甘蓝型低芥酸油菜隔离繁种及商品生产基地保纯技术研究

为了研究不同隔离方法,不同隔离条件,对甘蓝型低芥酸油菜品种芥酸含量的影响,从中总结低芥酸油菜种子的隔离繁殖技术,解决当前大面积栽培高芥酸油菜情况下,如何繁殖推广低芥酸油菜的问题,由青海省农林科学     

低芥酸油菜保纯技术研究

低芥酸油菜的低芥性状是受两对没有明显显隐性而有加性效应的基因所控制,与高芥酸油菜产生生物学混杂,其低芥酸性状当代就会消失,品种品质迅速变劣。因此研究不同隔离条件、不同隔离方法对低芥酸品种芥酸含量的影响,从中总结出低芥酸良种的保纯技术,是     

繁殖优质油菜种子所需隔离距离研究

繁殖优质油菜种子所需隔离距离研究上海市种子管理总站徐军油菜是常异花授粉作物，天然异交率较高，容易混杂退化。低芥酸油菜的种子中芥酸含量受胚基因型控制，如与高芥酸油菜发生生物学混杂，其低芥酸性状当代就会消失，品质迅速变劣，故优质油菜品种的繁殖和种子生产必...     

芥菜型油菜FAE1基因序列特征及其与芥酸含量关系的初步分析

采用同源序列法对6个芥菜型油菜(Brassica juncea)品种(高芥酸、中芥酸、低芥酸)、2份白菜型油菜品种(高芥酸和低芥酸)和1份黑芥品种的FAE1基因进行克隆和测序表明,9个品种的FAE1基因编码区全长均为1522bp,不含内含子,均编码507个氨基酸残基。序列比较表明,芥菜型油菜中有两种FAE1基因序列(BjFAE1.1和BjFAE1.2),其亲缘种白菜型油菜和黑芥中各有一种FAE1基因序列(BrFAE1和BnFAE1),BjFAE1.1对应于白菜型油菜的BrFAE1,BjFAE1.2对应于黑芥的BnFAE1;BjFAE1.1和BjFAE1.2之间存在71bp处核苷酸变异和Hind III不同的酶切位点(第1415位和第1144位),蛋白质水平上存在15处氨基酸变异。比较不同芥酸含量品种的FAE1基因序列表明,BjFAE1.1基因存在2个SNP位点(第968位和第1265位),BjFAE1.2基因也有2个SNP位点(第49位和第237位),这4个SNP位点中有3个位点(第49位、第968位和第1265位)导致蛋白质水平上氨基酸的差异。其中BjFAE1.1基因第968位的碱基变化(C→T)引起的第323位氨基酸变化(Thr→Ile),能够解释芥菜型油菜和白菜型油菜高芥酸到低芥酸(中芥酸)的转变;第1265位的碱基变化(T→C)引起的第422位的氨基酸变化(Phe→Ser),能够部分解释芥菜型油菜的高芥酸到低芥酸(中芥酸)的转变,白菜型油菜的高芥酸和低芥酸品种在该位点的碱基没有变化。BjFAE1.2基因第49位的碱基变化(T→C)引起的第17位氨基酸的变化(Phe→Leu),可以解释芥菜型油菜的中芥酸变成高芥酸(低芥酸)。陕北黄芥低芥酸突变株1278-3的FAE1基因序列和国外低芥酸品种比较,只在第1265位出现变异。     

工业用高油高芥酸转基因油菜株系的获得

芥酸在工业上具有诸多用途,目前主要从菜籽油中制取,提高芥酸含量和含油量是工业专用高芥酸油菜育种的两个重要目标。本研究在甘蓝型油菜高油品种CY2中籽粒特异正向表达拟南芥At FAE1基因,增强脂肪酸延伸酶的活性,获得了两个高油高芥酸转基因株系,其芥酸含量由CY2的43%提高到了60%左右,含油量超过了50%,稍高于CY2。这一研究表明,极长链脂肪酸生物合成关键酶基因FAE1表达的上调不仅能显著促进芥酸合成,而且对提高含油量也有一定作用。田间观察和考种结果显示,两个株系的主要农艺性状与CY2相仿,未发生显著变化。该转基因油菜的产业化开发将有助于降低企业的原材料和芥酸产品的生产成本。     

小资料

油菜低芥酸品种—奥罗(Oro):翻译名称又叫沃罗。1966年由纽杰脱和利霍的低芥酸选系杂交育成。属春性,甘兰型,是加拿大第一个低芥酸油菜品种。该品种含油量39.1％。蛋白质含量24.8％,含芥酸0.4—0.8％。在我国青海春播栽培,生育期136天左右,亩产500—600斤。在西南地区秋播栽培,生育期163—209天,株高86.5—180.1厘米,一次有效分枝5—10个,     

甘蓝型低芥酸油菜品种──甘白油菜

甘蓝型低芥酸油菜品种──甘白油菜１９８１年我们以甘蓝型油菜品种Ｌｅｄｏｓ为母本。白菜型油菜优良自交系Ｓ２－１５为父本，人工去雄杂交，在其后代中选比良单株再与甘蓝型低芥酸布林克自交系Ｓ３４３复交，在隔离条件下，经连年单株选育，育出了适应渭北生态环境的高...     

“托尔”、“奥罗”、“264”低无芥酸油菜在我省的适应性及其产量水平

目前,我省种植的油菜品种,芥酸含量高。据对18个县58个样品测定的结果,芥酸含量为29.3—51.4%,其中有53个样品高达40%以上,占样品总数的91%。芥酸含量偏高,油的品质差,影响了出口创汇。为了改善我省油菜籽品质,促进油菜生产的发展,我们在全省范围不同地区、不同自然条件下进行了两年的引种试验。现将“托尔”、“奥罗”、“264”的试种情况和结果简介如下:     

云南省罗平县高产优质双低油菜品种的综合筛选评价

云南省罗平县是油菜生产大县,常年种植面积保持在 5.53 万 hm2 以上。近年来,大量外省杂交品种进入罗平市场,为鉴定这些品种的丰产性、抗病抗逆性和品质,选择 49 份市场主推品种,采用大区设计开展品种综合筛选试验,从中筛选出高产优质双低品种,以巩固罗平优质油菜生产大县地位。结果表明,明堂油 985 和中油 811 芥酸、硫苷含量低于 1% 和 27μmoL/g,油酸、含油量分别高于 66% 和 44%,产量高于 3570kg/hm2 ,抗倒伏,菌核病病株率低,品质好,油酸和含油量高,可加大力度推广。德油杂 12 产量最高,芥酸含量低,含油量一般,但硫苷含量高（54.3μmoL/g）;川油 45 产量居第 2 位,芥酸含量低,硫苷含量较低（34.49μmoL/g）,含油量一般（38.74%）;大地 199 产量为 3327.01kg/hm2,芥酸、硫苷含量分别低于 1% 和 30μmoL/g,油酸、含油量高,分别为 69.33% 和 46.56%,可推广。     

甘蓝型油菜遗传图谱的构建及芥酸含量的QTL分析

一个由甘蓝型油菜品种Quantum (黄花、低芥酸)和人工合成的甘蓝型油菜品系No.2127-17（白花、高芥酸）为亲本材料建立的DH群体中芥酸呈现单基因的遗传模式。为了发展与芥酸紧密连锁的分子标记对其实行有效的控制,随机选择121个结实正常的DH系为作图群体,利用SSR和RAPD标记构建了一张甘蓝型油菜的遗传连锁图谱。在亲本间检测     

近10年我国冬油菜区试品种品质及产量性状的演变分析

油菜是我国最重要的食用油料作物。本文综合分析了2000年～2009年10个年度国家冬油菜区域试验参试品种的品质及产量性状。分析表明：2002年是我国油菜品种品质（低芥酸、低硫苷）和产量的转折点,此后双低油菜品种比例在80%以上,产量也逐步提高,到目前基本达到双高品种的产量水平。分析表明双低油菜产量的提高,主要归因于单株结角数和千粒重的增加;此外,双低油菜品种含油量有了较大的突破,尤其是近3年含油量有了显著提高。这表明在我国油菜品种双低化过程中,品质和产量得到了协同发展。目前在双低品质达标的情况下,提高产量和含油量仍是我国油菜育种的主攻目标。     

Development of novel clubroot resistant rapeseed lines (Brassica napus L.) effective against Japanese field isolates by marker assisted selection

Clubroot is an important disease infectible to cruciferous plants and a major threat to rapeseed production in Japan. However, no clubroot resistant rapeseed cultivars have been released. We surveyed pathotype variation of six isolates collected from rapeseed fields and found they were classified as pathotype groups 2 and 4 using Japanese F₁ Chinese cabbage cultivars. We produced the resynthesized clubroot resistant Brassica napus harboring two resistant loci, Crr1 and Crr2, by interspecific crossing and developed resistant rapeseed lines for southern and northern regions by marker-assisted selection and backcrossing. We improved the DNA marker for erucic acid content to remove linkage drag between Crr1 and high erucic acid content and successfully selected lines with clubroot resistance and zero erucic acid for northern regions. A novel line, ‘Tohoku No. 106’, suitable for southern regions showed stable resistance against all six isolates and high performance in infested fields. We conclude that Crr1 and Crr2 are important genes for CR rapeseed breeding and marker-assisted selection is effective in improving clubroot resistance.     

Morphological evaluation of olive germplasm present in Tuscany region

Undesirable characteristic of rapeseed oil is a relatively high level of linolenic acid (18:3), which is easily oxidized leading to rancidity and a shortened shelf life of the oil. Previous attempts to reduce linolenic acid levels in rapeseed oil through breeding have been impaired by complex genetics and strong environmental sensitivity of this trait. Therefore, our objective was to develop molecular markers for low linolenic acid that could facilitate the breeding of low linolenic rapeseed. Bulked segregant analysis was employed to identify two RAPD markers associated with 18:3 in a doubled haploid population segregating for linolenic and erucic acid levels. Based on analysis of individual DH lines, the markers RM350 and RM574, representing two independent loci, accounted for a total of 39% of the genetic variability in this population. This marker RM350 alone accounted for 25% genetic variation for this trait with no evidence of recombination. Significant interlocus interaction found between the markers RM350 and RM574 suggested that epistasis was involved in the genetic control of 18:3 level in this population. Another marker designated as RM322, which was independent of the other two, was found significantly associated with the erucic acid level and oil content. RAPD markers identified in this study should be a useful tool for the early detection of low linolenic, or low or high erucic acid genotypes in rapeseed breeding programs based on doubled haploids. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Combination of resistance to Verticillium longisporum from zero erucic acid Brassica oleracea and oilseed Brassica rapa genotypes in resynthesized rapeseed (Brassica napus) lines

Resynthesized (RS) forms of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.; genome AACC, 2n = 38) generated from interspecific hybridization between suitable genotypes of its diploid progenitors Brassica rapa L. (syn. campestris; genome AA, 2n = 20) and Brassica oleracea L. (CC, 2n = 18) represent a potentially useful resource to introduce resistance against the fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum into the gene pool of oilseed rape. Numerous cabbage (B. oleracea) accessions are known with resistance to V. longisporum; however, B. oleracea generally has high levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates in the seed, which reduces the suitability of resulting RS rapeseed lines for oilseed rape breeding. In this study resistance against V. longisporum was identified in the cabbage accession Kashirka 202 (B. oleracea convar. capitata), a zero erucic acid mutant, and RS rapeseed lines were generated by crossing the resistant genotype with two spring turnip rape accessions (B. rapa ssp. olerifera) with zero erucic acid. One of the resulting zero erucic acid RS rapeseed lines was found to have a high level of resistance to V. longisporum compared with both parental accessions and with B. napus controls. A number of other zero erucic acid RS lines showed resistance levels comparable to the parental accessions. In the most resistant RS lines the resistance and zero erucic acid traits were combined with variable seed glucosinolate contents. Erucic acid‐free RS rapeseed with moderate seed glucosinolate content represents an ideal basic material for introgression of quantitative V. longisporum resistance derived from B. oleracea and B. rapa into elite oilseed rape breeding lines.     

Estimation of seed weight, oil content and fatty acid composition in intact single seeds of rapeseed ( Brassica napus} L.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for the simultaneous analysis of seed weight, total oil content and its fatty acid composition in intact single seeds of rapeseed was studied. A calibration set of 530 single seeds was analysed by both NIRS and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and calibration equations for the major fatty acids were developed. External validation with a set of 75 seeds demonstrated a close relationship between NIRS and GLC data for oleic (r = 0.92) and erucic acid (r = 0.94), but not for linoleic (r = 0.75) and linolenic acid (r = 0.73). Calibration equations for seed weight and oil content were developed from a calibration set of 125 seeds. A gravimetric determination was used as reference method for oil content. External validation revealed a coefficient of correlation between NIRS and reference methods of 0.92 for both traits. The performance of the calibration equations for oleic and erucic acid was further studied by analysing two segregating F2 seed populations not represented in the calibration set. The results demonstrated that a reliable selection for both fatty acids in segregating populations can be made by using NIRS. We concluded that a reliable estimation of seed weight, oil content, oleic acid and erucic acid content in intact, single seeds of rapeseed is possible by using NIRS technique. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘蓝型油菜种子中几种主要脂肪酸含量的遗传

通过对甘蓝型油菜杂交组合(华油8号×Altex)正反交 F_1、F_2、回交一代以及相应的杂交亲本种子中几种主要脂肪酸含量的气相色谱测定,研究了芥酸、廿碳烯酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量的遗传以及这几种脂肪酸之间的相互关系。研究结果表明:种子中的芥酸、廿碳烯酸和油酸含量都是由胚基因型决定的,这三种脂肪酸含量受到一个共同     

Marker-assisted increase of genetic diversity in a double-low seed quality winter oilseed rape genetic background

Generation of novel genetic diversity for maximization of heterosis in hybrid production is a significant goal in winter oilseed rape breeding. Here, we demonstrate that doubled haploid (DH) production using microspore cultivation can simultaneously introgress favourable alleles for double‐low seed quality (low erucic acid and low‐glucosinolate content) into a genetically diverse Brassica napus genetic background. The DH lines were derived from a cross between a double‐low quality winter rapeseed variety and a genetically diverse semisynthetic B. napus line with high erucic acid and high glucosinolates (++ quality). Twenty‐three low‐glucosinolate lines were identified with a genome component of 50–67% derived from the ++ parent. Four of these lines, with a genome component of 50–55% derived from the ++ parent, also contained low erucic acid. Heterosis for seed yield was confirmed in test‐crosses using these genetically diverse lines as pollinator. The results demonstrate the potential of marker‐assisted identification of novel genetic pools for breeding of double‐low quality winter oilseed rape hybrids.     

甘蓝型油菜主要脂肪酸组成的QTL定位

应用RAPD、SSR和SRAP技术, 对甘蓝型油菜低芥酸品系APL01与高芥酸品系M083杂交组合的BC1F1群体进行检测, 获得251个分子标记, 构建了19个连锁群组成的分子标记遗传图谱; 应用WinQTLCart 2.0对油菜主要脂肪酸组成进行QTL扫描, 获得与棕榈酸含量相关的QTL 5个, 分别位于N3、N8、N10和N13连锁群, 其中效应值较大的主效QTL qPA8-1和qPA13分别可解释棕榈酸含量表型变异的11.31%和14.47%。获得与硬脂酸含量相关的QTL 3个, 分别位于N1、N8和N16连锁群, 其中效应值较大的主效QTL qST16可解释硬脂酸含量表型变异的12.22%。获得与油酸含量相关的QTL 2个, 位于N8和N13连锁群, 均为主效QTL, 其中qOL8位于N8连锁群的m11e37b~A0226Ba267区间, 可解释油酸含量表型变异的11.73%, qOL13位于N13连锁群的m18e46~m20e25a区间, 可解释表型变异的27.14%。获得与亚油酸含量相关的QTL 3个, 其中主效QTL qLI8-1位于N8连锁群, 可解释亚油酸含量表型变异的13.25%。获得与亚麻酸含量相关的QTL 3个, 效应值均较小, 属微效QTL。获得与廿碳烯酸含量相关的QTL 4个, 分别位于N8、N13和N15连锁群, 其中主效QTL qEI8-1、qEI8-2和qEI13分别可解释廿碳烯酸含量表型变异的12.20%、10.22%和11.14%。获得与芥酸含量相关的QTL 2个, 位于N8和N13连锁群, 均为主效QTL, 其中qER8位于N8连锁群的m11e37b~A0226Ba267区间, 可解释芥酸含量表型变异的16.74%; qER13位于N13连锁群的A0301Bb398~m18e46区间, 可解释芥酸含量表型变异的31.32%。在N8连锁群的分子标记m11e27b附近及N13连锁群的分子标记m18e46附近存在多个主要脂肪酸的主效QTL, 这些标记可用于油菜脂肪酸改良的分子标记辅助选择。     

不同海拔高度甘蓝型油菜农艺性状和品质性状变化分析

以‘大地95’、‘京华165’、‘山油2号’3个甘蓝型油菜品种为材料,比较分析不同海拔条件对油菜农艺性状和品质性状的影响。结果表明：随海拔高度的增加,油菜全生育期延长,株高、分枝高度、分枝数、单株角果数、每果粒数减少,单株产量和产量降低,千粒重增加;蛋白质含量降低,含油量增加,硫甙和芥酸在不同品种间表现不一致。相关性分析表明：海拔高度与生育期显著正相关,与株高和单株产量显著负相关,相关系数分别为0.519、-0.548、-0.528;海拔高度与蛋白质显著负相关,与含油量、硫甙、芥酸正相关,相关系数分别为-0.590、0.262、0.161、0.138。     

Genetics of the Erucic Acid Content in Interspecific Hybrids of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassies carinata Braun) and Rapeseed (B. napus L.)

Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata Braun) is a potential oil crop in which genes for low erucic acid content of the seed oil have not yet been found. In order to solve this problem the potential of rapeseed (B. napus L.) varieties as a source of these genes has been tested. Reciprocal F₁ hybrids between B. carinata and a low erucic acid variety of B. napus, F₂, and backcrosses with B. carinata were obtained. The fatty acid composition was determined in half seeds of F₁ and segregating generations from reciprocal interspecific crosses. The genetic analysis indicated that the erucic acid content of the seed oil of B. carinata is controlled by two genes with no dominance and additive in action.