound P_i (Al-P_i), calcium-bound P_i (Ca-P_i), and iron-bound P_i (Fe-P_i), respectively, after conversion from rice paddies to vegetable fields. Most of the increase in P_i was in the form of Fe-P_i, which increased from 8% of total P (TP) on paddy soil to 31% on the soil with > 20-year vegetable cultivation, followed by Al-P_i, which increased from 2% to 19% of TP. For Po fractions, there was no significant change in P concentrations. The conversion of land use from paddy fields to high intensity vegetable fields was causing significant changes in soil P fractions. Management practices were causing a buildup of soil P, primarily in the Fe-P_i fraction, followed by Ca-P_i and Al-P_i fractions. If current trends continue, a 30%-70% increase in TP could be expected in the next 20 years. Farmers in the area should reduce P application and use to maximize P uptake.     

Relationship of Soil Phosphorus Pools with Bray 1 Phosphorus in Some Acid Soils of Central Southern Cameroon

We measured phosphorus (P) chemical pools of genetic horizons of five representative pedons from central southern Cameroon. Our objectives were to assess the relative abundance of P pools and to empirically model their interrelations and contributions to a P availability index. The fractionation scheme followed a modified Hedley sequential procedure with anion exchange resin, 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃; Pi and Po), 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH; Pi and Po), 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (HCl; Pi), and 2 M sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) after soil ignition at 550 ^oC. Resin P, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃-P; Pi and Po), and HCl-Pi–extractable pools accounted for 1.0, 5.7 and 0.7 % of total P (TP) respectively. The NaOH-P and residual P pools measured through 2 M H₂SO₄ emerged as the largest and most variable pools, accounting for 86.2% of TP. The relative abundance of extracted P pools decreased in the order resin P < NaHCO₃-P ≤ HCl-P < NaOH-P < H₂SO₄-P. Bray 1 P was significantly correlated with all P pools except NaHCO₃-Pi, NaOH-Pi, and residual pools.     

不同有机无机肥配比对冷浸田土壤肥力及水稻生长的影响

为了消减冷浸型中低产田长期浸渍、泥温低、土壤有效养分低等障碍因子,通过田间小区试验和动态取样与室内测定,研究了不同有机无机肥配比对冷浸田土壤肥力及水稻生长的影响。结果表明:与复合肥处理比较,复合肥与40%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的土壤磷酸铁盐和磷酸钙盐含量分别提高11%和17%,复合肥与60%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的土壤磷酸铝盐含量提高44%,且磷酸铝盐、磷酸铁盐和磷酸钙盐占无机磷总量的比例提高,闭蓄态磷占无机磷总量的比例降低,促使土壤中难溶性磷向易溶性磷转化,提高土壤有效磷含量;复合肥配施60%(N)生鸡粪处理的土壤松结态腐殖质占重组腐殖质的比例提高1.9个百分点,紧结态腐殖质占重组腐殖质的比例降低4.6个百分点,土壤活性有机质含量提高14%,土壤阳离子交换量提高11%;复合肥与40%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的土壤真菌和放线菌数量分别提高33%和28%,复合肥配施60%(N)生鸡粪处理的土壤细菌数和微生物活性分别提高160%和19%,水稻磷、钾吸收量分别提高5%和111%;复合肥与40%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的早、晚稻产量分别增加8%和42%,复合肥与60%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的早、晚稻产量分别增加6%和31%。有机无机平衡施肥是适合于冷浸田水稻增产的施肥方式。     

长期有机无机肥配施下红壤性稻田水稻产量及土壤有机碳变化特征

利用中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤稻田长期定位试验,研究了长期有机无机肥配施下双季稻增产潜力和土壤有机碳变化特征。31年的试验结果表明,1）施肥能促进水稻早晚稻稻谷和地上部产量增加,其中,有机肥配施均衡的NPK处理促进作用最大,NPKM处理下稻谷年均产量比NPM、 NKM、 PKM、 M和NPK分别高 5.8%、 10.9%、 16.2%、 15.9%和20.4%。2）施肥能促进水稻土有机碳含量增加,其中,有机肥配施均衡的NPK处理提升效果最为明显, NPKM处理下所测年度土壤有机碳平均含量比NPM、 NKM、 PKM、 M和NPK分别高出2.5%、 3.5%、 2.0%、 0.6%和 32.8%。3）随着试验的进行,单施有机肥对早、 晚稻稻谷和地上部产量的促进效果逐步优于单施化肥氮、 磷、 钾处理（NPK）,对土壤有机碳的提升效果也明显优于单施化肥氮、 磷、 钾。红壤性稻田双季稻生产实践中,有机无机肥配施模式值得推荐,但需均衡配施化肥氮、 磷、 钾。     

有机物料与化肥配施提高黄泥田水稻产量和土壤肥力

农业有机物料具有资源化再利用的特点,与化肥配施既可以保证作物产量,也可以提升地力。为了建立最适宜的南方低产黄泥田培肥模式,该文在浙江金衢盆地开展3年田间试验研究化肥与不同有机物料(菇渣、紫云英、牛粪和秸秆)配施对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:1)有机物料与化肥配施可以显著提高水稻产量,化肥+菇渣、化肥+紫云英、化肥+牛粪和化肥+秸秆处理下,水稻三年的平均产量分别比单施化肥提高了9.7%、9.5%、12.3%和9.5%;2)有机物料与化肥配合施用,土壤有机质、土壤养分(全氮、有效磷、速效钾和CEC)及土壤容重较单施化肥处理有一定程度的改善,其中,化肥+牛粪效果最明显,有机质质量分数提高了12.5%,土壤有效磷质量分数提高了37.7%,CEC提高了16.1%;3)与单施化肥相比,化肥+菇渣、化肥+牛粪处理下5 mm机械稳定性大团聚体分别提高了10.4%和6.7%,各配施处理均显著降低了团聚体破坏率。总得来讲,连续三年有机物料与化肥配施较单施化肥处理提高了水稻产量、改善了土壤肥力状况、增加了土壤团聚体稳定性,其中又以牛粪与化肥配合施用效果最佳。     

不同利用方式对棕壤有机碳垂直分布的影响

采用野外采样和室内分析的方法研究了林地、园地、耕地3种利用方式对典型棕壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)及重组有机碳(HFOC)在0～20 cm、20～40 cm、40～60 cm 3层次中垂直分布的影响。结果表明,与林地相比,园地和耕地各层次的TOC含量和储量均显著下降;其分布份额和分布比则为园地中、下层略向上层转移,耕地则明显向中、下层转移。3种利用方式下POC的相对数量均随土层加深而递减,林地开垦为园地和耕地后,POC的相对数量仅在园地上、中层显著降低,分别减少6.67和1.70个百分点,而耕地则各层次均显著降低,其相对数量分别减少13.65、5.43和3.03个百分点;HFOC的相对数量随干预强度和土层深度增加而增大,耕地和园地比林地分别高出:上层5.77和4.00个百分点、中层10.44和6.40个百分点、下层7.35和3.92个百分点,且差异均显著。因此,将林地棕壤开垦为园地或耕地后应注重有机物料的投入,以减缓因开垦对有机碳所造成的损失和不尽合理的分布状况。     

长期施肥红壤性稻田和旱地土壤有机碳积累差异

  【目的】  提高土壤有机碳水平对提升农田生产力有重要意义。基于长期定位施肥试验,比较施肥影响下相同成土母质发育的红壤性稻田和旱地土壤的总有机碳 (TOC) 及其组分的积累差异,以深入理解红壤有机碳的固持及稳定机制。  【方法】  稻田和旱地长期施肥试验分别始于1981和1986年,包含CK (不施肥对照)、NPK (施氮磷钾化肥) 和NPKM (有机无机肥配施) 3个处理,在2017年晚稻和晚玉米收获后,采集两个试验上述处理的耕层 (0—20 cm) 土样,通过硫酸水解法分离土壤活性与惰性有机碳,测定并计算土壤中TOC及其组分的含量及储量,并利用Jenny模型拟合试验期间耕层土壤TOC含量的变化动态,估算土壤固碳潜力。  【结果】  与CK相比,长期施肥可提高稻田和旱地土壤各有机碳组分的含量,且NPKM处理的效果优于NPK处理。相比于稻田土壤,施肥对旱地土壤各有机碳组分含量的提升更加明显。NPK和NPKM处理下,旱地土壤活性有机碳组分Ⅰ、活性有机碳组分Ⅱ、惰性有机碳含量的增幅分别是稻田土壤的2.7、2.7、5.8倍和2.0、1.4和2.5倍。不论施肥与否,稻田土壤TOC的固存量和固存潜力均显著高于旱地土壤。施肥促进土壤固碳,在稻田和旱地土壤上,NPKM处理的TOC固存量分别是NPK处理的1.7和25.5倍,TOC固存潜力则分别是NPK处理的1.4和5.8倍。长期不同施肥均显著提高稻田和旱地土壤年均碳投入量,线性拟合方程表明,随碳投入量增加,土壤活性有机碳储量的累积对稻田、旱地土壤TOC储量累积的贡献率分别达64.7%、44.6%。不同处理间稻田与旱地土壤活性有机碳 (包括活性有机碳组分Ⅰ与活性有机碳组分Ⅱ) 含量的差异可解释其TOC含量差异的52.9%～60.0%。  【结论】  与施氮磷钾化肥相比,有机无机肥配施可更好的促进土壤固碳,且在旱地土壤上的促进作用比在稻田土壤上更为明显。与稻田土壤相比,旱地土壤各有机碳组分含量的变化对长期施肥的响应更敏感,且在施氮磷钾化肥条件下表现更为明显。红壤性稻田和旱地土壤TOC积累的主要贡献组分分别为活性有机碳和惰性有机碳。红壤植稻虽有利于有机碳固持,但红壤性稻田土壤的活性碳占比较高,可能易因不当管理而发生损失。     

沙地土壤有机质与土壤水动力学参数的关系

试验测定了不同有机质含量的沙地土壤饱和导水率、水分特征曲线及一些水分常数,研究分析了沙地土壤有机质含量与水动力学参数的关系以及有机质影响沙地土壤水分运动的机理。结果表明沙地土壤有机质含量与几个水分常数均呈极显著线性相关,土壤水吸力相同时有机质含量越高,土壤含水量也越大;土壤有机质含量和<0.01mm物理性粘粒与土壤饱和导水率呈极显著线性负相关,沙地土壤有机质是影响水分动力学参数最重要的因子之一。     

梯田不同作物土壤有机碳含量及其影响因素分析

以赤峰市敖汉旗水平梯田土壤为研究对象,选取玉米、谷子、高粱、绿豆4种当地多年主栽作物的表层(0~20 cm)土壤216个样品,通过方差分析方法探究梯田4种作物表层土壤有机碳含量的差异及其影响因素。结果表明,研究区梯田表层土壤有机碳含量平均值为6.34 g/kg,处于中等偏下水平。不同作物土壤有机碳含量由高到低表现为绿豆谷子高粱玉米。在0.01显著性水平下,绿豆地土壤有机碳含量显著高于玉米、高粱、谷子地(P=0.000 6)。玉米、高粱、绿豆地土壤有机碳含量均随坡位的上升而减少,谷子则相反。4种作物土壤有机碳含量大小在两个坡向上都表现为阴坡阳坡。下坡位以及阴坡的土壤有机碳含量比较高。人为因素是通过不同的耕作制度和管护措施来影响梯田土壤有机碳含量的,免耕、秸秆还田、绿豆种植等措施能提高梯田土壤有机碳含量。     

长期不同施肥对南方黄泥田水稻子粒品质性状与土壤肥力因子的影响

在福建黄泥田长期定位施肥试验的第26年,研究了不同施肥处理对水稻子粒品质性状与土壤肥力因子的影响。结果表明,化肥+牛粪（NPKM）、化肥+秸秆还田（NPKS）及单施化肥（NPK）处理的水稻子粒必需氨基酸含量分别较不施肥（CK）处理提高256%、161%、131%,差异显著; 粗蛋白与淀粉含量则分别提高111141与2339个百分点,均以NPKM处理增效最为突出。各施肥处理显著提高了子粒氮、磷含量,升幅最高的NPKM处理分别比CK提高261%、311%,且提高了子粒钙、镁、硫中量元素含量。子粒氮、磷、镁、硫含量与氨基酸呈显著正相关,子粒氮、钙、硫含量与淀粉呈显著正相关。3个施肥处理均提高了土壤有机质及有效养分含量,并以速效钾的增加最为明显。此外,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷等肥力因子与子粒氨基酸、淀粉品质性状均呈显著正相关; 土壤碱解氮和子粒氮含量与土壤速效磷及子粒磷含量均呈显著正相关。综合考虑施肥对水稻产量、品质性状与稻田土壤肥力的影响,以NPKM处理最优。     

Vertical dynamics of soil organic carbon and its influence on Chengdu Plain paddy soils from the 1980s to the 2010s

ABSTRACT

The vertical dynamics of paddy soil organic carbon (SOC) play an important role in soil quality and carbon cycling. In this study, we used an exponential decay function to estimate the vertical dynamics of SOC content and determined its influencing factors in a typical paddy soil area of the Chengdu Plain from the 1980s to the 2010s. Our results show an overall increase in SOC stocks at 0–100 cm from 11.8 Tg in the 1980s to 13.7 Tg in the 2010s. SOC content increased at depths of 0–40 cm and declined at depths of 40–100 cm over the past three decades. The exponential decay function parameters C₀ and k significantly increased by 31.4% and 18.2% respectively, which suggests the vertical pattern of SOC distribution changed. The increase in nugget effects of C₀ and k and the decrease in the relative contributions of the parent material, subgroup and distance-to-river indicate that extrinsic factors played increasing roles in the vertical variation of SOC content. Our study concludes that rice planting has led to vertical variations of SOC content and decreased the effects of intrinsic factors on the vertical variation of SOC content of Chengdu Plain paddy soils over the past three decades.     

Effect of P fertilizer reduction regime on soil Olsen-P, root Fe-plaque P, and rice P uptake in rice-wheat rotation paddy fields

In agricultural systems, it is vital to use limited yet optimal phosphorus(P) resources, because excessive P fertilizer application leads to the accumulation of P in soil, increasing the risk of environmental pollution and causing the waste and exhaustion of P resources. In a rice-wheat rotation system, omitting P fertilizer application in the rice-growing season is a good alternative;however, how this P fertilization reduction influences changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system is unclear. In this study, after a seven-year rice-wheat rotation at the Yixing(YX) and Changshu(CS) sampling sites, China, compared with P fertilization in rice-and wheat-growing seasons(PR+W), reduced P fertilization(no P fertilizer application in either season, P0;P fertilization only in wheat-growing seasons, PW;and P fertilization only in rice-growing seasons, PR) did not result in substantial variation in crop biomass. The PW treatment did not reduce crop total P, root iron(Fe)-plaque P, and soil Olsen-P at three stages of rice growth(seedling, booting, and harvesting stages) at the YX and CS sites. In contrast, concentrations of soil Olsen-P, aboveground crop total P, and root Fe-plaque P decreased in the P0 treatment by 45.8%–81.0%,24.6%–30.9%, and 45.6%–73.4%, respectively. In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between the root Fe-plaque P and crop biomass at the two sites. Significant positive correlations were also observed between root Fe-plaque P and root total P, crop total P, and soil Olsen-P. In addition, the results of a redundancy analysis revealed that soil alkaline phosphatase(ALP) played a major role in the supply of P in soil, and was closely associated with root Fe-plaque P. The results of this study will enhance the understanding of the changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system, particularly under P fertilizer reduction regimes.     

Evaluation of soil health in organic vs. conventional farming of basmati rice in North India

Conventional agricultural practices that use excessive chemical fertilizers and pesticides come at a great price with respect to soil health, a key component to achieve agricultural sustainability. Organic farming could serve as an alternative agricultural system and solve the problems associated with the usage of agro‐chemicals by sustainable use of soil resources. A study was carried out to evaluate the impact of organic vs . conventional cultivations of basmati rice on soil health during Kharif (rainy) season of 2011 at Kaithal district of Haryana, India, under farmers' participatory mode. Long‐term application of organic residues in certified organic farms was found to improve physical, chemical, and biological indicators of soil health. Greater organic matter buildup as indicated by higher soil organic carbon content in organic fields was critical to increase soil aggregate stability by increasing water holding capacity and reducing bulk density. Proper supplementation of nutrients (both major and micro nutrients) through organic residue addition favored biologically available nutrients in organic systems. Further, the prevalence of organic substrates stimulated soil microorganisms to produce enzymes responsible for the conversion of unavailable nutrients to plant available forms. Most importantly, a closer look at the relationship between physicochemical and biological indicators of soil health evidenced the significance of organic matter to enzyme activities suggesting enhanced nutrient cycling in systems receiving organic amendments. Enzyme activities were very sensitive to short‐term (one growing season) effects of organic vs . conventional nutrient management. Soil chemical indicators (organic matter and nutrient contents) were also changed in the short‐term, but the response was secondary to the biochemical indicators. Taken together, this study indicates that organic farming practices foster biotic and abiotic interactions in the soil which may facilitate in moving towards a sustainable food future.     

越南红河三角洲地区淹水稻田轮作蔬菜可改良土壤性质

Vegetable production in South East Asia often is in rotation with flooded rice. The puddling of the soil with flooded rice production may result in unfavourable soil conditions for the subsequent production of dry land crops. To establish whether permanent vegetable production results in favourable soil conditions for vegetables, the effects of five different permanent vegetable production systems and a system of vegetable production in rotation with flooded rice on soil properties after flooded rice were studied in a 2-year field experiment. Bulk density at 0.05–0.10 m depth layer decreased with permanent vegetable production and vegetable production in rotation with flooded rice. The decrease in bulk density was influenced by the application of organic manure and rice husks, and especially by the number of crops cultivated, suggesting that frequency of soil tillage had a major effect on bulk density. Ploughing with buffalo traction after flooded rice, in combination with construction of raised beds, could reduce or totally eliminate negative effects of puddling on soil structure. Bulk density at 0.15–0.20 m soil depth was not influenced. Soil acidity decreased significantly in all systems. Soil organic carbon increased in all systems, but significant increase was only found in two permanent vegetable production systems. Available phosphorus(P) significantly increased in two permanent vegetable production systems, with a positively correlation to the amount of P applied. The significant decrease in bulk density and increase in p H(H2O), after only 2 years, showed that soil conditions after flooded rice could be improved in a short time under intensive vegetable production.     

新疆水稻主产区土壤硒含量与水稻籽粒硒含量的相关性

对新疆水稻主产区的44个稻田耕层土壤及收获籽粒进行调查取样,结果表明:稻田13%属于足硒土壤,82%属于富硒土壤且有5%属于高硒土壤。而水稻籽粒硒含量达到国家谷物类食品富硒标准的仅有20%,水稻籽粒硒含量与稻田土壤全硒含量相关性不显著,但水稻籽粒硒含量与土壤有效硒含量呈极显著正相关,且土壤p H值及土壤有效磷含量与土壤有效硒含量呈极显著正相关,说明在新疆水稻主产区土壤有效硒含量是衡量土壤供硒潜力的有效指标,在实际生产中大部分的稻田需要通过施用适量外源硒肥来提高水稻籽粒中硒的含量。     

不同利用方式旱地红壤水稳性团聚体及其碳、氮、磷分布特征

针对江西红壤地区不同利用方式引起的土壤质量和肥力的相应变化,研究了不同肥力水平、不同利用方式下红壤旱地水稳性团聚体含量及其养分分布规律。研究表明,荒地土壤中>5 mm水稳性团聚体含量显著高于其他利用方式,花生地和果园土壤则以0.25～0.053 mm的水稳性团聚体为主。各肥力水平下,菜地土壤中除>5 mm水稳性团聚体外,各粒级团聚体中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均显著高于花生地、果园和荒地土壤。说明菜地土壤长期大量施肥,导致土壤碳、氮、磷养分含量均相对丰富。不同利用方式旱地红壤中,有机碳、全氮主要分布在>5 mm、5～2 mm和2～1 mm的较大粒径水稳性团聚体中。说明随着团聚体粒径增大,其有机碳含量增加,土壤全氮的消长趋势和有机碳一致。土壤全磷较均匀地分布在水稳性团聚体中,如高肥力菜地和荒地土壤各粒级团聚体中全磷含量间均无显著性差异。各利用方式旱地红壤中2～1 mm和1～0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量与土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量间均达到了极显著正相关。     

Soil organic carbon and phosphorus availability regulate abundance of culturable phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in paddy fields

Low availability of phosphorus(P) is a major constraint for optimal crop production, as P is mostly present in its insoluble form in soil. Therefore,phosphate-solubilizing bacteria(PSB) from paddy field soils of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, India were isolated, and their abundance was attempted to be correlated with the physicochemical characteristics of the soils. Ninety-four PSB were isolated on Pikovskaya's agar medium, and quantitative phosphate solubilization was evaluated using NBRIP medium. The isolates solubilized P up to a concentration of 1 006 μg mL~(-1) from tricalcium phosphate with the secretion of organic acids. These isolates were identified by 16 S rRNA gene sequence comparison, and they belonged to Gammaproteobacteria(56 isolates),Firmicutes(28 isolates), Actinobacteria(8 isolates), and Alphaproteobacteria(2 isolates). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identification by clustering the isolates in the clade of the respective reference organisms. The correlation analysis between PSB abundance and physicochemical characteristics revealed that the PSB population increased with increasing levels of soil organic carbon, insoluble P, K~+, and Mg~(2+). The promising PSB explored in this study can be further evaluated for their biofertilizer potential in the field and for their use as potent bio-inoculants.     

Effects of soil flooding and organic matter addition on plant accessible phosphorus in a tropical paddy soil: an isotope dilution study

Plant growth experiments were conducted to reveal the mechanism by which organic matter (OM) and soil flooding enhance phosphorus (P) bioavailability for rice. It was postulated that reductive dissolution of iron‐(III) [Fe(III)] oxyhydroxides in soil releases occluded phosphate ions (PO₄), i.e., PO₄ that is not isotopically exchangeable in the original soil prior to flooding. Rice was grown in P‐deficient soil treated with factorial combinations of addition of mineral P (0, 50 mg P kg^?1), OM (0, ≈ 20.5 g OM kg^?1 as cattle manure +/– rice straw) and water treatments (flooded vs. non‐flooded). The OM was either freshly added just before flooding or incubated moist in soil for 6 months prior to flooding; nitrogen and potassium were added in all treatments. The soil exchangeable P was labeled with ³³PO₄ prior to flooding. The plant accessible P in soil, the so‐called L‐value, was determined from the ³³P/³¹P ratio in the plants. The L‐values were inconsistently affected by flooding in contrast with the starting hypothesis. The OM and P addition to soil clearly increased the L‐value and, surprisingly, the increase due to OM application was larger than the total P addition to soil. An additional isotope exchange study in a soil extract (E‐value) at the end of the experiment showed that the E‐value increased less than the total P addition with OM. This suggests that plants preferentially take up unlabeled P from the OM in the rhizosphere compared to labeled labile inorganic P. The effects of soil flooding on P bioavailability is unlikely related to an increase of the quantity of bio‐accessible P in soil (L‐value) but is likely explained by differences in P mobility in soil.