Flowering influences adventitious root formation in chrysanthemum cuttings

Root formation in chrysanthemum (Dendranthemum grandiflora (Ramat.) Kitamura) cuttings was reduced as flowers developed on stock plants. This effect was shown for all ten cultivars evaluated in this study. Not all cultivars were affected equally by the presence of flower buds on cuttings. There was no relationship (r² = 0.06) between root formation in vegetative cuttings and the ability for a cultivar to root from flowering cuttings. IBA (1 mM) could partially overcome the negative effect of flowering on root formation, but cuttings taken after the flower buds had fully opened failed to root even after auxin treatment. Removing buds from cuttings or continually removing flower buds during stock plant growth reduced rooting compared to cuttings with flower buds intact. Furthermore, cuttings taken from the top three nodes of the stock plant containing flower buds rooted comparably to cuttings taken from the lower stem section that contained only vegetative buds. The negative influence of flowering on root formation appears to be due to the photoperiodic induction of the flowering stimulus rather than a direct competition for resources between flowers and developing roots.     

Effect of light,temperature and CO2 on the growth of Campanula isophylla stock plants and on the subsequent growth and development of their cuttings

Stock plants of Campanula isophylla Moretti were subjected to different temperature and light conditions and to various CO₂ regimes. The number and the fresh and dry weight of the cuttings produced were recorded. The after-effect of stock-plant treatment on root formation and growth of cuttings was studied.Increasing light intensity and CO₂ supply strongly promoted cutting production and increased both fresh and dry weight of the cuttings. These factors also markedly influenced root formation and root growth of the cuttings. Stock plant conditions also strongly influenced the growth and lateral shoot formation of the rooted cuttings. It is concluded that cuttings from stock plants grown under favourable light (10 Klx) and CO₂ conditions (900 v.p.m.) contain factors beneficial for root formation, growth and shoot formation. The results are discussed in relation to the carbohydrate content of the cuttings.     

土壤干旱和盐胁迫对帕洛特王幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以山龙眼科木本切花植物帕洛特王1 a生扦插苗为材料,研究其对土壤干旱和盐胁迫的生长、形态及生理生化反应的影响.结果表明:干旱及盐胁迫对帕洛特王幼苗的生长及各器官的生物量积累无显著影响.干旱条件下,根/冠比显著增加,说明该植物可以通过地上地下生物量的分配来积极地适应干旱.盐胁迫下,帕洛特王幼苗叶片相对含水量显著下降,叶绿素a含量显著上升,抗氧化酶活性及可溶性渗透调节物质也显著增加,说明该植物可通过一系列生理生化特性的改变来积极抵抗盐胁迫.在该研究中,干旱处理及盐处理对帕洛特王植株影响较小,说明帕洛特王对于土壤干旱及盐分具有一定的耐受性.     

Propagation temperature,PPFD, auxin treatment,cutting size and cutting position affect root formation,axillary bud growth and shoot development in miniature rose (Rosa hybrida L.) plants and alter homogeneity

Summary

Rooting and growth responses of miniature rose cuttings were investigated in an experiment in which four propagation temperatures, two photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs) with five auxin (IBA) concentrations, cutting sizes and cutting positions, were combined factorially in a response-surface design. Most prominently, temperature, cutting size and auxin and their interactions, influenced root and shoot growth. A propagation temperature of 24.6°C, and IBA concentrations between 10^–3 and 10^–1M, depending on temperature, were optimal for root formation. Root formation in extra short cuttings was delayed at low IBA concentrations. Regarding root formation, IBA could substitute for increased temperature as well as for increased cutting size. Onset of axillary bud growth was fastest at 24.6°C, and delayed in extra short cuttings. Application of IBA at 10^–4 to 10^–3M was optimal for axillary bud growth. By increasing the IBA concentration both time to flowering and plant height increased at 24.6°C. In cuttings from higher positions on stock plants, axillary shoots enhanced their growth to flowering, became shorter, and weighed less, suggesting occurrence of positional effects (topophysis). The growth rate increased with increasing IBA concentration, as well as from medial to low positioned cuttings. Increasing propagation PPFD from 46 to 72 µmol m^–2s^–1 did not affect the parameters. Time to axillary bud growth and time to first flower were related to time-to-visible root. Fast formation of roots apparently resulted in fast axillary bud growth. In time-to-visible root and axillary bud growth, the smallest variation between plants was found at optimal ranges for temperature, IBA concentration and cutting size, and further factors optimal for root formation and axillary bud growth provided the most synchronized plant development.     

毛梾硬枝扦插和嫁接繁殖技术研究

分别对影响毛株扦插生根的插穗规格、母树年龄、基质种类、激素种类及浓度等因素和对影响嫁接成活的嫁接时间及砧木进行系统研究.结果表明:生长调节剂以200 mg/kg NAA处理插穗生根效果最好,生根率为33％;插穗以母树年龄为1 a生的枝条中部10 cm插穗的生根效果最佳;扦插基质以蛭石∶泥炭∶河沙比例为1∶1∶3最佳;夏季嫁接以红瑞木为砧木的成活率可达83％以上.     

Piriformospora indica promotes adventitious root formation in cuttings

Adventitious root formation in excised plant shoots is a crucial process in the vegetative propagation of many plant species, and insufficient rooting causes substantial losses in the propagation industry. Based on the various physiological effects on whole plants described for the basidiomycete Piriformospora indica, it was hypothesized that inoculation of the substrate with this endophyte should promote the generation and growth of adventitious roots in cuttings. Inoculation experiments were conducted to study the effects of P. indica on adventitious rooting in three plant species. Inoculation with P. indica dramatically enhanced the number and length of the adventitious roots in pelargonium and poinsettia. Root colonization parameters suggest that the interaction between the endophyte and cuttings had already occurred before physical contact. In contrast, petunia showed no rooting response to P. indica inoculation. Very fast root formation in this plant indicates that a minimum time period for the fungus–plant interaction is required for establishment of a promoting effect. P. indica-based biotechnology is proposed as a new tool for improving plant propagation systems of plant species or cultivars with low to moderate capacity of adventitious root formation.     

巨峰实生葡萄阶段发育过程中繁殖生理的研究

以3年生巨峰葡萄实生苗为材料,分析了实生苗不同阶段部位的枝条和不同级别的根段扦插生根能力、不同阶段枝条上侧芽脱分化形成愈伤组织能力及愈伤组织生长速度的差异。结果表明:巨峰葡萄实生苗不同节位枝条及不同级别根段扦插繁殖,其生根数、根长、根重与节位及粗度存在二元回归关系。枝条扦插生根数与其节位的回归(b=-0.37)达显著水平。根段扦插的生根数、根重与其根段的级别的回归(b_1=0.20,b_2=0.01)分别达到极显著和显著水平。低节位枝条的侧芽易脱分化形成愈伤组织,所形成的愈伤组织有较快的增长速度。巨峰实生葡萄的阶段性变化具有连续性。     

生长调节剂对柳莓枝插生根的影响

研究了2种植物生长调节剂对柳莓1 a生枝扦插生根的影响。结果表明:柳莓为皮部生根类型,属较易生根植物;分别用255、01、00 mg/kg的3个浓度的IBA和NAA浸泡12 h,并以清水作为对照,均能促进生根,其中以100 mg/kg IBA药剂处理12 h的生根率最高,达到了80%,根系发育指数为19.00。     

几种植物生长调节剂对山茶花扦插生根的影响

应用不同浓度的IAAI、BA、NAA及IAA+NAA与IBA+NAA组合液对4种山茶进行硬枝扦插研究。结果表明:植物生长调节剂对山茶插条都具有促进生根作用;5种生长调节剂中,IBA的促根效果最好;单独使用时,150 mg/L的IAA1、00 mg/L的IBA或NAA1、50 mg/L的IAA+NAA(1∶1混合)与IBA+NAA(1∶1混合)处理对山茶花扦插生根促进效果最好。     

The possible involvement of polyphenol-oxidase and the auxin-oxidase system in root formation and development in cuttings of pistacia vera

It is known that adventitious root formation in Pistacia vera cuttings is greatly affected by age, and cuttings from mature trees require exceptionally high concentrations of applied IBA to root. In this context the possible roles of auxin-oxidase (IAA-O) and polyphenol-oxidase (PPO) have been studied in terms of their activities, inhibition, and with regard to their histological locations. There are indications that IAA-O activity increases with maturity of plant material, but is not significantly affected by etiolation. However, IBA application caused an initial decrease in activity soon after application, followed by a dramatic increase prior to root formation. The activity of PPO decreased with maturity, but was stimulated by etiolation, whereas IBA application had no significant effect. Histologically, both enzymes were located relatively near the sites of root initiation, i.e. IAA-O in the cambial area and phloem, and PPO especially in the secondary xylem and also in the pith.     

Root formation,bud growth and survival of ornamental shrubs propagated by cuttings on different planting dates

Summary

Semi-hardwood cuttings of Cornus alba ‘Sibirica’, Deutzia ‘Mont Rose’, Forsythia × intermedia ‘Lynwood’, Ligustrum vulgare ‘Liga’, Philadelphus × virginalis, Potentilla fruticosa ‘Goldfinger’, and Spiraea × vanhouttei were planted on seven dates from July to October in two years and at three locations to investigate the effect of planting date on root formation, axillary bud growth, and plant survival. Cuttings were planted directly in the field and covered with polyethylene. Generally, root formation, bud growth, and plant survival were similar both years and at the three locations. All species except Deutzia had relatively constant rooting percentages at planting dates until mid August. For all species rooting percentages declined from mid August to October. Except for Deutzia, plant survival the following spring was constant or decreasing with planting date. For all species except Potentilla axillary bud growth and survival of cuttings planted in late September or October tended to increase while rooting percentages continued to decrease. In all species there was a close relationship between axillary bud growth and survival. Results revealed that many roots per cutting accelerated axillary bud growth.     

野生蔬菜地笋扦插繁殖规律的研究

对野生蔬菜地笋的不同材料、不同方式的扦插苗的生根规律、生长动态进行了初步研究.结果表明:地笋扦插苗的生根数量随着扦插时间的延长呈上升趋势,其中主茎扦插苗的生根数量多于侧茎,生根时间提早于侧茎.根据对扦插苗生长过程中的株高、茎粗、叶片数的变化的观察可将扦插苗的生长期划分为快速生长期、生长平缓期和生长稳定期.不同的扦插材料影响着植株的生长动态,主茎易成活且长势好,侧茎则明显不如主茎;扦插方式的不同,对植株生长动态也起作用,直立式扦插和全埋式扦插苗在生长期变化明显.     

Effects of time of collection,growing-conditions of mother plants and growth regulators on rooting of cuttings of Telopea speciosissima (Proteaceae)

Terminal stem cuttings of Telopea speciosissima were collected from two locations at monthly intervals and treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) in combination with benomyl. Cuttings taken in the first half of spring, at the beginning of vegetative growth, gave the highest percentage of rooted cuttings and the greatest length of adventitious roots per rooted cutting. Cuttings taken from the environment most suited for the growth of the mother plants also produced the highest percentage of rooted cuttings, but their root length did not differ significantly between the two locations. Pre-treatment of cuttings with 4000 p.p.m. IBA (concentrated solution dip method) initially gave the highest percentage of rooted cuttings and longest root length, but there was evidence for a delayed toxicity to IBA applied at this level. Pre-treatment with 2000 p.p.m. IBA is therefore recommended.Benomyl increased the percentage of rooted cuttings, but did not affect root length, possibly due to its fungicidal rather than cytokinin activity.     

不同生长调节剂对番茄侧枝水培扦插效果试验

以瑞克斯旺409番茄侧枝为试材,研究了布洛芬、萘乙酸、吲哚美辛、吲哚乙酸、绿神等5种不同生长调节剂对番茄侧枝水培扦插生根的影响。试验结果表明,绿神、萘乙酸、布洛芬处理的番茄侧枝,可缩短生根时间、促进根系生长、提高根系活力;生根效果最好的是绿神,萘乙酸和布洛芬次之,吲哚美辛和吲哚乙酸较差。     

糙叶杜鹃扦插技术及插条营养物质变化研究

以糙叶杜鹃半木质化茎段为材料,采用KIBA、KNAA和Hormodin对插穗进行处理并测定不同生根期内可溶性糖和全氮的含量。结果表明:快蘸液态KIBA(3 000mg/L)处理对插穗生根具有显著影响,处理后的插穗生根率为92.55%,达到极显著水平;较高的C/N比有利于插穗生根,在扦插生根过程中碳水化合物是插穗不定根形成和生长所需的营养物质,在插穗愈伤组织的形成和根原基的发生期需消耗一定的可溶性糖;高浓度的氮素不利于插条的生根。     

秤锤树硬枝扦插繁育技术研究

研究不同基质材料、不同激素浓度、不同年龄插穗处理对秤锤树硬枝插穗扦插生根的影响。结果表明:全光雾试验条件下,植物生长调节剂BA、基质、树龄对扦插成活率均有影响,幼龄树木、混合基质和高浓度BA处理对秤锤树硬枝扦插最为有利。5a生硬枝作插穗,用1 000mg/L的BA速蘸插条基部,扦插在河沙∶珍珠岩∶泥炭=1∶2∶2的混合基质中,扦插生根率最高,可达90.34%。     

Rooting response of shoot cuttings from three peach growth habits

Current year shoot cuttings were collected in October and August from three growth habits of peach (Compact, Pillar, and Standard) and treated with one of four concentrations of indole butyric acid (0, 250, 1250, and 2500 mg L⁻¹ IBA). Rooting response was measured after 5 weeks in the greenhouse. Little or no rooting occurred with cuttings from any growth habit that was collected in October or in August when treated with 0 and 2500 mg L⁻¹ IBA. In August, the number of shoots that rooted was greater in cuttings from Pillar (79 and 45%) than Compact (13 and 3%) treated with 250 and 1250 mg L⁻¹ IBA, respectively. Cuttings from Standard trees had intermediate rooting of 56 and 6% at 250 and 1250 mg L⁻¹ IBA, respectively. Pillar trees consistently grew more roots with greater root length per cutting than the other growth habits. It is proposed that differences in rooting response among the growth habits may be associated with differences in endogenous auxin concentration that had been found in previous studies. Within peach and possibly other fruit trees, the capacity of shoot cuttings to develop adventitious roots can vary by cultivar and successful root induction with exogenous plant growth regulators may depend, in part, on endogenous hormone levels.     

Influence of salt stress on stock plant growth and cutting performance of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat

Summary

In hydroponically grown stock plants, growth was reduced by 7 d stress treatments with NaCl at concentrations of 2, 4 or 6 g l²¹. The uptake of other ions (except Mg) was unaffected. Rooting of cuttings from the stressed plants was depressed, with a 45% decrease in root numbers, almost 70% in root length and 52% for root weights. This drastic effect on the rooting was overcome after two weeks of postpropagation growth, when the cuttings had recovered, except for those from the highest salt stress treatment.     

植物激素处理对枸杞硬枝插穗的影响

以枸杞硬枝为试材,研究了吲哚丁酸(IBA)、ABT生根粉、肽蛋白及吲哚乙酸(IAA)等植物激素对枸杞硬枝插穗嫁接成活力的影响。结果表明:吲哚丁酸(IBA)10%可湿性粉剂、ABT生根粉、吲哚乙酸(IAA)均可显著提高枸杞插穗成活率、新枝长、新枝粗、根系长、每株根条数、根系重、侧根直径;尤以吲哚丁酸(IBA)10%可湿性粉剂、ABT生根粉促进作用最大;这4种植物激素可以用来处理枸杞扦插育苗中的插穗。     

Influence of cutting position and temperature during rooting on adventitious root formation and axillary bud break of Stephanotis floribunda

Stock plants were grown in a glasshouse under standard growing conditions. Single-node leafbud cuttings were excised and numbered according to the position on the stock plant. Rooting took place at basal temperatures of 17,20 or 23°C and at different durations at 17 or 20°C followed by 23°C. The rooting period lasted 9 weeks.

The temperature of 17°C for 9 weeks completely suppressed root formation. A temperature of 20°C was decisive for root formation. The optimal rooting temperature was higher than 23°C. Temperature treatments of 17 or 20°C for 2–4 weeks only suppressed rooting slightly compared with the 23°C treatment. Cutting position on the stock plant affected the number of roots formed per cutting but not the rooting percentage. Best rooting was observed in cuttings from the middle part of the stock plant.

Axillary bud break was accelerated with increasing rooting temperature and decreasing duration of the lower temperatures. With increasing cutting position number (numbered from top to base), axillary bud break was considerably delayed.

Temperature treatments which delayed root formation also delayed axillary bud break. On the other hand, the cutting position on the stock plant, which had only a minor effect on the speed of root formation, had a pronounced effect on the speed of axillary bud break.