大菱鲆鳔器官发育的形态学与组织学特征

取0—63日龄的大菱鲆(Sxophthalmus maximus L.)进行固定并显微组织切片观察。根据观察结果特大菱鲆鳔器官发育周期分为形成、充气、退化和消失4个阶段。在水温15—16℃下,初孵仔鱼的鳔原基末出现;孵化后第2天,鳔原基形成;孵化后第5天,气腺形成并首次充气;孵化后第8天,鳔腔中充满气体。到第19天大部分仔鱼的鳔腔中充满气体,气腺最发达。仔鱼的变态发育和鳔器官的退化几乎同步进行。孵化后第25天,鳔前端的气腺上皮首先退化,只余腹部的气腺上皮;至第31天,整个气腺完全退化,开始变态为幼鱼;至第63天鳔完全消失。过度膨胀的鳔器官内腔被来自内壁增生和肥大的上皮细胞占据。末充气的鳔器官较小,鳔腔内有中等程度的炎症。本实验目的旨为大菱鲆人工育苗中提高鳔的充气率从而提高其成活率提供基础依据。     

卵形鲳鲹胚后发育阶段鳃的分化和发育

采用组织学和扫描电镜等方法,鲹研究了卵形鲳(Trachinotus ovatus)胚后发育阶段鳃的分化和发育及其结构和功能的关系。观察发现,仔稚鱼鳃的早期发育可分为3个阶段:第1阶段(0~3日龄)为原基期,鳃原基形成但未分化,鳃耙未出现,仔鱼主要依靠鳍褶、皮肤和卵黄囊上的微血管进行呼吸;第2阶段(4~17日龄)为鳃丝分化、发育期,鳃弓、鳃丝、鳃小片、鳃耙逐渐形成,具备鳃的基本结构和形态特点;第3阶段(18日龄之后)为鳃器官生长发育完善期,鳃弓、鳃丝、鳃小片、鳃耙发育完善,鳃的形态和功能与成鱼相似。进一步研究发现,鳃丝总数随仔稚鱼全长和体质量的增加而增加,单个鳃小片面积和总呼吸面积随仔稚鱼体质量的增加而增大。结果表明,卵形鲳鲳鲹的分化和发育是与仔、稚鱼的生长、形态发育和功能的完善相一致的。     

鳔器官的发育对人工培育鱼苗的影响

论述了鳔器官的发育对海水鱼类人工培育苗种的影响，仔鱼期鳔的形成和充气是影响闭鳔海水鱼类人工育苗成效的重要因素之一，鳔发育异常一是导致仔稚鱼死亡，二是导致脊柱前凸。在人工养殖条件下，影响海洋闭鳔鱼类鳔器官充气的因子有营养因子和环境因子，充气量，水表面的油膜，温度，盐度和光照等环境因子影响仔鱼水表面吞饮空气，影响鳔的充气率，仔鱼摄食EPA和DHA含量低的饵料后，活力差，仔鱼到达水表面吞饮空气的能力下降，鳔的开腔率降低，此外仔鱼体内甲状腺素的含量可能对仔鱼鳔的开腔率产生影响。     

唐鱼的胚后发育

根据唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)发育过程特征,胚后发育可以分为孵出期、胸鳍形成期、鳔一室期、卵黄消失期、尾鳍分化期、背鳍分化期、鳔二室期、背鳍形成期、臀鳍形成期、腹鳍形成期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期和成鱼期。在水温23.0~29.0℃条件下,初孵仔鱼体全长为(2.760±0.002)mm。孵出后3天,巡游模式建立,仔鱼开口摄食;5天仔鱼卵黄耗尽,完全依赖外源营养;9天尾鳍开始分化,12天尾脊索上弯;15~18天,背鳍褶突起明显,鳍条原基出现;18天第二鳔室出现,肌节开始向“W”过渡;臀鳍与背鳍分化;33天,20%的仔鱼可观察到腹鳍条;45天,57.1%仔鱼身体长出鳞片;50~55天,体全长(15.62±1.65)mm,腹膜闭合,身体透明特点消失,进入幼鱼期。77天,部分性成熟较早的个体开始进行繁殖。同时文中讨论了唐鱼胚后发育特点及其保护生物学     

太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)亲鱼驯化培育与早期发育特征

采捕山东威海外海黄海海域的太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)亲鱼进行驯化和培育,在人工条件下成功驯化存活野生亲鱼49尾,经短期促熟培育后,通过人工授精方式获得了多批次受精卵.对胚胎和早期仔鱼发育过程进行了观察,详细描述了从受精卵到早期仔鱼各发育时期的形态特征.结果显示,太平洋鳕成熟卵子为沉性卵,圆球形,卵径为0.9-1.1 mm,无油球.胚胎发育分为5个时期,分别为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期.在水温为9-10℃、盐度为27-29的海水中孵化,受精卵历时312 h 30 min孵化出膜.初孵仔鱼全长为(3.85±0.12) mm,6日龄仔鱼开口,肛门与外界相通,进入混合营养期.8日龄仔鱼卵黄囊消耗殆尽,开始进入外源性营养阶段.仔鱼开口饵料为轮虫(Rotifer),12日龄开始摄食卤虫(Artemia saline)无节幼体.6日龄仔鱼鳔原基形成,16日龄鳔充气成为亮泡状.12日龄仔鱼形成肠道第1个生理弯曲,22日龄仔鱼第2个肠道生理弯曲形成.研究结果可为太平洋鳕亲鱼驯化培育和苗种培育提供基础资料.     

太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)亲鱼驯化培育与早期发育特征

采捕山东威海外海黄海海域的太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)亲鱼进行驯化和培育,在人工条件下成功驯化存活野生亲鱼49尾,经短期促熟培育后,通过人工授精方式获得了多批次受精卵。对胚胎和早期仔鱼发育过程进行了观察,详细描述了从受精卵到早期仔鱼各发育时期的形态特征。结果显示,太平洋鳕成熟卵子为沉性卵,圆球形,卵径为0.9–1.1 mm,无油球。胚胎发育分为5个时期,分别为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期。在水温为9–10℃、盐度为27–29的海水中孵化,受精卵历时312 h 30 min孵化出膜。初孵仔鱼全长为(3.85?0.12)mm,6日龄仔鱼开口,肛门与外界相通,进入混合营养期。8日龄仔鱼卵黄囊消耗殆尽,开始进入外源性营养阶段。仔鱼开口饵料为轮虫(Rotifer),12日龄开始摄食卤虫(Artemia saline)无节幼体。6日龄仔鱼鳔原基形成,16日龄鳔充气成为亮泡状。12日龄仔鱼形成肠道第1个生理弯曲,22日龄仔鱼第2个肠道生理弯曲形成。研究结果可为太平洋鳕亲鱼驯化培育和苗种培育提供基础资料。     

拉氏仔稚鱼发育、饥饿不可逆点及适时下塘研究

为探明拉氏■仔稚鱼发育生物学特性及适宜下塘时间,对拉氏■进行了胚后仔稚鱼发育显微观察、仔鱼饥饿试验和仔鱼下塘试验。胚后仔稚鱼发育观察结果显示,水温16～18℃,拉氏■初孵仔鱼全长(4.69±0.37)mm,卵黄囊全长(3.12±0.10)mm,2日龄眼点变黑,5日龄消化道开始贯通,6日龄仔鱼鳔一室开始充气,7日龄脊索末端开始弯曲,仔鱼开口摄食,9日龄卵黄囊消失,12日龄鳔二室形成,21日龄仔鱼鳔二室充气,23日龄仔鱼背鳍、臀鳍开始形成,27日龄仔鱼腹鳍开始形成,至35日龄仔鱼各鳍发育完善。仔鱼饥饿不可逆点试验结果表明,16～18℃,拉氏■仔鱼开口第1天(7日龄)初次摄食率为36.36%,9日龄达最高初次摄食率85.71%,饥饿不可逆时间临界点为仔鱼14日龄,此时仔鱼摄食率为40.91%。仔鱼开口前全长(L)与日龄(t)符合von-Bertalanffy生长方程:L=8.0031[1-e⁽-0.3139(t+2.8093))]。拉氏■适宜下塘试验结果表明,水温14.5～20.1℃,池塘轮虫生物量8.30～18.58mg/L,拉氏■仔鱼最高成活下塘时间、体质量增长的适...     

七带石斑鱼胚胎及仔稚鱼形态观察

对七带石斑鱼胚胎和仔稚鱼发育过程进行了观察,描述了从受精卵到仔稚鱼各发育时期的形态特征;在水温22±0.5℃、盐度30条件下进行七带石斑鱼仔鱼的饥饿耐受力实验,记录了饥饿条件下初孵仔鱼的存活与生长、卵黄囊与油球的利用情况。结果表明,胚胎发育可划分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期。在水温20.5±0.5℃、盐度30.0条件下,受精卵历时38h45min孵化出膜。初孵仔鱼全长1.059±0.071mm,至4日龄全长2.27～2.36mm时,卵黄囊完全消失;16日龄,全长4.99mm时,鳔形成;至25～30日龄,尾鳍鳍条发育完整。在饥饿条件下,初孵仔鱼的死亡高峰出现在孵化后4～6d,半数死亡时间出现在5d,至7d饥饿仔鱼全部死亡。卵黄囊期仔鱼的生长可分为3个阶段:仔鱼初孵时的快速生长期,卵黄囊消失前后的慢速生长期,以及在不能建立外源性摄食后的负生长期。随着生长发育时间的延长,饥饿仔鱼与正常条件下仔鱼的生长差异显著(P<0.05)。饥饿仔鱼体长较短,头大且体瘦,长期饥饿后脑后部下陷。     

尖吻鲈仔、稚鱼异速生长研究

以16日龄尖吻鲈(Lates calarifer)为仔、稚鱼发育的区分节点,采用Auto CAD 2014软件对尖吻鲈(孵化后1~36 d)关键器官进行测量和分析。研究发现,在尖吻鲈仔、稚鱼的感觉、呼吸、摄食和游泳等重要器官分化的过程中,均表现出异速生长现象。头部器官中,吻长、口宽在仔、稚鱼期表现出生长速率不同的正异速生长;眼径在仔鱼期为等速生长,稚鱼期转化为负异速生长;仔鱼期的头高为正异速生长,稚鱼期转为负异速生长。在躯干部分器官中,头长在仔、稚鱼阶段均为快速生长,体高及躯干长为等速生长。游泳器官中,仔鱼期,尖吻鲈胸鳍保持等速生长,稚鱼期转为正异速生长;尾鳍在仔鱼期为负异速生长,稚鱼期转化为等速生长,而稚鱼期起始分化的背鳍、臀鳍、腹鳍为快速生长。     

半滑舌鳎早期发育阶段鳔和冠状幼鳍的生长发育规律研究

试验从形态学角度揭示半滑舌鳎鳔和冠状幼鳍的生长变化与苗种早期培育阶段生长发育的关系。早期生长发育过程中3日龄仔鱼出现鳔泡,5日龄仔鱼鳔开始充气,79日龄左右鳔消失,鳔是否正常充气与早期苗种培育的成活率密切相关。2日龄仔鱼冠状幼鳍原基出现,4日龄仔鱼冠状幼鳍出现鳍条,18日龄冠状幼鳍长度达到最大,此时,鱼苗进入变态期,此后,随着冠状幼鳍的退化和消失,鱼苗逐渐完成变态,伏底生活,冠状幼鳍最迟在29日龄完全退化消失,成为背鳍的一部分。另外,本试验过程中还记录了眼间距、体宽和全长的变化。     

微量元素对水华发生、发展的影响

微量元素作为藻类营养因子的一部分,对藻类生长具有重要作用,而藻类(特别是微囊藻)的大量增长则会造成"水华"现象。本文综述了各种微量元素对水华藻类生长的影响及其影响机理,进而得出结论:微量元素对水华藻类的生长影响趋势为低浓度促进生长,高浓度抑制生长,而藻类对微量元素有一定的富集作用;在微量元素中,铁元素对水华的发生、发展至为重要,在某种情况下有可能成为水华发生、发展的限制因子;其他元素(如稀土元素和重金属元素等)在水华发生、发展中则起辅助作用。     

我国海水养殖贝类病害发生现状及防控策略

贝类养殖是我国水产养殖业的重要组成部分，在促进经济社会发展、提高就业率、改善人民生活及保护生态环境等方面发挥了重要作用，其经济、社会和生态功能日益凸显。近年来，因环境胁迫和病原侵染引发的海水养殖贝类暴发性病害时有发生，所造成的经济损失巨大，严重阻碍了海水养殖产业的绿色高质量发展。贝类缺乏适应性免疫，且主要养殖于开放或半开放水体，难以通过疫苗注射或环境调控等手段进行病害防控。贯彻“绿色防控”的理念，加快病害预警预报体系建设是海水养殖贝类病害防控的重要发展方向。本文综述了我国海水贝类养殖及病害发生的现状，并结合团队前期研究和病害预警预报工作实践,提出了海水养殖贝类病害防控策略，以期提升我国水产动物疫病防控能力，为保障水产品稳定安全供给、促进水产养殖业绿色高质量发展提供参考。     

Dominant pathogenic species of mesophilic aeromonads isolated from diseased and healthy fish cultured in Poland

Aeromonas isolates were collected from cultured fish, characterized phenotypically and identified to species using 16S rDNA. The pathogenicity of all isolates was assayed on the basis of haemolytic and proteolytic activity and challenge tests were performed for isolates from healthy fish. A total of 131 Aeromonas isolates were obtained and identified as follows: A. hydrophila (13), A. bestiarum (23), A. salmonicida (motile biogroup) (19), A. caviae (2), A. sobria (18), A. veronii bt. sobria (42), A. jandaei (1), A. encheleia (11) and A. allosaccharophila (2). All isolates of A. hydrophila and A. bestiarum and most isolates of A. salmonicida and A. veronii were classified as pathogenic. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated only from diseased trout except for one isolate obtained from carp fry. The other potentially pathogenic Aeromonas species were present in diseased as well as healthy fish. The pathogenicity of isolates from healthy fish was correlated with their enzymatic activity and was also tested by challenge experiments. The dominant pathogenic species were A. veronii bt. sobria, A. bestiarum and A. salmonicida in common carp and A. hydrophila in rainbow trout.     

Freshwater habitat associations between pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum (O. keta) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in a watershed dominated by sockeye salmon (O. nerka) abundance

To understand the interplay between habitat use and contemporary anadromous Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., distributions we explored the habitat associations of three species, pink (O. gorbuscha), chum (O. keta) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in streams of the Wood River system of Bristol Bay, Alaska, where sockeye salmon (O. nerka) are numerically dominant. We developed models to investigate the occurrence of nondominant salmon in relation to habitat characteristics and sockeye salmon density, using four decades of salmon presence and abundance data. The frequency of occurrence and abundance of nondominant species increased with watershed drainage area and stream depth and decreased with sockeye salmon density. The range of occurrence varied from nonexistent to perennial for the other species in sockeye‐dominated streams. Increasing watershed area resulted in larger stream habitat area and deeper habitats, allowing for the sympatric occurrence and persistence of all salmon species. The relationships between habitat and the presence of these Pacific salmon help define their requirements but also remind us that the patterns of presence and absence, within the overall ranges of salmon species, have yet to be fully understood.     

江苏文蛤暴发病的发生机理与综合防治对策分析

本文讨论了近年来我省文蛤暴发性疾病的发生机理。认为一种球状病毒感染是文蛤病害发生的直接原因,文蛤病害的暴发还与致病性细菌、寄生虫、滩涂底质及海区环境、养殖密度、文蛤的机体抵抗力等多方面因素有关。在此基础上,从文蛤种质选育、养殖环境改善和合理养殖模式等方面提出了防治对策。     

Occurrence of Francisella piscicida in farmed and wild Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., in Norway

Francisellosis, caused by the bacterium Francisella piscicida , has become one of the most serious diseases in Atlantic cod production in Norway. The major aim of this study was to determine the distribution of F. piscicida in farmed and wild fish in areas with cod farming along the Norwegian coast, and its occurrence in cod from areas without cod farming. Two real-time PCR assays, targeting the 16S rRNA gene and the FopA gene of F. piscicida , were developed since sensitive and specific diagnostic tools are required for detecting asymptomatic carriers of the bacterium. A total of 422 wild cod from 13 sampling areas and 955 farmed cod from 10 areas along the coast of Norway were examined. Using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, F. piscicida was detected in wild populations of cod from all counties examined south of Sogn og Fjordane in southern Norway (overall prevalence 13%, n  = 221). Wild cod north of Sogn og Fjordane were negative for the bacterium ( n  = 201). Farmed cod from most parts of Norway were F. piscicida positive. The apparent absence of the bacterium in wild populations of cod in the northern parts of Norway and its widespread occurrence in wild cod from southern parts of Norway is believed to relate to differences in seawater temperatures.     

Species composition and seasonal occurrence of fish larvae and juveniles in the Shimanto Estuary, Japan

ABSTRACT: To clarify the characteristics of the larval and juvenile fish community in a Japanese estuary, monthly collections were conducted in the shallow waters of the Shimanto Estuary, Japan from July 1985 to June 1987. A total of 49 101 fishes of more than 100 species from 44 families were sampled over the 2-year period. Numerically, Gerres equulus was most common, accounting for 20.02% of the total abundance. Rhyncopelates oxyrhynchus was ranked second, followed by Acanthopagrus latus , Acanthogobius flavimanus , Mugil cephalus cephalus , Parioglossus dotui , and Acanthopagrus schlegeli . Thus, fishes observed in the estuary were mostly marine species that spawn in the sea. The majority of these fish first appeared within the estuary at late postlarval and/or early juvenile stages. Based on their utilization of the shallow waters in the estuary, the majority of species could be categorized as residents. In the Shimanto Estuary, shallow waters are studded with shelters, especially eelgrass beds, which serve as important nursery grounds for coastal and euryhaline fishes.     

Use of Microbacterium sp. and Exiguobacterium mexicanum to improve the survival and development of Artemia under xenic conditions

The effect of Microbacterium sp. strain 8L and Exiguobacterium mexicanum strain 8N was evaluated in the diet of Artemia under xenic conditions. Viable cultures of bacteria were provided to xenic cultures of Artemia in combination with Sacharomyces cerevisiae, cornflour or Spirulina, and the effect on the survival and growth was recorded. The use of these bacterial strains improves significantly the survival of Artemia independently of the used food (P < 0.05), and variable results were observed in the growth.     

团头鲂tf和tfr1a基因启动子克隆及转录调控分析

为探索鱼类转铁蛋白基因tf和转铁蛋白受体基因tfr1a的转录调控机制,本实验以团头鲂为研究对象,在其全基因组数据库中获取tf和tfr1a基因序列,对2个基因候选启动子区转录因子结合位点及CpG岛进行预测,通过PCR方法克隆得到tf和tfr1a基因近端启动子区不同长度片段,连接至pGL3-Basic/pEGFP-1载体,瞬时转染入Hela细胞,并采用双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统进行检测。结果发现,团头鲂tf基因启动子区无CpG岛位点,而tfr1a基因启动子区有2个CpG岛位点。成功构建9个tf和10个tfr1a不同长度启动子片段的重组质粒,经双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测发现,tf启动子核心区域为-268～+56 bp,且-1 308～-1 102 bp片段可能存在正调控该基因表达的转录因子结合位点;tfr1a启动子核心区域为-224～+48 bp,且+48～+92 bp可能存在抑制该基因转录的负调控元件,而-1 229～-1 219 bp区域可能存在促进tfr1a基因表达的正调控转录因子结合位点。