白梭吻鲈3个群体的遗传结构比较

为了加强良种选育工作,切实做好亲本遗传管理,防止近交衰退的发生,利用20个微卫星分子标记对白梭吻鲈(Sander lucioperca)新疆野生群体及山东和苏州2个养殖群体的遗传结构进行检测。结果表明,20个微卫星标记中18个有扩增产物,14个呈现多态性;每个位点的等位基因数为2~6个,平均等位基因数为3.6个,3个群体的平均等位基因数为2.57~3.36,平均观测杂合度为0.5085~0.5621,平均多态性信息含量为0.3931~0.4764,表明3个白梭吻鲈群体的遗传多样性处于中等偏低水平,遗传多样性大小为:新疆群体苏州群体山东群体。群体的Fst为0.1798,表明群体间有一定的遗传分化。在白梭吻鲈人工繁殖与养殖过程中,必须加强亲本遗传结构监测并维持一定数量的亲本规模,以利于其产业的持续发展。     

白梭吻鲈精子超微结构及K+、Ca2+、葡萄糖对其活力的影响

为了探究白梭吻鲈(Sander lucioperca)精子的结构及活力特点,采用扫描电镜观察其超微结构,并将其置于不同浓度的KCl、CaCl2和葡萄糖溶液中,在光镜下观察不同溶液对其活力的影响。结果显示:白梭吻鲈精子由头部、中段和尾部3个部分组成,其头部接近于圆形,长约1.8μm,宽约1.5μm,主要由细胞核构成,前端无顶体;中段位于细胞核外侧,长约0.4μm;尾部细长,属于典型的单鞭毛结构。适当浓度的KCl、CaCl2及葡萄糖溶液可以延长精子寿命,最适KCl浓度为75~100 mmol/L,精子快速运动持续时间的峰值为(51.54±7.04)s,精子寿命峰值为(300.34±16.69)s;最适Ca Cl2浓度为75 mmol/L,精子快速运动持续时间的峰值和寿命峰值分别为(41.07±0.83)、(104.24±4.00)s;最适葡萄糖浓度为150 mmol/L,精子快速运动持续时间的峰值和寿命峰值分别为(45.12±4.03)、(262.60±18.08)s。     

低氧胁迫对大菱鲆血液学指标、肝脏抗氧化能力及鳃组织影响的性别差异

为探究大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)对低氧环境的适应性及其在低氧胁迫下的生理反应是否具有性别差异,本研究选取规格相似的雌性[(169.95±13.55) g]和雄性[(170.08±19.02) g]大菱鲆,明确了其临界氧分压(critical oxygen tension,Pcrit)下水中的溶解氧浓度,分析了低氧胁迫和恢复正常溶解氧条件下血液生理生化指标、肝脏抗氧化能力、气体交换率、呼吸频率和鳃组织形态学变化。结果显示,雌雄大菱鲆在Pcrit时溶解氧浓度分别为(3.34±0.23) mg/L和(3.22±0.17) mg/L,无显著性别差异(P>0.05)。低氧胁迫6 h后,雌雄大菱鲆血浆皮质醇(cortisol,COR)浓度,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量和雌性大菱鲆白细胞数目(white blood cell,WBC)均显著升高(P&l...     

鸡内金多糖对尖吻鲈幼鱼生长、消化、肠道抗氧化能力和血清生化指标的影响

该研究探讨了鸡内金多糖(Polysaccharide from Endothelium corneum gigeriae galli,PEGG)对尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer)幼鱼生长、消化、肠抗氧化能力和血清生化指标的影响,以为PEGG在尖吻鲈健康养殖中的应用提供参考依据.在饲料中添加0(对照组)、5(低...     

饲喂甘草后低盐胁迫对尖吻鲈相关酶活性的影响

为探究饲喂甘草后低盐胁迫对尖吻鲈相关酶活性的影响,在盐度32.1下,将体质量(13.89±2.50) g的尖吻鲈饲养在500 L玻璃纤维桶中,投喂添加0、10、30 g/kg和50 g/kg甘草粉的饲料饲养56 d,之后转入100 L盛有自来水的塑料桶中进行24 h胁迫试验,对相关酶活性进行检测和分析。试验结果表明：胁迫后,对照组尖吻鲈幼鱼血清过氧化氢酶活性和总抗氧化能力有不同程度升高;胁迫后溶菌酶活性随甘草添加量的增加而升高,而丙二醛含量则相反;与胁迫前相比,胁迫后谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05);胁迫后肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性和总抗氧化能力随甘草添加量的增加逐渐降低(P<0.05);胁迫后各组过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力均显著高于胁迫前相应各组,而谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性恰好相反;胁迫后除10 g/kg添加组差异不显著外,其他各组鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活性均显著低于胁迫前相应各组(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,饲料中添加甘草可以增强尖吻鲈机体活力以及抗应激和环境胁迫的能力...     

地衣芽孢杆菌对尖吻鲈血液生理生化指标的影响

以初始体重为(17.47±0.19)g的尖吻鲈(Lates calarifer)为试验对象,在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照)、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0和6.0 g·kg-1饲料的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)粉状制剂,研究地衣芽孢杆菌对尖吻鲈的生理生化指标的影响.摄食不同地衣芽孢杆菌含量的尖吻鲈血液中红细胞和白细胞数量、血红蛋白和无机盐离子等没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但显著降低了尖吻鲈的血糖和尿素氮水平(P<0.05),血糖在2.0 g·kg-1饲料组达到最小值,尿素氮在1.0 g·kg-1饲料组达到最小值.血清总蛋白均高于对照组,并在4.0 g·kg-1饲料组显著升高(P<0.05);胆固醇除了3.0 g·kg-1饲料组显著低于对照组外,其他各试验组均与对照组差异不显著.地衣芽孢杆菌也降低了血清谷丙转氨酶及乳酸脱氢酶的活性,谷丙转氨酶在1.0、4.0、5.0和6.0 g·kg-1饲料组显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而乳酸脱氢酶只在1.0 g·kg-1饲料组显著低于对照组(P<0.05).     

不同碳水化合物水平对大口黑鲈鳃组织结构、抗氧化能力和免疫能力的影响

为了探究高碳水化物对大口黑鲈鳃组织结构的完整性、抗氧化能力和免疫能力的影响,设计3种不同碳水化物水平的等氮等脂饲料：7%(L组),12%(M组),17%(H组)。选取初始体重为4.0±0.2g的大口黑鲈360尾,饲喂8周。通过组织切片,抗氧化和免疫酶活的测定及mRNA的表达研究,结果表明：H组能够导致鳃小片基部细胞增生、融合,上皮细胞脱落;H组和M组的丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于L组(P<0.05);鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(CAT)在H组和M组显著低于L组(P<0.05);H组和M组抗氧化酶(CAT,GPX,SOD1,SOD2,SOD3a,SOD3b) mRNA水平也要显著低于L组(P<0.05);H组和M组酸性磷酸酶(AKP),碱性磷酸酶(ACP)和溶菌酶(LZM)也要显著低于L组(P<0.05);H组和M组免疫相关基因(IL-1β,IL-10,IL-15,TNF-α和TGF-1β)和抗菌肽(hepcidin-1和hepcidin-2)mRNA水平显著低于L组mRNA水平(P<0.05);H组凋亡相关的基因(caspase-3,caspase-8,caspase-9)的mRNA水平显著高于L组和M组(P<0.05);H组的ocluding和claudin-7 mRNA水平显著低于L组和M组(P<0.05)。研究表明：在本实验条件下,饲喂高碳水化物饲料会损伤大口黑鲈鳃组织结构,降低抗氧化能力和免疫能力。     

养殖密度对豹纹鳃棘鲈生长和血液生化指标的影响

为探究养殖密度对湿体质量为(132.75±0.51)g的豹纹鳃棘鲈生长和血液生化指标的影响,设计了低(9.34kg/m3)、中(19.23kg/m3)、高(37.22kg/m3)3个养殖密度,每个密度设3个重复,连续饱食投喂56d后取样,测定相关指标。试验结果表明,37.22kg/m3组的终末体质量、平均质量增加率和特定生长率均显著低于其他两组(P0.05),而9.34kg/m3、19.23kg/m3组间差异不显著(P0.05);养殖密度对饲料系数、摄食率、瞬时生长率和热量单位生长系数无显著影响(P0.05)。血清总超氧化物歧化酶的活力在37.22kg/m3组最高,19.23kg/m3组最低,且各密度组间差异显著(P0.05);37.22kg/m3组血清总抗氧化能力显著低于其他两组(P0.05),19.23kg/m3组高于9.34kg/m3组,但差异不显著(P0.05);37.22kg/m3组血清丙二醛显著高于其他两组(P0.05),而其他两组间差异不显著(P0.05);乳酸脱氢酶随养殖密度的升高显著增加,且各密度组间差异显著(P0.05);37.22kg/m3组谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶显著高于其他两组(P0.05),而37.22kg/m3组的溶菌酶活性显著低于其他两组(P0.05),其他两组间差异不显著(P0.05);养殖密度对血浆葡萄糖、胆固醇、C反应蛋白、总蛋白、乳酸无显著影响。     

鲤鱼鳃组织结构及鳃对重金属离子的耐受性

采用不同浓度的重金属对鲤鱼进行不同时间的中毒试验，构成了鳃组织的耐量试验。试验表明，当超过鳃的耐受量时，鳃发生了不同阶段的病变。在低浓度短时间作用下，鳃组织分泌的粘液增多。随着浓度的增加和时间的延长，鳃组织出现鳃血管扩充、充血，呼吸上皮肿胀，鳃小片呈棍棒状，相邻几条鳃丝发生融合，形成一片细胞板。有些鳃细胞脱离。病状严重时造成鳃小片坏死、解体导致鳃功能的损害和破坏。     

盐度对花鲈幼鱼鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构的影响

为了探究不同盐度对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼组织结构的影响,用组织学方法对不同盐度条件下(0、10、15、20、30)花鲈幼鱼的鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构进行研究。结果显示,盐度为0时,花鲈幼鱼鳃丝排列紧密,顶端膨大呈棒状,鳃小片细胞饱满,有少量泌氯细胞。花鲈幼鱼鳃丝宽度随盐度的升高而缩小,鳃小片间距则逐渐增大,差异显著(P<0.05);盐度为20时,部分鳃小片变形脱落,鳃丝上的泌氯细胞明显增多增大;盐度为30时,鳃丝宽度较大,出现断裂脱落,鳃丝上细胞排列疏松,泌氯细胞明显膨大,有溶解现象。脾脏在淡水条件下(盐度为0),淋巴细胞数目较少,血细胞较多;在低盐环境中(盐度为10、15),淋巴细胞增大,数量增多,黑色素巨噬细胞中心数量增加;在高盐度下(盐度为30),脾细胞和部分淋巴细胞出现肿大、空泡化现象,细胞排列疏松。盐度为0时,花鲈幼鱼肌纤维排列较为疏松,多角形或长椭圆形,长径和短径较大、密度较小;盐度为15时,肌纤维短径变小、密度增大,与0、10盐度组均差异显著,盐度为30时,肌纤维长径增大、密度减小;随着盐度的增加,肌纤维长径和短径均有先减小后增加的趋势,单位面积肌纤维数量则先增加后减小,差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,花鲈幼鱼鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构变化特征与其所处的环境盐度有关。     

Temperature dependent growth and yield of pikeperch, Sander lucioperca, in Finnish lakes

Abstract  A non-linear growth model was used to evaluate the effects of temperature and age on annual length increments of pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.), in seven lakes in Finland. Length increments were derived by back-calculation using the Fraser–Lee method. Annual length increments increased from age 1 to age 3 and then decreased, while at the same time length increments and air temperature had positive correlation until age 12. Age- and size-structured yield per recruit models were used in two lakes to evaluate the effects of temperature and gillnet mesh size on pikeperch yield. In these two lakes maximum yield could be obtained with 60 and 70 mm (bar length) gill nets. In the second lake, as typically in Finland, 45–50 mm gill nets are the most frequently used. The use of larger mesh size gill nets would increase pikeperch yield from 685 to 1000 g per recruit based on the present mean temperature. In both lakes increase in temperatures would increase yield if mesh size is simultaneously increased. Higher pikeperch yield can be expected in the future because of climate warming.     

Investigations on the effect of formalin and iodophor on embryo and larvae development in pikeperch,Sander lucioperca

ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of incubating pikeperch, Sander lucioperca, eggs in formalin and iodophor solutions for 15 min on embryo survival, the hatching rate, as well as on the rate of misshaped larvae, in order to develop methods for egg surface disinfection. Embryos in the morula stage, in the epiboly stage, and at the beginning of heart beat and blood circulation tolerated formalin concentrations up to 1,500 ppm for 15 min. However, they were very susceptible to iodophor treatment, as >0.1% iodophor solution (=13 ppm active iodine) significantly decreased the percentage of ready-to-hatch embryos and the percentage of hatched larvae. These data of this study recommend the use of formalin at a concentration of up to 1,500 ppm to disinfect pikeperch eggs.     

Out-of-season spawning of pike perch (Sander lucioperca L.) without the need for hormonal treatments

The provision of fry and fingerlings, independent of the natural spawning season, can facilitate the implementation of innovative rearing strategies also in pike perch ( Sander lucioperca L.). As strict pharmaceutical acts or codes of conduct for organic aquaculture can constrain fish farmers in inducing spawning with hormonal applications, this study intended to develop protocols for advanced and postponed spawning just by simple photo-thermal treatments. After spending between 31 and 61 days at temperatures below 10 °C, different groups of pike perch spawners were treated with light and temperature programmes to advance spawning. Reproduction could be induced successfully 2 months before the natural spawning season when the mating pairs spent 43 or more days below 10 °C, followed by a maturation phase of 44–68 days at 15 °C and 16 h illumination per day. Advanced spawning could be documented for 32 out of 35 females (91%) that underwent photo-thermal treatments. Mean commercial fecundities up to 24% and average rates of developing eggs of 65% were observed in advanced spawning groups. Coldbanking of mature females allowed to postpone spawnings for 2 and 3 months. However, no egg development could be recorded in these treatment groups.     

Fertilizing ability of gametes at different post‐activation times and the sperm–oocyte ratio in the artificial reproduction of pikeperch Sander lucioperca

The time period during which oocyte and spermatozoa retain their fertilizing ability after contacting with water was evaluated in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). In addition, success of in vitro fertilization was examined regarding to the sperm‐to‐oocyte ratio (SOR). In the first trial, oocytes were placed in Petri dishes containing 5 ml of the hatchery water, to which freshly collected and pooled sperm were added to each sample at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 s post oocyte activation. The oocytes retained their fertility for at least 30 s after contacting with water. The second trial tested the maximum time period during which spermatozoa retained fertilizability after contacting with water. Milt (50 μl) was collected from each male and added to 5 ml of water in Petri dishes. Thereafter, oocytes were added at 0, 5, 15, 30, 60 and 75 s post‐sperm activation. Delays exceeding 10 s affected negatively the fertilization success. The third trial examined the optimum SOR; in which was found that 100 × 10³ spermatozoa per oocyte were the minimum ratio to ensure fertilization rates above 70%. Overall, the data clarified some biological interactions of gametes in the artificial propagation of pikeperch.     

Effects of brewer’s yeast extract on growth performance and health of juvenile pikeperch Sander lucioperca (L.)

Juvenile European pikeperch, Sander lucioperca, were fed commercial feed (group C) or experimental feed supplemented with NuPro^® nucleotide‐rich Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast protein (extract obtained through a cell wall removal process) in doses of 20, 40 or 60 g kg^?1 feed (groups N2, N4, N6) for 8 weeks. Growth, non‐specific immunity parameters, histological structure of the liver and intestine, proximate whole‐body composition and blood biochemical parameters were assayed. It was noted that brewer’s yeast extract has immunomodulatory proprieties. NuPro^® in doses of 40 and 60 g kg^?1 feed strongly stimulated non‐specific (innate) cellular and humoral immunity in pikeperch. The experimental feed did not have a significant impact on pikeperch growth (P > 0.05). The proximate composition of the fish bodies and the hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic (VSI) indices were also not affected, which indicated that the tested diets had no negative impact on the metabolism or deposition of nutrients in fish tissues. The lower levels of transaminases AST and ALT, which were noted in the groups with the two highest doses of NuPro^® (P < 0.05), might indicate improved liver function. It was also demonstrated that the brewer’s yeast extract stimulates the absorption activity of intestinal epithelial cells.     

淹水胁迫对石菖蒲抗氧化酶系统的影响

以石菖蒲(Acorus tatarinowii Schott)为供试材料,研究了淹水环境对植物抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)系统及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明,3种处理条件下植株SOD变化趋势相近,但半淹、全淹处理植株变化幅度大于对照组.在7d时,半淹处理植株SOD低于对照组16.0％,全淹处理低于对照组42.7％;21 d时,半淹处理植株SOD与对照组相近,全淹处理则高于对照组25.1％.试验期间,半淹处理植株CAT、MDA均呈现出先上升、后下降的趋势,POD持续上升;而全淹处理植株CAT、SOD、MDA含量持续升高,在淹水21 d时显著高于对照组和半淹处理(P＜0.05).试验表明,在淹水条件下,石菖蒲可通过抗氧化系统调节抗逆能力,增强植株抗淹能力.在湿地中种植挺水植物,可以增强湿地系统的抗淹能力.     

氨氮胁迫对锦绣龙虾代谢酶和抗氧化酶活力的影响

为了研究急性氨氮胁迫对锦绣龙虾(Panulirus ornatus)抗氧化系统及氨氮代谢机制的影响,通过设置对照[(0.24±0.07)mg/L]、低浓度[(1.04±0.08)mg/L]、中浓度[(9.75±0.21)mg/L]和高浓度[(19.87±0.46)mg/L]氨氮胁迫方法对锦绣龙虾进行48 h急性实验,测...     

短期高盐胁迫对脆江蓠抗氧化酶活性及光合酶活性的影响

采用实验生态学方法,研究了脆江蓠(Gracilaria chouae)相关酶活性对短期高盐胁迫的响应,旨在为提高脆江蓠规模化养殖夹苗效率提供理论依据。实验设置5个盐度梯度(40、45、50、55和60),自然海水作为对照组,研究了高盐处理0.5 h及自然海水恢复12和24 h对脆江蓠抗氧化酶和光合酶活性的影响。结果显示,高盐胁迫0.5 h后,随盐度的升高,脆江蓠的抗氧化酶中,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐升高(P<0.05),过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈波动变化(P<0.05),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性逐渐降低但差异不显著(P>0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量随盐度升高显著升高(P<0.01),上述抗氧化酶活性均在盐度50~55时出现极值;脆江蓠光合作用关键酶Rubisco活性随盐度升高逐渐降低(P<0.01),碳酸酐酶(CA)含量随盐度增加略有增加(P<0.05)。随恢复时间的增加,脆江蓠SOD、POD和CAT活性逐渐升高(P<0.05),MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05);Rubisco活性逐渐升高(P<0.05),CA含量呈波动变化。研究表明,短期高盐胁迫显著影响脆江蓠藻体抗氧化酶和光合酶活性,藻体通过提高抗氧化酶活性以及加强对无机碳的吸收利用来应对高盐胁迫,胁迫去除后逐渐恢复至正常水平。     

耗氧率及溶氧胁迫对长蛸体内酶活力的影响

采用Winkler法测定水中溶氧含量,通过比较对照呼吸室与试验呼吸室水中溶解氧含量之差,测定长蛸(Octopus variabilis Sasaki)耗氧率及窒息点,并在不同程度的溶氧胁迫下测定长蛸体内多种酶的活力变化.结果表明,长蛸耗氧率在一个昼夜内呈现"低-高-低-高"的趋势;耗氧率与水温(10～30 ℃)呈正相关,与pH值(6.40～9.20)呈负相关;随着盐度的升高(14～31),长蛸耗氧率表现为两头高、中间平稳, 曲线呈凹状分布;雌性长蛸耗氧率高于雄性.窒息点随长蛸体重的增加而降低,平均体重为(30.50±6.03)g 的长蛸窒息点为0 4179mg/L;平均体重为 (54.50±4.65) g 的长蛸窒息点为0.3902 mg/L;平均体重为(97 00±11 36) g的长蛸窒息点为0.2738mg/L.随着溶氧胁迫程度的增加,LDH活力呈先升后降趋势,脂肪酶活力下降,SOD、POD、CAT、ACP、AKP和蛋白酶活力均呈"降-升-降"的趋势.