Accelerated rooting of carnation ‘Red Baron’ by temperature pre-treatment

Rooting of carnation cuttings was promoted by storage temperatures above 0°C with an inverse relationship between the level of temperature and the duration of the treatment. The effect of temperature on root dry weight was far more important than the effect of duration of storage. A long storage and a high temperature increased the incidence of Fusarium. Storage at temperatures lower than 13°C gave better results with auxin applied after storage, while temperatures higher than 13°C gave better results with a pre-treatment of auxin. During storage for 14 days at 9°C, the position of the cuttings had no clear effect on rooting. Horizontal storage, however, appeared to be unfavourable. Removal of 0.5 cm of the base of the stem after storage nullified the storage effect. Carbohydrates in the removed pieces decreased during storage, more so at 13°C than at 0°C. Anatomically, an acceleration of cell division at the base of the cutting was observed during storage at 9°C as compared to 0°C.At a commercial nursery, storage of cuttings for 12 days at 14°C improved rooting by 84% compared to storage at 0°C. The presented technique tends to shorten the expensive and vulnerable period from planting to rooting.     

Mist propagation of peach and almond × peach hybrids

Several factors contributing to the successful rooting of stem cuttings of four peach clones and one almond × peach hybrid under intermittent mist were tested. With the almond × peach cross, leaf-bud cuttings were also tested.Severe cutting back of adult peach mother trees in winter favoured rooting of the cuttings, but less severe cutting back induced maximum roots per cutting.For short periods vermiculite was found to be a suitable medium. Sand alone or mixed with vermiculite or gravel gave poor results. Gravel alone or mixed with vermiculite was intermediate. For growing the rooted cuttings for a longer period, a mixture of perlite and peat was very suitable.A period of illumination of 3 h starting at midnight with incandescent light improved rooting of peach cuttings in August and October, but not in June.With cuttings obtained from old fruit-bearing peach trees highest rooting rates were obtained in July, but best root development occurred when rooting was carried out in October. In July rooting rate of basal cuttings was much higher than that of terminal ones. Success with leaf-bud cuttings (including a small branch piece) obtained from young mother trees of the almond × peach hybrid was only achieved at the end of May or in June.Dipping the base of peach cuttings in water before rooting was of advantage with one cultivar rooted in September, but of no advantage with another cultivar rooted in June.When the base of stem cuttings was dipped for a prolonged period in IBA solutions of various concentrations, highest rooting rates were obtained with 25–50 ppm IBA for peaches and with 200 ppm for the almond × peach hybrid. The addition of Phygon XL to this solution was of some advantage for peach cuttings. The concentration inducing maximum root development was higher than that required for maximum rooting and callusing. The optimal IBA concentration for rooting of almond × peach leaf-bud cuttings was 100 ppm.Penetration of the IBA into the leaf-bud cuttings reached a maximum 45 min a after floating them on a 100 ppm solution.Transplanting cuttings which had been rooted under mist was somewhat difficult; however, high rates of survival were obtained with cuttings planted in September which had developed a good root system.     

Effects of basal temperature on the rooting of hardy hybrid Rhododendrons

The effects of 3 basal temperatures; 15°, 20° and 25°C, on rooting of the hardy hybrid Rhododendron cultivars ‘Pink Pearl’, ‘Mrs. R.S. Holford’ and ‘Fastuosum Flore Pleno’ have been studied.A temperature of 15°C gave least rotting in all 3 cultivars and therefore more cuttings survived to root. Rotting increased and rooting decreased with increasing temperature.In cuttings without evident rotting, 25°C gave better rooting than 15°C, indicating that with improved control of disease, propagation at the higher temperature may be beneficial.The ease of rooting in unrotted cuttings was similar in R. ‘Fastuosum Flore Pleno’ and R. ‘Pink Pearl’ but lower in R. ‘Mrs. R.S. Holford’. Rotting was greatest in R. ‘Mrs. R.S. Holford’ and least in R. ‘Fastuosum Flore Pleno’.     

Seasonal rooting behaviour of cuttings of plum cultivars as influenced by IBA treatments

The response to IBA treatments in different planting seasons of four plum cultivars, as measured by rooting and field establishment, was investigated during 1986 and 1987. Among the four cultivars, ‘Santa Rosa’ gave the largest rooting percentage, number of primary and secondary roots per cutting, length and diameter of roots and field survival. The European cultivars ‘Greengage’ and ‘Early Transparent Gage’ showed poor rooting and field establishment. The cuttings planted during summer under mist gave better rooting and field establishment than dormant season- or autumn-planted cuttings. Similarly, IBA treatment of cuttings with 2000 mg l⁻¹ during summer and 3000 mg l⁻¹ during dormant and autumn seasons gave the largest rooting and survival percentages, high numbers of primary and secondary roots per cutting, and greater length and diameter of primary roots.     

Collection time,cutting age,IBA and putrescine effects on root formation in Corylus avellana L. cuttings

The effects of collection time, cutting age, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and putrescine application on the rooting of cuttings of Italian hazelnut cultivars ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’, ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ and ‘Nocchione’ were investigated. Samples collected during late June, late July and early September from newly formed and 1-year old part of twigs to be utilized to produce leafy cuttings, after being treated with 1000 and 2000 ppm IBA, respectively. In addition, the September cuttings were also treated, respectively, with 1000 and 2000 ppm IBA and 1600 ppm putrescine. Rooting ability was evaluated 2 months after planting for each treatment and collection time. Satisfactory rooting of hazelnut leafy cuttings was observed when collection time occurred in June and September, whereas leafy cuttings collected in July showed a limited capacity of rooting in all cultivars tested. On average, the rooting of the newly formed leafy cuttings was more than the 1-year old cuttings. Rooting was also promoted by IBA treatments, mainly in ‘Nocchione’ and ‘Tonda di Giffoni’. In contrast, young cuttings collected from ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’ in early September rooted poorly when treated with IBA alone, but showed the best rooting (∼80%) after the application of a combination of 1000 ppm IBA and 1600 ppm putrescine. The current findings confirm that putrescine can be a useful substance for increasing rooting percentage and root quality in cuttings of some hazelnut cultivars as obtained from ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’ cultivar.     

Influence of cutting position and temperature during rooting on adventitious root formation and axillary bud break of Stephanotis floribunda

Stock plants were grown in a glasshouse under standard growing conditions. Single-node leafbud cuttings were excised and numbered according to the position on the stock plant. Rooting took place at basal temperatures of 17,20 or 23°C and at different durations at 17 or 20°C followed by 23°C. The rooting period lasted 9 weeks.

The temperature of 17°C for 9 weeks completely suppressed root formation. A temperature of 20°C was decisive for root formation. The optimal rooting temperature was higher than 23°C. Temperature treatments of 17 or 20°C for 2–4 weeks only suppressed rooting slightly compared with the 23°C treatment. Cutting position on the stock plant affected the number of roots formed per cutting but not the rooting percentage. Best rooting was observed in cuttings from the middle part of the stock plant.

Axillary bud break was accelerated with increasing rooting temperature and decreasing duration of the lower temperatures. With increasing cutting position number (numbered from top to base), axillary bud break was considerably delayed.

Temperature treatments which delayed root formation also delayed axillary bud break. On the other hand, the cutting position on the stock plant, which had only a minor effect on the speed of root formation, had a pronounced effect on the speed of axillary bud break.     

Establishment and growth of the rhizome of Alstroemeria as affected by temperature and the root system

The effects of temperature and the root system on growth and establishment were assessed for rhizomes of three Alstroemeria cultivars.-The numbers of lateral rhizomes, aerial shoots and tubers produced by rhizome ‘splits’ were not significantly affected by increase in temperature in the range of 8 to 18°C. Significant increases in root system and rhizome dry weight were seen for cv. Butterfly and in aerial shoot dry weight for all three cultivars used. Increasing temperature significantly decreased the number of plants establishing from rhizome ‘splits’ obtained from plants grown in glasshouse soil. For maximum rhizome production a temperature of between 13 and 18°C was found to be required. A second experiment employing rhizome ‘splits’ from container-grown plants showed no effect of temperature on plant establishment. The presence or absence of the rootsystem on the ‘splits’ at planting was found to be important in plant establishment, with removal of the root system producing a significant decrease in the number of plants establishing. It is suggested that the rootsystem, and damage sustained by it prior to planting, are more important than temperature for the successful establishment of plants of Alstroemeria.     

Growth responses of some greenhouse plants to environment. II. The effect of soil temperature on Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat

The effect of a wide range of soil temperatures (6–26°C) on growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. ‘Horim’ were studied at the favourable air temperature of 18°C. Shoot growth was severely reduced at soil temperatures below 10°C which may be explained by poor root growth, while flowering was enhanced by approximately 2 days compared to higher soil temperatures. Increasing the soil temperature to 18°C was beneficial. Further increase had no positive effect on growth. Measurements of net photosynthetic rates revealed no effect of lowering soil temperatures from 18 to 6°C.Mother plants grown at 18°C air temperature revealed no effect of soil temperatures ranging from 13 to 21°C on number and fresh weight of the cuttings. Neither did mother plants grown at the less favourable air temperatures of 12 or 15°C. Cutting production was, however, affected by air temperature.     

Propagation temperature,PPFD, auxin treatment,cutting size and cutting position affect root formation,axillary bud growth and shoot development in miniature rose (Rosa hybrida L.) plants and alter homogeneity

Summary

Rooting and growth responses of miniature rose cuttings were investigated in an experiment in which four propagation temperatures, two photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs) with five auxin (IBA) concentrations, cutting sizes and cutting positions, were combined factorially in a response-surface design. Most prominently, temperature, cutting size and auxin and their interactions, influenced root and shoot growth. A propagation temperature of 24.6°C, and IBA concentrations between 10^–3 and 10^–1M, depending on temperature, were optimal for root formation. Root formation in extra short cuttings was delayed at low IBA concentrations. Regarding root formation, IBA could substitute for increased temperature as well as for increased cutting size. Onset of axillary bud growth was fastest at 24.6°C, and delayed in extra short cuttings. Application of IBA at 10^–4 to 10^–3M was optimal for axillary bud growth. By increasing the IBA concentration both time to flowering and plant height increased at 24.6°C. In cuttings from higher positions on stock plants, axillary shoots enhanced their growth to flowering, became shorter, and weighed less, suggesting occurrence of positional effects (topophysis). The growth rate increased with increasing IBA concentration, as well as from medial to low positioned cuttings. Increasing propagation PPFD from 46 to 72 µmol m^–2s^–1 did not affect the parameters. Time to axillary bud growth and time to first flower were related to time-to-visible root. Fast formation of roots apparently resulted in fast axillary bud growth. In time-to-visible root and axillary bud growth, the smallest variation between plants was found at optimal ranges for temperature, IBA concentration and cutting size, and further factors optimal for root formation and axillary bud growth provided the most synchronized plant development.     

The Influence of Source and Growth Substance on the Behaviour of Apple and Plum Cuttings

The behaviour of hardwood cuttings is influenced by factors that have operated upon the parent plant. A comprehensive study, not only of such " source ” effects but also of their interaction with growth substance treatment and subsequent environment, aims to extend this method of propagation. Patterns of behaviour of varieties of very different rooting capacity are clearly related, layer cuttings being better than hedge, with a declining gradient from the base of the shoot. The etiolated basal cutting from a layer shoot normally roots well whenever planted, but non-etiolated cuttings derive considerable benefit from over-wintering in soil.

With the readily rooting Myrobalan B, growth substance application in the autumn is not essential ; such treatment is advocated for the moderately rooting Brompton plum while, with the shyly rooting Crab C, accelerative influence has, so far, proved inadequate. Success with Crab C could derive from the ability of the cutting to survive, though unrooted, into the second year when rooting normally follows. Spring planting and absence of growth substance stimulation enhance this chance.

Brompton cuttings have medium power to survive, whereas Myrobalan B cuttings have only low, so that they are liable to succumb when conditions are adverse. The survival factor may contribute considerably towards the rooting gradient and must be distinguished from inherent rooting capacity.

When the rooting of non-etiolated cuttings is satisfactory the relative disparity of hedge compared with layer cuttings diminishes, and hedge culture is highly favoured for supplying cuttings.

Elevation of hitherto shy-rooting varieties to high levels depends upon further adjustment both of growth substance treatment and subsequent environment.     

香椿扦插繁殖的研究

以红香椿的根条和枝条为试材 ,采用正交试验设计进行扦插繁殖育苗试验 ,结果表明 :香椿根条扦插优于枝条扦插 ,长插穗扦插效果优于短插穗 ;两种插条生根部位有所不同 ,枝插条是愈伤组织生根 ,根插条则以皮部型生根为主 ,少部分为愈伤组织生根。根条和枝条扦插繁殖可用于香椿大规模育苗生产 ,采用直径 0 .5cm以上的根和直径 0 .8cm以上的枝 ,于 3月底扦插 ,剪截长度分别为 8cm、12cm ,扦插前插条下端用HL4 3生根剂分别处理 15～ 2 0s(秒 )、5s(秒 ) ,插于沙床 ,生根率达 94 .3%。     

Stock plant shading and rooting of dahlia cuttings

The effect of shading dahlia mother plants on rootability of cuttings was studied with three cultivars: ‘Choot Hashani’, ‘Orpheo’ and ‘Lavender Perfection’. Reducing natural light intensity by approximately 50% increased rooting percentage of ‘Orpheo’ cuttings, but did not affect rooting of the harder cuttings of ‘Lavender Perfection’. Shading stock plants during midday hours only caused internode elongation in ‘Orpheo’, but did not increase rooting. In ‘Choot Hashani’ the same shading treatment promoted rooting. Shading only the base of the cutting when still on the mother plant greatly promoted rooting percentage and mean number of roots per cutting. The reason for the variability in the response to shading is discussed and it is concluded that the shading effect is limited to the root initiation region. It is assumed that shading improves rooting by promoting the herbaceous character of the rooting region. Shading did not affect rooting of cuttings which remained woody in spite of shade.     

不同处理对五大连池野生兴安百里香嫩枝扦插的影响

以五大连池野生兴安百里香当年生嫩枝为试材,进行了不同扦插时间(5月中旬、6月中旬、7月中旬、8月中旬)、不同扦插基质(沙土、沙土+火山灰土、火山灰土)、不同生根激素质量浓度(100、200、300、500、1000、1500 mg·L-1)等扦插育苗试验。结果表明:6、7月中旬气温适宜,插条活力较高,是较适宜的扦插时间。ABT生根剂质量浓度为300 mg·L-1时生根率最高,为97.67%。沙土基质扦插生根率最高,达到98.12%,火山灰土基质扦插生根率为88.57%,火山灰土作为五大连池常见土壤类型,在当地进行扦插繁殖时,也可考虑使用。     

Stockplant factors affecting root initiation in cuttings of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum., an indigenous hardwood of west africa

The ability of auxin-treated T. scleroxylon cuttings to root was affected by the prior management of potted stockplants. In undecapitated single-stem stockplants more cuttings from upper rather than lower mainstem nodes rooted; a difference paralleled by leaf water potential immediately after severance, although there was also a positive relationship with internode length. The rooting percentage of mainstem cuttings from unpruned stockplants ranged from 15% to 43% whereas that of cuttings from the lateral shoots of pruned stockplants ranged from 40% to 83%. Considerably more cuttings rooted from stockplants which were severely pruned than from those where decapitation removed only the top node; there seemed to be an inverse relationship with the number of shoots per plant and the carbohydrate: nitrogen ratio. However, in tall pruned stock- plants, more cuttings from lower lateral (basal) than from upper (apical) shoots rooted, although the differences between cuttings from basal and apical lateral shoots were less when the stockplants’ mainstems were orientated at 45° or kept horizontal, instead of vertically. Adding NPK 16 weeks before harvesting cuttings from 10-node vertical stockplants increased the rooting ability of cuttings from basal shoots without affecting the rooting of those from apical shoots. More lateral shoot cuttings rooted when two, instead of one or four lateral shoots were allowed to develop per stockplant, this being associated with less cutting mortality than occurred in pruned stockplants. In stock- plants with two shoots, cuttings from basal lateral shoots rooted better than those from apical shoots, although without competition from basal shoots. The rooting of apical shoots was enhanced by application of a complete fertilizer. The presence of basal shoots reduced the rooting ability of apical shoots even with the fertilizer application. Many of the effects of lateral branch position on rooting may be related to light intensity, for greater rooting percentages occurred among cuttings from lower, more shaded, than from upper less shaded branches. This positional effect was eliminated when branches were uniformly illuminated.     

老龄桃园土壤抑制平邑甜茶幼苗的生长

在盆栽试验条件下研究了老龄桃园土对平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响。设正茬土(桃园旁农田土,对照)、溴甲烷熏蒸老龄桃园土、老龄桃园土3个处理,测定了不同处理对平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量、根系结构参数、根系呼吸速率、根系保护酶活性、光合参数及土壤中微生物数量等指标的影响。结果表明:在老龄桃园土中,平邑甜茶幼苗的株高、地径、鲜质量、干质量均显著低于正茬土对照和溴甲烷熏蒸老龄桃园土,分别比正茬土对照减少了17.59%、13.51%、23.22%、28.61%,比溴甲烷熏蒸老龄桃园土减少了20.54%、17.29%、33.28%、39.21%;幼苗的根长、根表面积和根体积也分别比正茬土对照降低了37.57%、36.33%、46.63%,比溴甲烷熏蒸老龄桃园土降低了43.62%、48.67%、54.11%;平邑甜茶幼苗的根系呼吸速率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性亦显著降低,分别比正茬土对照降低了28.21%、43.91%、44.46%、51.44%,比溴甲烷熏蒸老龄桃园土降低了36.88%、57.78%、54.88%、57.59%;同时幼苗的净光合速率(P_n)比正茬土对照和溴甲烷熏蒸老龄桃园土分别降低了40.75%和49.65%。老龄桃园土中真菌数量显著高于正茬土对照,为正茬土对照的1.91倍,细菌数量则显著低于正茬土对照,比正茬土对照减少了47.80%,细菌与真菌比值表现为:正茬土对照溴甲烷熏蒸老龄桃园土。综上,老龄桃园土壤直接栽植平邑甜茶苹果砧木不利于其生长,而经溴甲烷熏蒸处理后,老龄桃园土对平邑甜茶幼苗的伤害作用显著减轻。     

不同因子对盆栽八仙花扦插生根的影响

以1a生八仙花枝条为试材,研究了扦插基质、扦插部位、扦插时期及不同浓度萘乙酸对八仙花扦插生根的影响,以期为八仙花规模化、集约化生产提供科学依据。结果表明:草炭∶珍珠岩为1∶1的基质配比最适宜嫩枝扦插,成活率96.1%;留叶数量为1的插穗最适合半木质化枝条的扦插;半木质化枝条最适宜八仙花扦插,根部发育状况最好;6～7月为最适宜扦插时期,生根率为98.2%～98.6%;150mg/L NAA处理八仙花插穗的生根率最高,达93.3%。     

不同基质及取材方式对粉葛扦插生根的影响

粉葛的需求量与日俱增,而粉葛种植基本是粗放式管理,其扦插初期成活能力较低。为提高粉葛扦插的成活率、根系生长能力和加快生长速度,以韶关大塘火山粉葛为例,研究不同基质及取材方式对粉葛扦插生根的影响。结果表明,疏松、低营养、保水性好的基质有利于粉葛扦插枝条生根生长。选择明显硬化较老的枝条、对枝条进行斜切,并将扦插枝条的节位插入基质以下均有利于生根。     

Root formation,bud growth and survival of ornamental shrubs propagated by cuttings on different planting dates

Summary

Semi-hardwood cuttings of Cornus alba ‘Sibirica’, Deutzia ‘Mont Rose’, Forsythia × intermedia ‘Lynwood’, Ligustrum vulgare ‘Liga’, Philadelphus × virginalis, Potentilla fruticosa ‘Goldfinger’, and Spiraea × vanhouttei were planted on seven dates from July to October in two years and at three locations to investigate the effect of planting date on root formation, axillary bud growth, and plant survival. Cuttings were planted directly in the field and covered with polyethylene. Generally, root formation, bud growth, and plant survival were similar both years and at the three locations. All species except Deutzia had relatively constant rooting percentages at planting dates until mid August. For all species rooting percentages declined from mid August to October. Except for Deutzia, plant survival the following spring was constant or decreasing with planting date. For all species except Potentilla axillary bud growth and survival of cuttings planted in late September or October tended to increase while rooting percentages continued to decrease. In all species there was a close relationship between axillary bud growth and survival. Results revealed that many roots per cutting accelerated axillary bud growth.     

广西桃早熟品种“四月红”不同基质的扦插生根效果研究

以早熟桃"四月红"为试材,河沙 苔藓、纯河沙、纯火土、火土 苔藓、黄泥土、黄泥土 苔藓为基质,开展扦插试验,以筛选出"四月红"扦插繁殖的最佳扦插基质.结果显示:以河沙 苔藓为基质的生根率、根数量,根长和根粗4方面的指标均显著高于其它基质的;根据隶属函数法的综合评价,几种类型基质的扦插效果为河沙 苔藓＞纯河沙＞黄泥土＞纯火土＞黄泥土 苔藓＞火土 苔藓.由此可见,河沙 苔藓是"四月红"桃扦插繁殖的最佳基质.     

The effects of daminozide and under-soil heating on the growth of radish under winter conditions

The growth of radish cultivars ‘Saxa’, ‘Saxerre’, ‘Serra’, ‘Istar’, ‘Cherrybelle’ and ‘Robino’ was compared at 7 and 12°C under winter glasshouse conditions. ‘Serra’ alone produced marketable storage roots by 63 days at 7°C, but root weight was no greater at 12 than at 7°C; only ‘Robino’ produced significantly larger roots at the higher temperature. Under-soil heating applied to ‘Cherrybelle’ and ‘Robino’ grown at an air temperature of 7°C increased root growth, particularly in ‘Cherrybelle’. Daminozide treatment at 7°C increased total and storage root weight and root:shoot ratio of both cultivars. At 12°C, the only significant effect of daminozide treatment was reduced shoot weight in ‘Robino’.